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Computer Final Study Sheet

- Hubs broadcast all network traffic to all connected devices, while switches only send traffic to the intended destination device. Routers connect different networks and can route messages across long distances. - Computer networks can be classified by range as LANs, MANs, or WANs depending on geographic size, or by relationship as client-server, peer-to-peer, bus, star, ring, mesh, or hybrid topology. - Wired networks use physical cables to connect devices, while wireless networks connect devices using radio signals without cables. Common network media include twisted pair, fiber optic, and wireless.

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28 views

Computer Final Study Sheet

- Hubs broadcast all network traffic to all connected devices, while switches only send traffic to the intended destination device. Routers connect different networks and can route messages across long distances. - Computer networks can be classified by range as LANs, MANs, or WANs depending on geographic size, or by relationship as client-server, peer-to-peer, bus, star, ring, mesh, or hybrid topology. - Wired networks use physical cables to connect devices, while wireless networks connect devices using radio signals without cables. Common network media include twisted pair, fiber optic, and wireless.

Uploaded by

Ram
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Final Exam Study Sheet

HUBS, SWITCHES, AND ROUTERS


- Hubs are the simplest way to connect two or more computers and servers to form
a simple network. A hub receives signals from each machine through wired
connections, and then sends them to all the other connected machines. So, if
Computer A sends out a signal, Computers B, C and D will all receive it, even if
the signal was meant only for Computer D.
- Switches manage network traffic instead of just sending signals. Each message
sent by a computer will contain information about which computer it comes from,
and which it's meant for, and the switch makes sure the message is sent to the
correct destination on the local network. If Computer A sends a message to
Computer D, a switch will make sure that Computers B and C don't receive it.
- Routers connect networks of computers, not computers themselves. Unlike
switches, which forward messages only to known devices on a local network,
routers can forward messages across the world to devices with which they've never
before communicated.
-[]- Network interface refers to a physical connector on the router whose main
purpose is to receive and forward packets.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER NETWORK


By range:
1. Local area network (LAN)
LAN networks, one of the simplest, connect computers together over relatively
small distances. It could be wired, wireless, or both wired and wireless at the same
time.
VLAN: Virtual Local Area Network
2. Metropolitan area network (MAN)
Connects multiple geographically nearby LANS to one another (over an area of up
to a few dozen kilometers). A MAN lets two remote nodes communicate as if they
were part of the same local area network.

3. Wide area network (WAN)


Wide Area Network is a computer network that covers relatively larger
geographical area such as a state, province or a country.

By functional relationship:
1. Client-server
The client-server model is the relationship between two computers in which one,
the client, makes a service request from another, the server. The key point about a
client-server model is that the client is dependent on the server to provide and
manage the information.

2. Peer-to-peer
In a P2P network, no single provider is responsible for being the server. Each
computer stores files and acts as a server. Each computer has equal responsibility
for providing data.

Client Server Peer to peer


Security The server controls security of No central control over
the network. security.
Management The server manages the network Anyone can setup
Dependency Clients are dependent on it They aren’t dependent
Backups Data is all backed up on the Each computer has to be
main server backed up. Data can be deleted
By network topology:

1. Bus Topology
In this type of topology, the nodes (computers as well as servers) are connected to
the single cable. This central cable is the backbone of the network and is known as
“Bus. A signal from the source sent and travels to all workstations connected to the
bus cable, but only the recipient receives it. A terminator is added at ends of the
cable to prevent bouncing of signals.

2. Star Topology
In Star topology, all the components of network are connected to the central device
called "hub" which may be a hub, a router or a switch. Here all the workstations
are connected to central device rather than a cable. So, it can be said that every
computer is indirectly connected to every other node by the help of the "hub".

3. Token-Ring Topology
In this Topology, all the nodes are connected to each other in such a way that they
make a closed loop. Each workstation is connected to two other components on
either side, and it communicates with these two adjacent neighbors.

4. Mesh Topology
In a mesh network topology, each of the network node, computer and other
devices, are interconnected with one another. Every node not only sends its own
signals but also relays data from other nodes.

5. Tree topology
Tree Topology has the characteristics of Star and Bus Topology. After
understanding these two network configurations, we can understand tree topology
better. In Tree Topology, the number of star networks is connected using Bus. This
main cable seems like a main stem of a tree, and other star networks as the
branches. It is also called Expanded Star Topology.

6. Hybrid topology
Hybrid Topology is when we integrate two or more different topologies to form a
new topology. Simply, it is a mix of all network topologies.

Wired and wireless networks


Wired Network consists of a collection of computers, printers, and other equipment
that is connected through links (wired cables) so they can communicate with each
other.
Network Cables / Wires are networking hardware used to connect one network
device to other network device or to connect two or more computers to share
printer, scanner, …etc. Different network cables like Coaxial Cable, Optical Fiber
Cable, Twisted Pair Cable are used depending on network’s topology, size, and
protocol
Types of media used in networks:
1. Copper Media
Advantages of copper media:
1. Conducts Electric Current
2. Doesn’t Rust
3. Can be drawn into thin wires
4. Easy to shape
5. Hard to break

Types of Copper Media:


Coaxial Cables:
Can run for long distances, longer than STP or UTP

Twisted-Pair Cables:
- Consists of two copper conductors twisted together to reduce electric noise. It is
composed of many twisted pairs
- It has two types: STP and UTP

1- STP (Shielded Twisted Pair):


Has a metal foil or braided mesh covering that encases each pair

2- UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair):


No covering, and it’s less expensive

2. Fiber Optical Media


Types of Fiber Optical Media
Multimode Fiber (MMF)
- Used for communication over short distances such as a building
Single-mode Fiber (SMF)
- Used for long distances
- Higher transmission rate than Multimode fiber
- Up to 50 times more distance than Multimode Fiber
- Costs more than Multimode fiber

Twisted pair vs Fiber optical


Twisted pairs Fiber Optical
 Made of Copper  Made of glass or plastic
 Cables arranged in twisted pairs  No electronic noise at all
to cancel out noise  Can go super-long distances
 Needs a device to boost it for without a device to boost
long distances  More Expensive
 Less Expensive

1. Wireless media
Wireless Network refers to two or more devices communicating without
using a cable to connect them. Instead, the computer uses radio signal to
send information from one another.
Main Types of Wireless Media:
1. IEEE 802.11A, B, and G
2. Satellite
3. Cellular
4. Laser

Network Models
- Reference model is a standard that is acceptable worldwide
A network reference model is a method of describing and analyzing data
communications networks by breaking the entire set of communication
process into a number of layers. The ISO (International Standardization
Organization) accepted two models OSI and TCP/IP
1. OSI Model:
OSI stands for Open System Interconnection. Its architecture consists of
seven layers in a complete communication system
OSI Layers:
- Application Layer
- Presentation Layer
- Session Layer
- Transport Layer
- Network Layer
- Data Link Layer
- Physical Layer

2. TCP/IP Model:
The TCP/IP model is often referred to as the internet model. It has only
four layers. It is common everywhere, that is why, internet model is
commonly referred as TCP/IP model.
TCP/IP Layers:
- Application
- Transport
- Internet
- Network Access

TCP/IP Layer Protocols


1. DNS (Domain Name Server)
2. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
3. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
4. Telnet, a terminal emulation protocol
5. FTP (File Transfer protocol)

Addressing and IP Addresses


The IP (internet protocol) is the method or protocol by which data is sent
from one computer to another on the internet. Each Computer has one IP
address that is unique.

An IP address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and universally defines the


connection of a device to the internet. IP addressing has many versions, for
example, IPv4 is version 4.

IPv4 consists of four numbers, each of which contain up to three digits with
a single dot (.) separating each set of digits. Each Four digits can range from
0 to 255. Example: 1.1.1.1 or 46.158.69.8. Your IP allows you to send and
retrieve data over network, it also ensures that you receive the correct bit of
data. Without it, communication over the Internet would be impossible.

IP Address Classes
With an IPv4 address there are 5 classes of available IP ranges: Class A, B,
C, D, E, while only A, B, and C are commonly used.

Class A Supports 16 million hosts on each of


127 networks
Class B Supports 65000 hosts on each of
16,000 networks
Class C Supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million
networks

Made by Omar Abubakr & Ram Obeid – 10A

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