International Journal of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, ISSN: 2347-6982 Volume-4, Issue-10, Oct.

-2016

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF LOW COST DISTRIBUTION

TRANSFORMER MONITORING SYSTEM FOR REMOTE ELECTRIC
POWER GRID
1
MANGESH .L. KAWALE, 2E.VIJAY KUMAR, 3VIVEK KUMAR YADAV
1
Student, Department of Electrical Engineering, R.K.D.F. Institute of Science & Technology,
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
2
H.O.D., Department of Electrical Engineering, R.K.D.F. Institute of Science & Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh India
3
Asst. Prof., Department of Electrical Engineering, R.K.D.F. Institute of Science & Technology,
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
E-mail: 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected]

Abstract— In normal ways all the Industrial or Electrical machineries are controlled by the manual operation. Hence there
is step by step progress but most of the time there is not actually instant co-operation between system and operator in case of
emergency or fault type situation .Therefore we are designing a system where there exits communication between system
and operator. For this we are using Transformer, microcontroller, analog to digital converter. As we know Distribution
transformer is a major component of power system and its correct functioning is vital to system operations. To reduce the
risk of unexpected failure and the ensuing unscheduled outage, on-line monitoring has become the common practice to
assess continuously the condition of the transformer with. This paper presents design and implementation of a system to
monitor and record key operation of a distribution transformer like overvoltage, over current, temperatures, rise or fall of oil
level which based on Wireless protocol. Sensors, including a Temperature Detector and a Liquid level sensor performs
according to manufacturers’ specifications are calibrated and tested by power distribution monitoring offices. The system is
installed at the distribution transformer site and by measuring above parameters it will help the utilities to optimally utilize
transformers and identify problems before any catastrophic failure.

Index Terms— Distribution transformer, Wireless protocol.

I. INTRODUCTION occur can prevent faults that are costly to fix and
result in a loss of service life.
On line Wireless monitoring and diagnostic of power
transformers has attracted considerable attention for II. PROPOSED TECHNOLOGY
many years. The main objectives are to prevent
forced outages, indicate acceptable overload, assess The proposed methodology is based on robust
the remaining insulation-life and reduce maintenance technology meets safety reliability and fastest in
costs. To achieve these goals, the monitoring system operation. It consists of a sensing system, signal
manufacturers must follow strategies, which are in conditioning electronic circuit, controller. It is
line with the interests of transformer owners. installed at the transformer site and the finding
Transformer is the key equipment in power system, to parameters recorded using the analog to digital
ensure its safe and stable operation is important. converter of the embedded system. The acquired
Transformers either raise a voltage to decrease losses, parameters are processed and recorded in the system
or decreases voltage to a safe level. "Monitoring" is memory. System will help the system to run under
here defined as on-line collection of data and includes reliable condition and identify problems before any
sensor development, measurement techniques for on- failure. For above result we are using a small step
line applications. It is very difficult and expensive to down transformer of 12 V, 1 Amps rating and small
construct the communication wires to monitor and bulb are connected as a load. In this project we are
control each distribution transformer station. Here using CT transformer for measuring load current.
ZigBee is used for communicating the monitored Also we are using Temp. Temperature Sensor for
parameters. The failures of transformers in service are giving any rise of temperature, oil level sensor is also
broadly due to: Over Load condition temperature rise, used which detects any fall of oil level. The values of
low oil levels, over load, Earth grounding, and voltage, current and temperature and level of oil of
improper installation and maintenance. Out of these the transformer is directly applied to one of the input
factors temperature rise, low oil levels and over load, ports of the microcontroller. Along with this, a
need continuous monitoring to save transformer life. display is connected in the input port of the
A distributed transformer networks remote microcontroller value then the transformer will
monitoring system increases the reliability of automatically shut down and in this way transformer
distribution network, by monitoring critical life will be increased. We also designed Two-way
information such as oil temperature, and oil level of communication here by which we can ask system
transformer. Data are collected continuously. about given parameter value just by sending Wireless
Monitoring the transformers for problems before they Data to it so that we can have watch over transformer

Design and Implementation of Low Cost Distribution Transformer Monitoring System For Remote Electric Power Grid

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International Journal of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, ISSN: 2347-6982 Volume-4, Issue-10, Oct.-2016

.For this it is not necessary for the operator to sit in in the output the filter circuit is used. This circuit is
the system premises which was the case at connected after the rectifier circuit. In our project
conventional system. capacitor input filter is used. The circuit is as shown
in the figure. The capacitor is connected in parallel to
III. BLOCK DIAGRAM minimize the ripple factor.

D. Regulator Circuit:
In our project for the operation of IC we need +5 volt
regulated supply is necessary therefore a voltage
regulator circuit is used. A voltage regulator is a
circuit that supplies constant voltages regardless of
change in the load current. IC voltage regulators are
versatile and generally used.
The 78xx series consist of three terminal positive
voltage regulators. These ICs are designed as fixed
voltage regulator and adequate heat sink. It can be
deliver output current in access of 1A. These devices
do not required external component. These ICs has
internal terminal overload protection and internal
short circuit and current limiting protection.

E. Variable regulator IC LM317:

The LM317 is an adjustable3−terminal positive
voltage regulator capable of supplying in excess of
1.5 ampere over an output voltage range of 1.2 V to
37 V. This voltage regulator is exceptionally easy to
use and requires only two external resistors to set the
output voltage. Further, it employs internal current
Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of low cost distribution
transformer monitoring system for remote electric power grid. limiting, thermal shutdown and safe area
compensation, making it essentially blow−out proof.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
A. Power supply: F. Main Circuit ATMEGA16:

B. Rectifier Circuit:
Rectifier is a circuit which converts the AC electrical
energy into Dc electrical energy. For operating of
semiconductor devices used in this project we need The ZIGBEE interface is another part of the
regulated DC supply? In this project we use centre transmitter section. The pin 3 (data in) of ZIGBEE
tap full wave rectifier. Full wave rectifier circuit is module is connected to the USART transmission
capable of converting sinusoidal input into a (TX-25) pin of port C in PIC. This wireless
unidirectional output. The circuit diagram is as shown transmission follows USART protocols and is
in the figure. according to IEEE 802.15.4. ZIGBEE is a
transceiver, in the transmitter section it is used as the
C. Filter Circuit: transmitter. The receiver address of this ZIGBEE
It is seen that the output of the rectifier is not pure module is set as the address of the ZIGBEE module
DC, because it contain some amount of AC in the main server, so that data is send to this receiver
component which is called as ripple factor which only. It is a low power, low cost wireless mesh
gives the fluctuation and hence to minimize the ripple networking standard and it uses the ISM band for its

Design and Implementation of Low Cost Distribution Transformer Monitoring System For Remote Electric Power Grid

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International Journal of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, ISSN: 2347-6982 Volume-4, Issue-10, Oct.-2016

transmission. The details of this interface are given in Output form LM324 is fed to microcontroller to
chapter5 (5.4). The Controller requires oscillator for transmit data over receiver section via zigbee module.
clock generation, for this a crystal oscillator 16 MHZ The aim is to design an ambient temperature
is connected between pin 13 & 14. Parasitic capacitor measurement circuit. The motivation for doing this
of 33pf is used to increase the stability of the Circuit is the fact that temperature measurement of
oscillator. In pin 1 of the PIC a switch is connected Transformer has become an integral part of any
for resetting the registers. Pin 1 is the master clear. control system operating in a temperature sensitive
During normal operation its value is high, when the environment and the various learning outcomes
switch is pressed all the registers of the PIC is associated during the implementation of the project.
cleared. The supply to the PIC (5V) is given by the In this project the ambient temperature will be
supply circuitry given in fig 4.1. The supply is given displayed on. A Microcontroller will be used for
to pin 11of the PIC. The supply to ZIGBEE module handling all the required computations and control. In
(3.3V) is given by LM317, which is given to pin 1 of following we have briefly discussed details of a
ZIGBEE. Microcontroller and the project in general. A
temperature sensor DS 1820 is used for sensing the
IV. TRANSISTORS RELAY LOAD CONTROL ambient temperature. The system will get the
AND COOLING SYSTEM CONTROL temperature from the IC and it will display the
temperature over the seven segment display and this
Then the transistor operates as a "single-pole single- temperature was compared with the value stored by
throw" (SPST) solid state switch. With a zero signal the user and if the Transformer temperature goes
applied to the Base of the transistor it turns "OFF" beyond the Preset temperature then Coolant system
acting like an open switch and zero collector current will on and if temperature goes below to a fixed value
flows. With a positive signal applied to the Base of then Coolant system will OFF.
the transistor it turns "ON" acting like a closed switch
and maximum circuit current flows through the B. PC Interfacing Circuit:
device. An example of an NPN Transistor as a switch In the receiver section the ZIGBEE module can be
being used to operate a relay is given below. With used as receiver. This module receives the data send
inductive loads such as relays or solenoids a flywheel by the transmitters. The supply to the ZIGBEE
diode is placed across the load to dissipate the back module (3.3V) is given by the supply circuitry in fig
EMF generated by the inductive load when the with LM317.To interface with the computer we have
transistor switches "OFF" and so protect the transistor to convert the TTL logic into RS232 logic, for this
from damage. If the load is of a very high current or purpose we use the IC MAX232. MAX232 is a dual
voltage nature, such as motors, heaters etc, then the driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage
load current can be controlled via a suitable relay as generator. The drivers (T1 & T2), also called
shown. transmitters, convert the TTL/CMOS logic input level
into RS232 level. The transmitter (pin 10-T2 in) take
A. Oil Level Circuit: input from ZIGBEE’s data out pin (pin 2 of ZIGBEE)
and send the output to RS232’s receiver at pin 7 (T2
out) of MAX232. We use four capacitors, two for
doubling the voltage and other two for inverting the
voltage. The capacitors are connected between pin 1
and pin 3, pin 4 and pin5, pin 2 and VCC, and pin 6
and GND. The transmitter output (T2 out) from
MAX232 (RS232 logic) is connected to pin 2
(receive data) of RS232 port. Thus the data received
are given to PC. The pin 5 of RS232 port is connected
to ground.

C. PC Interfacing Circuit Receiver section

The circuit comprises sensor parts built using op-amp
IC LM324. Op-amps are configured here as a
comparator. There sensitivity can be changed with the
help of variable resistor. Level sensor wires are
inserted in the Transformer to sense the Oil level of
the transformer. The voltage from the copper plats are
feed to comparator operational amplifier LM324 to
compare with know voltage, then as result we get
logic output either false (logic zero "0" '0v) or true
(logic one "1" or 5v) depending upon the copper
sensing voltages from level sensing apparatus.

Design and Implementation of Low Cost Distribution Transformer Monitoring System For Remote Electric Power Grid

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International Journal of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, ISSN: 2347-6982 Volume-4, Issue-10, Oct.-2016

CONCLUSION [4] Li Cai and Nina Dai ‘The Home Security System Based on
ZigBee Technology’ IEEE Transactions 2010.
[5] The ZigBee Protocol [OB/EL],
With modern technology it is possible to monitor a http://www.digi.com/technology/rfarticles/ wireless-
large number of parameters of distributed transformer zigbee.jsp 2009.
at a relatively high cost. The challenge is to balance [6] Digi International Inc,XBee ZNet2.5/XBee-PRO ZNet2.5
OEM RF Modules, Product Manual v1.x.4x - ZigBee
the functions of the monitoring system and its cost
Protocol For OEM RF Module Part Numbers: XB24-
and reliability. In order to get effective transformer BxIT-00x,Digi International , Inc.11001 Bren Road East
monitoring system to a moderate cost, it is necessary Minnetonka, MN 55343877, 912-3444 or 952 912-3444
to focus on a few key parameters. WDTMS is able to http://www.digi.com
record and send abnormal parameters of a [7] V. Mayalarp, N. Limpaswadpaisarn, T. Poombansao, and
S. Kittipiyakul, “Wireless mesh networking with XBee,”
transformer to concerned office. It works on Wireless in 2nd ECTI-Conference on Application Research and
technology. Development (ECTI-CARD 2010), Pattaya, Chonburi,
Thailand, 10-12 May 2010.
[8] Liebfried, T., "Online Monitors Keep Transformers in
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