JEE Advanced Revision Notes

Chemistry
Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding

Atom: Fundamental building block of matter.

Subatomic particles: Atoms consist of smaller particles like electrons, protons,
neutron, neutrino, and antineutrino, positron, ant positron, peons and mesons etc.
Fundamental particle of atoms: Electrons, protons neutrons
e
Specific charge: The charge to mass ratio is known as specific charge   ;
m
e
 1.7588  1011Ckg 1 (or)1.7588  108 Cg 1 .
m
The mass of moving electron may be calculated by applying the formula
m0
m ,
2
v
1  
c
m0 = rest mass of electron; v= velocity of electron; c=velocity of light
● If v = c, the mass of the moving electron becomes infinity.
e
● The value   of cathode ray is independent of the nature of metal used
m
as cathode and the gas used in the discharged tube.
e magnitude of charge(relative charge)
  value of ions w.r.t H-atom:
m mass number(relative mass)

Charge of electron:
The charge of electrons is the smallest known electrical charge, it is taken as unit
negative charge.
● Millikan determined the charge of electrons by oil drop experiment.
● Charge on the oil drop was always an integral multiple of 1.6022×10-19 C

Mass of electron:

e 1.6022  1019
me   
 9.1094  1031
e 1.758820  10 Ckg
11 1

me

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 Neutron:
● Neutrons discovered by James Chadwick.
● When beryllium boron nuclei are bombarded by alpha particles, neutrons
are formed.
● They have no charge but mass is almost equal to protons.
Beryllium )  H 2(  particle )  C6( carbon )  n0 neutron 
9 4 12 1
Be4(
Subatomi Disco Relative Relative
Mass Charge e/m
c particles very mass charge
Thom 0.000546amu 1 1.602 1019 C
Electron -1 1.76  1011C / kg
son 9.18  1031 kg 1837 4.8 1010 esu
0.000728amu
Golds 1.602 1019 C
Proton 1.673  1027 kg 1 -1 9.58  107 C / kg
tein 4.8 1010 esu

0.0086665amu
Chad
Neutron 1.675  1027 kg 1 0 0 0
wick

● Mas concentrated at the centre indicates the nucleus.

● The radius of the atom is very small and in the order of 10 -10m, where for
nucleus is 10-15

Distance of closest approach:

The distance up to which alpha particles come closer to the nucleus is called
distance of closest approach.
● Its value can be determined by conservation of energy principle
1 1 ( Ze)(2e)
 mv 2  .
2 4 0 r0
1
 9  109 Nm 2C 2 .
4 0

Atomic Number:
The number of protons present inside the nucleus of an atom of an element, it is
denoted by (Z).

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 ● For Cation:
Number of protons=Z
Number of electrons=Z - number of electrons lost
● Foe anion:
Number of protons=Z
Number of electrons=Z + number of electrons lost

Mass Number:
The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom, denoted by (A).
A = n + z (number of neutrons + number of protons)
Number of neutrons: A – Z
Mass number is always a whole number

Isotopes:
The atoms of the same elements having the same atomic number but different
mass numbers are called isotopes.
Average atomic mass   i i
Ax
 xi
A = atomic mass of isotopes
X = percentage abundance of isotope

Isobars:
The atoms with a different element having same mass number but different
atomic number
Shows similar physical properties but different chemical properties
Ex: C614 , N 714

Isotones:
The nuclides with the different elements with different atomic number and mass
number but having the same number of neutrons.
(A-Z): Shows different physical and chemical properties
30
Ex: Si14 , P1531, S16
32

Iso diaphers:

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The nuclides having the same isotopic number (A-2Z) are called iso diaphers.
They possess the same difference of neutrons and protons (n-p).
19 23
E.g.: 9 F ,11 Na

Isosteres:
The molecules with the same atomicity and the same number of electrons are
called isosteres’.
Atomicity = total number of atoms in molecules

Iso-Electronic Species:
The molecules or ions with same number of electrons are called isoelectronic
species
Ex: N 3 , O 2 , F  , Ne, Na  .

Nature of light:
It can be explained by two theories:
a) Wave theory of light
b) Corpuscular theory of light

Wave theory:
● When an electrically charged particle moves under exacerbations
alternating electric and magnetic fields are produced and transmitted.
● These are transmitted in the form of waves and are associated with
electrical and magnitude fields produced and transmitted.
● Both electric and magnetic fields are mutually perpendicular and
perpendicular to direction of the propagation.
● These electromagnetic waves do not require any medium and can travel in
vacuum.
● Intensity α maximum magnetic field × maximum electric field I  E0 B0

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Image: Wave theory

Characteristic Properties of a Wave

Wave length: The distance between two similar points in wave is known as
wavelength.
Frequency: The number of waves that pass-through a given point in one second
is called frequency.
c
Frequency (v) and wavelength ( ) are related as v  velocity of light = 3×108

m/sec
Wave number: Relation between v and v is v  cv
Amplitude (a): The height of the crest or depth of the trough of a wave.
Unit: m, cm, pm.
Velocity: The distance travelled by a wave in one second.
Property Formula Unit
1A  108 cm  1010 m
c
Wave length  1nm  107 cm  109 m  1m  10 A
v
1 pm  1010 cm  1012 m
c The SI units are sec-1, cycles per second (cps)
Frequency v or v  cv
 or Hertz (Hz). 1Cps=1 Hz= sec-1
1
Wave number: v m-1

Amplitude (a): c  v ms-1

Planck’s Quantum theory

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The energy of the quantum of radiation is directly proportional to the frequency
of the radiation.
hc
E  V ; E  h ; E   hcv

E = energy of radiation; h = Planck’s constant
 6.625  1027 erg  sec
 6.625 1034 Joule  sec
 3.99 1013 kJ  sec/ mole

Compton effect: The increase in wavelength or decrease in energy of the x-ray

after scattering from an object.
Photoelectric effect: The phenomenon of ejection of electrons from the surface
of metal when light of suitable frequency strikes.
In photoelectric effect the number of photons falling on unit area in unit time
no. of photons
I .
At

Spectrum and Atomic model

The image is recorded when radiant energy is passed through a prism or granting.
● The splitting of white light into seven colours is known as dispersion, the
device used to record the spectrum is called a spectrograph or spectrometer.
Spectrum is broadly divided into two types
Absorption spectrum: It is the spectrum produced by transmitted lighter after
absorption of radiation.
Emission spectrum: Produced by emission of radiation.
Emission spectrum can be further classified into line and band spectrum:
Line spectrum Band Spectrum
The line spectrum has sharp, distinct The band spectrum has many closed
well-defined lines. lines.
It is the characteristic of gaseous
It is the characteristic of gaseous atom
molecules and is also called molecular
and is also called atomic spectrum.
spectrum.

It is due to transition of electron It is due to vibration and rotational

between energy level in an atom changes of atoms in a molecule.

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It is given by inert gases, metal vapours
It is given by hot metals and molecules.
and atoms.

Hydrogen emission spectrum:

By applying potential difference in a discharge tube containing hydrogen gas a
bright light is obtained.
It contains a series of group of lines

Number of the Equation for wave

n1 n2 Spectral region
series number
1 1 
Lyman series 1 2, 3, 4, …. Ultraviolent v  R 2  2 
 1 n2 
 1 1 
Balmer series 2 3, 4 , 5, … Visible v  R 2  2 
2 n2 

 1 1 
Paschen series 3 4, 5 , 6, … Near infrared v  R 2  2 
3 n2 

 1 1 
Brackett series 4 5, 6, 7, … Infrared v  R 2  2 
4 n2 

 1 1 
Pfund series 5 6, 7, 8, … Far infrared v  R 2  2 
5 n2 

Image: Hydrogen emission spectrum

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 ● The wavelength or wave number of all the lines in all the series can be
1 1 1
calculated by using Rydberg’s equation v   RH  Z 2  2  2  ; RH=
  n1 n2 
Rydberg’s constant for H-atom=109677 cm-1; n1=Lower energy level; n2=
Higher energy.
● Maximum number of spectral lines produced when an electron jumps from
n(n  1)
n2 to n1 state for a simple atom  , where n= n2 - n1   (n2  n1)
2
● Number of spectrum line in a series= n2 - n1

Expression for Atomic Radius:

 Ze 2
● The centripetal force of attraction  2
r
 mv 2
● The centrifugal force
r
n2h2
● Expression for radius r  2
4 mZe2
0.529  n 2 
● Radius r  A
Z
For H-atom, Z=1, hence r=0.529×n2A0
r  0.529  n2 108 cm
r  52.9  n 2 pm

Expression for Energy:

1 Ze2
● Kinetic energy  mv 2 
2 2r
 Ze 2
● Potential energy 
r
Ze2 Ze2  Ze 2
● Total energy  E  KE  PE   
2r r 2r
Expression for energy of Bohr’s orbit m (by substituting radius of orbit in the
2 2mZ 2e4
above equation) E  .
n2h2

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 2 2mZ 2e4
Rydberg’s constant: R  3
 109677  Z 2cm1
hc
2 Ze2 2.188  108
Velocity of electron: v   cm / sec
nh n

Number of revolutions:
Orbital frequency by an electron in a shell
velocity v z2
   6.66  1015  3
circumference 2 r n
Time period of revolution: of electron in nth orbit
2 r 16 n
2
Tn   1.5  10  2 sec
vn z

Ionisation Potential:
E1
● For hydrogen atom, ionization potential  .
n2
E1  Z 2
● For H-like species, ionisation potential  .
n2
Z2 
● Ionisation potential  13.6  2  eV .
n 

De-Broglie’s wave theory:

According to de- Broglie theory all moving particles have wave properties. Wave
properties are important only for particles of small mass and high velocity.
h h
If the velocity of micro particle is v the de- Broglie equation is    .
mv p
 2 2 2  8 2m
Schrodinger’s wave equation:   2  2  2   2  E  V   0 .
 x y z  h
Where,  =Wave function (amplitude of the wave)
m -= mass of electron
h = Planck’s constant
E = Total energy of the electron
V= Potential energy of electron

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Quantum Numbers:
For explanation of electron in atom we require four quantum numbers.
1) Principle Quantum number
● Proposed by Niels Bohr
● Value of n= 1, 2, 3, or K, L, M, N…
● Indicates the size increase and orbital energy increment
● Maximum number of of electrons in an orbit  2n2
● Total number of orbits = n2
h
● Angular momentum of an electron in an orbit = n
2
2) Magnetic Quantum Number:
● Proposed by Lande
● The value of ml depends on l
● Value ranges from= +l….0….-1
● The number of orbitals in main energy level = n2
● The number of orbitals in subshell = 2l+1
● Maximum number of electrons in a subshell = 2(2l+1)
3) Spin Quantum number:
● Proposed by goldsmith and uhlenbeck
1 1
● Value of ms is  and 
2 2
n
● Total spin, S= 
2
h
● Spin angular momentum of the electron  S ( S  1)
2
● Spin multicity = 2s + 1
4) Azimuthal Quantum Number
● Proposed by Sommerfeld
● L depends on n
● The energies are in the order of s<p<d<f
h
● Angular momentum of the electron in an orbital  l (l  1)  h l (l  1)
2

Orbital:

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   is
The space around nucleus, where the probability of finding electrons  2
maximum, the maximum probability of finding an electron in an orbit is 95%.

Shapes of atomic orbit:

S-orbital:

Image: S-orbital

P-orbital:

Image: P-orbital

D-orbital:

Image: D-orbital

F orbital:

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Image: F-orbital

Nodal plane: The plane in which the probability of finding electron density is
zero.
Number of the nodal plane (or) angular nodes for an orbital = l
The distribution of electrons into orbitals of an atom is called electronic
configuration

Aufbau Principle:
In the ground state of the atom, the orbitals are filled in the order of their
increasing energies.

Pauli’s Exclusion Principle:

Gives restrictions in filling of various orbitals with electrons.
It states that no two electrons in an atom can have same set of all four quantum
numbers.

Hund’s Rule:
It deals with filling up of degenerate orbit with electrons (degenerate = orbitals
of equal energies).

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