Numbers and Strings

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Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

 Objectives
• Working with Numbers:
• Wrapper classes: Number, Character
• Auto boxing and unboxing .
• The java.lang.Math
• String class:
• Create and manipulate strings.
• Compares the String and StringBuilder classes.
• Scanning Text
• Formatting output

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

 Introduction
• A class can contain no data field or some data
fields
• Some operations on numbers are critical such
as converting a string to number, …
• Java libraries have classes which wrap a
number (primitive type) in it and support
operations on numbers. They are called as
wrapper classes.
• String is a common data type and it is a pre-
defined class in Java library.
• The java.lang package contains all of them
Session 06 - Numbers and Strings
 Numbers Classes
• Java platform provides wrapper classes for each
of the primitive data types.

All of the numeric wrapper classes are subclasses of

the abstract class Number.
Session 06 - Numbers and Strings
 Numbers Classes: A Declaration
public final class Integer extends Number implements Comparable<Integer>

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

 Numbers Classes: A Declaration
public final class Integer extends Number implements Comparable<Integer>

We can not create a sub-class of a wrapper class

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

 Auto boxing and Unboxing

• Java 5.0 introduces two very simple but

convenient functions that unwrap wrapper
objects and wrap up primitives.
• Converting a primitive value into an object
of the corresponding wrapper class is
called auto boxing.
• Converting an object of a wrapper type to
its corresponding primitive value is called
unboxing.

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

Auto boxing and Unboxing

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

Example 1

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

Example 2

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

 Numbers Classes: A Declaration
public final class Integer extends Number implements Comparable<Integer>

Some
common
methods

Wrapper
classes are
immutable
(non-
changeable)
because they
do not have
setters

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

 Numbers Classes…

• We use a Number object rather than a

primitive when:
• As an argument of a method that expects an
object.
• To use constants defined by the class, such
as MIN_VALUE and MAX_VALUE.
• To use class methods for converting values to
and from other primitive types.

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

Numbers Classes…

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

Numbers Classes- A Demo

Boxing/auto boxing:
encapsulating/wrapping a
primitive value to an object.
Unboxing: get primitive value
wrapped in a wrapper object.
Session 06 - Numbers and Strings
Numbers Classes- A Demo

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

Numbers Classes- A Demo

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

Numbers Classes- A Demo

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

Numbers Classes- A Demo

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

Numbers Classes- A Demo

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

 The java.lang.Math class

• The Math class in the java.lang package provides methods

and constants for doing more advanced mathematical
computation, including:
• Constants and Basic Methods: Math.E, Math.PI,..
• Basic static methods: ceil(double d), floor(double
d), abs(int i)…
• Exponential and Logarithmic Methods: exp(double d),
sqrt(double d), pow(double base, double
exponent)
• Trigonometric Methods: cos(double d), sin(double
d)
• Random Numbers: The random() method returns a pseudo-
randomly selected number between 0.0 and 1.0.

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

Demo Java.lang.Math

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

 Characters
• Unicode character, 2 bytes
• Character class also offers a number of useful
class (i.e., static) methods for manipulating
characters.
• Character ch = new Character('a');
• Some methods in this class
• boolean isLetter(char ch)/ isDigit(char ch)/
isUpperCase(char ch)
• char toUpperCase(char ch) …
• A character preceded by a backslash (\) is
an escape sequence and has special meaning to
the compiler. Session 06 - Numbers and Strings
Characters - Demo

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

 Strings
• Java uses the String, StringBuffer, and
StringBuilder classes to encapsulate
strings of characters (16-bit Unicode).
java.lang.Object
java.lang.String (implements java.lang.CharSequence,
java.lang.Comparable<T>, java.io.Serializable)
java.lang.StringBuffer (implements java.lang.CharSequence,
java.io.Serializable)
java.lang.StringBuilder (implements
java.lang.CharSequence, java.io.Serializable)
Interface Serializable declared methods for processing a string as a
stream of characters (write string to file, …)

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

 The String Class
• The String class contains an immutable string
(Once an instance is created, the string it
contains cannot be changed)  No setter is
implemented
• Almost of it’s methods will return a new
string.
• Construct a string:
String s1 = new String(“immutable”);
String s2= new String (new char[] {‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’});
or
String s3 = “immutable”;
Session 06 - Numbers and Strings
String pool String pool
s1 Hello
s2

Shallow comparing: Compare

two references

Deep comparing:
Compare two values

hello

HELLO HELLO garbage

String pool: a
s5 s5 way to save
memory
Session 06 - Numbers and Strings
 The String Class

Compare 2 strings: should use equals()

String st1 = “abc”;

String st2 = “xyz”;
if(st1.equals(st2)){
…
}

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

 The String Class
Modifier and Type Method and Description
char charAt(int index)
char[] toCharArray()
byte[] getBytes()
int codePointAt(int index), compareTo(String anotherString)
compareToIgnoreCase(String str), hashCode(),indexOf(int ch),
indexOf(…),lastIndexOf(…),length()

String trim(),toString(),concat(String str), replace(…),replaceAll(…)

replaceFirst(…),substring(…), toLowerCase(…),toUpperCase(…)

static String copyValueOf(…), format(…), valueOf(…)

boolean contains(CharSequence s), endsWith(String suffix),
startsWith(…),isEmpty(),matches(String regex)
equals(Object anObject), equalsIgnoreCase(…)
void getChars(int srcBegin, int srcEnd, char[] dst, int dstBegin)
String[] split(String regex), split(String regex, int limit)
CharSequence subSequence(int beginIndex, int endIndex)

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

The String Class

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

StringBuffer, StringBuilder Classes
• Java’s StringBuffer and StringBuilder classes
represent strings that can be dynamically modified.
• StringBuffer is threadsafe.
• StringBuilder (introduced in 5.0) is not threadsafe.
• Almost of their methods are the same as methods in the
String class.
Thread: Unit of code (method) is running
Multi-threading program: A program has some threads running
concurrently. If 2 threads access common data, their values are not un-
predictable. So, in multi-thread programming, JVM supports a mechanism
in which accesses to common resources must carry out in sequence
based on synchronized methods.
Threadsafe class: A class with synchronized methods.

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

 The StringBuffer - threadsafe
public final class StringBuffer extends Object
implements Serializable, CharSequence

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

 StringBuilder
public final class StringBuilder extends Object
implements Serializable, CharSequence

• The StringBuilder class was introduced in 5.0. It is nearly identical to

StringBuffer.

• Major difference: string builders are not threadsafe.

• If you want multiple threads to have concurrent access to a mutable

string, use a string buffer.

• If your mutable string will be accessed only by a single thread, there

is an advantage to using a string builder, which will generally
execute faster than a string buffer.

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

StringBuilder

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

 String Concatenation,
the Easy Way
• 02 ways:
• String.concat() method of the String class and
the StringBuffer.append().
• Overloaded + operator.

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

 Scanning Text
How to get data from a data source?
Data source
Getting data
Memory variable variables
one after
Keyboard
another
File
Delimiters
need to be
omitted The java.util.Scanner class

• Class: java.util.Scanner
• Data in data source are characters
• Methods for getting data: next(), nextXXX()
• Methods for checking availability of data : hasXXX()
• Token: group of characters that has a meaning.
36
 Scanning data from a string

The default delimiter is the blank character. You can designate delimiters.
[au\\s] means that a, u and space(\s) are delimiters.
+ means that number of occurrences is equal or greater than 1
38
Scanning data from a string

39
Splitting a string into substrings
The method split(delimiters) of the class String and
the java.util.StringTokenizer are used.

40
 Formatting Output
%[argument_index$][flags][width][.precision]conversion
See API documentation for more details (api/java/util/Formatter.html#syntax).

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

Formatting Output

Session 06 - Numbers and Strings

 Summary
• Working with Numbers:
• Wrapper classes: Number, Character
• The java.lang.Math class
• Autoboxing and unboxing .
• The java.lang.Math
• String class:
• Create and manipulate strings.
• Compares the String and StringBuilder classes.
• Scanning Text
• Formatting output
Session 06 - Numbers and Strings