Introduction fo Signals 1,101 vn n an S(t)cosnt dt» [cosne dt I !)cosm dt 0 q n sine | stu Pn nolo on Ie 0 for any 10 Hence the set of functions cost fi y is cosmt for “2 Hetenal 10 ft. for ull non-zero integer value of n, will be or- Practice Problem 1.13 Show that the set of functions 1 vi cos apt, 4/7: cos2 3 sit 3 si Woven rA/ Fi COSZ2Mpt,..- F sinove, [sin 2000... forms an orthogonal set of functions over the interval ~$ to 5. Questions and Answers 1. Define a signal. ‘A signal is defined as any physical quantity that varies with G any other independent variable. ime, space or 2. Define deterministic and random signals. ‘A deterministic signal isa signal exhibiting no uneertainity of ts value at all jnstants. Its instantaneous value can be accurately predicted by specifying a mathematical relation. ‘A random signal is a signal ch occurance. (or) A random signal curance. haracterized by uncertainity before its actual 1 can not be predicted before its actual oc- 3. Define step function and Delta function. AU Nov. 2002 A step function is defined as x()=4 for 120 for +<01,102' Signals and Systems 6. ‘A dolta function is.defined as { 8()at = 1 and : 8()=0 for 140 |. Define periodic and aperiodic signals. A signal x(t) is periodic with period 7 if and only if x((+T)=x(t) forall ¢ If there is no value of T that satisfies the above equation the signal is called aperiodic. : . Define symmetric and antisymmetric signals. A real valued signal x(f) is called symmetric if x) =x) on the otherhand, a signal x(t) is called antisymmetric if x(—t) = —x(t) Define energy and power signals. The energy of a signal x(t) is defined as E= / [x() Pare A signal x(t) is called an energy signals if the energy is finite and power is zero. The average power of a signal x(t) is defined as i TR P= jim > f kx@)Par a A signal x(t) is called a power signal if the avera : Energy is infinite. aIntroduction to Signals 1.103 7. What is the period 7 of the signal x(¢) =2 cos ) AU: April 2003 = = 8rsec 4 4 To 2h _ 2n Qo 1/4 8. Define continuous-time, discrete-time and digital signals. Continuous-time signals: The signals that arc defined at all instants of time are known as continuous-time signals, Discrete-time signals: The signals that are defined at discrete instants of time are known as discrete-time signals. Digital signals: The signals that are discrete in time and quantized in am- plitude are digital signals. 9. What is the value of the following integral? J x(t)5(at—b)at pore) 10. What are the different types of representation of discrete-time signals. 1. Graphical representation 2. Functional representation 3, Tabular representation 4, Sequence representation 11. Consider the discrete-time signal x(n) = 1— 5. 6(n—1—X). Determine the value of the signals M and k so that x(n) may be expressed as x(n) = u(Mn—k) : AU Nov 2006 The signal x(1) is sketched in figure.AOL Signals and Systems x(n) 32-101 2,8 AB The signal x(1) is equivalent to folding x(m) and then shifting the folded signal by 3 to the right. Therefore x(n) = wats). Comparing u(—n—3) with u(Mfn— ng) we get M= —1 and k= — 12. Consider a continuous-time signal x(t) = 6(t-2) — 6(¢-2). Calculate the value £.. of for the signal y(¢) = J x(¢)d7 32, 2 t y= if x(a = / [5(¢ +2) - 6(¢-2)] at y(t) aul +2)—u(t—2) 2 2 +: Es= [po a= 2 =4 13. Find the even and components of the signal x(t) =e" + AU Nov 2008 xelt) = x(t) ad _ ete" ~et e xo(t) = Ota) _ tet Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following signals is/are periodic? (a) s(t) =cos2t+cos3t+cosSt (b) s(t)= (c)_ s(t) =e77'sin 10nt @ s)=Introduction to Signals — 1.105 2, Let 6(¢) denote the delta function: The value of the integral J, (/) cos (3) a is i ' @1 ®-1 ©0 @F @ Ifa signal f(t) has energy £, the energy of the signal /(2/) is equal to EB oc. @E OF (©)2E ()4E 4, The function x(t) is shown in figure. Even and odd parts of a.unit-step function u(t) are respectively li 11 @ PRO O -75X0 © Bbw @ -p3X0 1 [xo nu + 5, The period of the function cos 7(¢— 1) is 1 r @ ; sec (9) 8 sec (c) 4 see (A) 7 S00 6. Asignal x(t) =A4 cos(Qot +9) is (a) An energy signal (b) A power signal (©) Anenergy as well as @ power signal (@ Neither an energy nor a power signal 7. xi(t) =2sinat + cos4zt and xp (t) = sinSat+ 3sin3zt then (a) x1 and xz both are periodic. (6) x1 and xz both are not periodic.1.106 Signals and Systems but x is not periodic. (c) x1 is periodic, “put x2 is periodic. (a) a; is not periodic, The signal x(t) = 2(cos nt) +3sin(2t) (b) is not periodic (c) may or may no! > jodie (a) is periodic 1 be periodi ‘The odd and even components of signal u(t) are; (b) sint, —cost (d) cost, —jsint 2 (a)cost, sint (c)cost, jsint / 10. The odd and even components of sequence x(n) ={1, ? 0.5} (a) {0.25,0, -0.25}, {0.75, 1,0.75} () {1.5,0.—1.5}, {1.5,1, 1.5} (©) {0.25,0,—0.25}, {0.5, 1,0.5} (@ {0.25,0;-25} {1.5,1,1.5}. The signal x(t) = e~u(t) is (a) power signal _(b) energy signal : (c) neither power nor energy signal _(d) either power or energy signal 11. 12. The signal x(n) = cos Fru) is (a) causal, aperiodic —(b) causal, periodic (c) non causal periodic +(d) non-causal aperiodic 13, The value of the integral S(at—b) = 1 1 So O7 OF ot ot 14, The time period of the signal x(t) = cos2mr + sin Sit (a)2sec (b)Ssec (c) 10sec (d)2.5 sec 15. The signal x(n) = cos2n is (a) periodic with period 7 (b) periodic with period 2 (c) periodic with period 4x —(d) aperiodicIntroduction to Signals 1.107 46. Consider the following y(t) can be y(¢) = Signals x(¢) and y(¢). The relation between x(t) and x(t) ‘ . y) a (@x+1) (b)x(2e+2) ©) xt-1) @x(2r-1) 17. Represent the following signal as sum of singularity functions @) —r(t) +2r(t) — u(t—1) (b) r(—t-+.1) + r(t— 1) +2u(t —2) —r(t—2) (©) r(—t-+ 1)u(t) +2r(t = 1) —r(t-2) — u(t —2) @ r(—t+ Lut) +r(¢- 1) —r(¢—2) — u(t -2) 2 we . e 18, The rms value ofthe signal x(0) = 10c0s (100+ 3) + 16sin (150¢+ 5) is — (@v160 (b) v356 v3 (@) vI78 19. For the signal x(¢) shown in figure which of the following is (30)1.108 © Signals and Systems @ ©) ts 3 4 0 1 P . © ® a 1 —t, $ 0 9 Multiple Choice Answers 1. (@) and (b) Explanation (a) s(t) = cos2t+ cos3t+cosst =n; h=%; R= T = 2n, periodic (©) s(t) = e7” sin 107, Nonperiodic. @) s(7) =cos2rcosu(t), nonperiodic, since u(t) =0 fort <0. 2. (@) F 6(¢) cos at = cos (34) | t=O = 3.@ 4. @) u(t) = worn) = uo(t) = ww. (b) Power signal ™ . (a) Period of x(t) is 4 Introduction to, Signals, 1.109 ‘1: . (b) T= 2% = Bsec period of x2(¢) is 2 ) X(t) = 2cosm +3 sin2¢ hea ae nu naan FB 2 not a rational numb % =z arational number MOLI . (a) {0.25,0,-0.25} an: 2 Ty - &) = Fim J | at = Jim fe dt=4 (a) Causal Because x(n) = 0 for n <0. Aperiddic because x(n) = 0 for n<0. . . OE . @) ; . JW Sl ST =27 =5h =2: B25 2 laine . (d)Aperiodic since @ is not multiple of . (b) x(2¢-+2) (0) r(—t-+ Lut) + 2r(t— 1) —r(¢-2) -u(¢-2) 5. (@) rms value «8 +E = V50FTI = VITE . (a)