Other Geological Hazards chemical weathering.

Such dissolution can

result in systems of caves and sinkholes.
Bolide Impact
2. Excessive groundwater withdrawal
• The impact of an extraterrestrial body on • If fluids are withdrawn from below the
the surface of the earth. surface, a decrease in fluid pressure may
occur resulting in the removal of support
Bolide Classifications
and possible collapse.
Asteroids 3. Underground mining methods
4. Change in Season
• Are large stony and/or metallic chunks
which are confined in the region between Effects of Ground Subsidence
Mars and Jupiter, called the asteroid belt.
• Sudden ground collapse events can be
Comets catastrophic but are usually isolated and
very limited in expanse.
• Are combinations of ice fragments, and dust
• Slow subsidence can proceed almost
which come from either the Oort cloud, or
unnoticeably but may still cause serious,
from the Kuiper belt.
widespread damage to property.
Meteoroids
Coastal Erosion
• Are stony, iron, and stony-iron chunks, also
• Coastal erosion is a natural process which
from the asteroid belt, that are still
shapes shorelines by the wearing away of
travelling in outer space.
coastal land or beaches, mainly by the
What are the potential effects of a large impact impact of waves along the shoreline. Sand
event? particles and rock fragments carried by the
high-energy waves crashing into headlands
• Very strong earthquakes reaching up to
accelerate the process.
magnitude 13 in the Richter scale and,
subsequently, aftershocks of gradually Natural causes of coastal erosion
decreasing magnitude.
1. Waves
• Drastic changes in climatic conditions
• Waves erode the land is by impact. Large
• Wildfires waves hit rocks with lots of force.
• Tsunamis 2. Tides
• Acid rain • These are actually waves, the biggest waves
Ground Subsidence on the planet, and they cause the sea to rise
and fall along the shore around the world.
• Is the relative lowering of the earth’s
surface usually with respect to the mean Geohazard
sea level. Hazard Map
Causes of Ground Subsidence • are indispensable for information and
1. Carbonate dissolution and collapse education campaigns to hazards scientists,
• Carbonate rocks such as limestone, and to land use planners.
composed mostly of the mineral calcite
(CaCO3) are very susceptible to dissolution
by groundwater during the process of
Geo Hazard Map Different colors used to distinguish different areas
in the map.
• A geo hazard map indicates areas that are
susceptible to floods and landslides, as For rain-induced landslide prone areas, there are
determined by the Mines and Geosciences three colors:
Bureau (MGB).
1. Yelow
• It outline areas prone to natural disasters,
• Low susceptibility-less likely to be
publicly available in a bid to reduce
experience landslide; be prepared.
vulnerability at community level.
2. Green
• First in a number of government initiatives
• Moderately susceptible; be cautious.
to enhance and promote disaster
3. Red
preparedness in this nation of more than
• Highly susceptible; Be Alert and ready to
100 million.
evacuate.
• Developed by the Mines and Geosciences
Bureau of the Department of the For flood-prone areas:
Environment and Natural Resources (MGB-
1. Pink
DENR)
• Low to moderately susceptible. Be cautious.
• Uses color to classify areas as either low,
2. Violet
moderately or highly susceptible to floods,
• Highly susceptible; be alert and ready to
flash floods and landslides.
evacuate.
• Some areas are marked as being prone to
riverbank erosion. These codes are Mitigating Geological Hazards
superimposed on the topographic map of
Mitigation
the Philippines.
• Means taking action to reduce the risk of
Purpose of Geo Hazard Map
loss of life or property from a future
• Identified disaster-prone areas with the hazardous event.
help of base maps, satellite imagery and • There is no way to prevent natural disasters,
fieldwork. but there are steps individuals and
• Historical accounts [of past disasters] were businesses can take to lessen damage and
also taken into consideration. losses caused by them.
• Tips on handling emergencies in the event
Mitigating Subsidence-Related Hazards
of natural disasters are also part of the
information on the geo-hazard map. 1. Map out the areas which are subsidence-
prone and to either avoid development in
Parts of a Geo Hazard Map
the area or adapt by modifying or
1. Title strengthening structures.
2. Legend 2. Areas which experience subsidence are
3. Orientation Compass prone to severe, extensive and prolonged
4. Map Rules/ Bar Scale flooding so structures and roads, for
5. Coordinates instance, could be elevated, and dikes and
pumping or drainage systems can be
constructed.
Managing Coastal Erosion • Come November, activity level eventually
dies off.
• Preservation of and restriction of activities
and development in natural protective Effects of Tropical Cyclones
features (e.g., dunes and beaches)
1. Strong Winds
• Regulating coastal erosion protection
• Strong wins, which cover a much larger area
structures to ensure that natural protective
during tropical cyclones, cause the most
features are not damaged.
obvious damage.
• Prohibiting construction in areas of active
2. Strong Surge
coastal erosion and in areas within reach of
• Localized unusual increase of sea water
coastal storms
level way above the predicted astronomical
• Restricting development of public utilities in
tide level, happens primarily due to intense
areas prone to coastal erosion to discourage
winds and lowered atmospheric pressure
new development in these areas.
that accompany intense tropical cyclones
• Building coastal erosion protection
passing from the sea to the land.
structures only when and where necessary
3. Heavy Rains
(to prevent loss of lives and property)
• Unlike strong winds and storm surges,
Hydro Meteorological Hazards actually occur in tropical cyclones of lower
intensity.
• Is the study of the atmospheric and
terrestrial phases of the hydrological cycle Rainfall Warning
with emphasis on the interrelationship
between them. It deals with the transfer of
water and energy between land surface and
the lower atmosphere.
Tropical Cyclone

• A tropical cyclone is a rapid rotating storm

originating over tropical oceans from where
Typhoon
it draws the energy to develop.
Major Types of Tropical Cyclone • A typhoon is a severe weather disturbance
characterized by strong winds and heavy
Tropical Tropical Storm Typhoon rains which revolve around a central low-
Depression (TS) pressure area.
(TD)
Wind speed Wind speed Wind speed Why do Tropical Cyclones Form?
up to 61 kph ranging from greater than
• Tropical cyclones form as a result of the
62-88 kph 118-220 kph
atmosphere’s natural tendency to maintain
equilibrium by redistributing heat through
Seasonal variability of Tropical Cyclone Activity wind from the equatorial region to the polar
regions.
• Tropical cyclone activity is usually lowest in
May and increases gradually though June.
• Activity then greatly increases from July
until September, with the level of activity
reaching its highest during august.
Measures for Mitigating the Destructive effects of Storm Surge Risk-Reduction Measures
Typhoons.
• Storm surge prediction, hazard map
1. Determining ares prone to typhoon-related preparation, and zoning
disasters. • Construction of storm surge barriers
2. Implementing legislation involving land use • Wetland protection
planning, zoning, and building standards.
3. Weather forecasting and monitoring Thunderstorm
(PAGASA, Philippine Atmospheric • Is a violent, transient type of weather
Geophysical and Astronomical Services disturbance associated with thousands of
Administration meters tall cumulonimbus clouds and which
4. Effective public typhoon warning systems. usually involves lightning and thunder,
Current Public Storm Warning Signals strong winds, intense rainfall, and
occasionally tornadoes and hail.
Thunderstorm Hazards

• Lightning
• Hail
• Tornadoes and Waterspouts
• Flash Flood
Hail

• Hailstone is the individual piece of layered,

rounded or irregularly shaped ice which is
Types of Hydro Meteorological Hazards occasionally produced during a
thunderstorm.
• When a thunderstorm produces hail, it is
called a hailstorm.
Hazards due to hailstorms
1. Can create dents or abrasions on the
coating of automobiles and metal roofs
which may initiate corrosion and eventually
leaks.
2. Pose hazards to aircraft operation.
3. Hail has destructive effects on sensitive
Storm Surge
crops such as corn, wheat, soybeans, and
• Is a localized unusual increase of sea water tobacco.
level beyond the predicted astronomical
Tornado and Waterspouts
tide level primarily due to intense winds and
lowered atmospheric pressure during the • Waterspouts are basically the same as
passage of an intense tropical cyclone from tornadoes, the only difference is that the
the sea to the land. rotating column of wind moves over a body
of water.
 • Tornadoes are narrow, funnel or cylindrical
shaped, and intensely rotating columns of
wind that form during powerful
thunderstorms and extend from the base of
a cumulonimbus cloud down to the earth’s
surface.
Flooding

• Is the abnormal rise of water level in rivers,

coastal areas, plains, and in highly urbanized
centers which may be a result of natural
phenomena, human activities, or both.
• Flooding can be a natural process and can
be the result of man’s inadvertence.
• Some areas, due to their location, land
configuration, and climatic setting, are
naturally susceptible to flooding.