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This document describes the design and construction of an automatic night lamp using a transistor and light dependent resistor (LDR). The night lamp is intended to automatically turn on at night and turn off during the day to help solve issues with street lighting in some areas. The design uses a transistor, LDR, resistors, LED, battery, and breadboard. When the LDR is exposed to light, the LED remains off as the LDR resistance decreases. When in the dark, the LDR resistance increases and allows the LED to glow, functioning as a simple automatic night light.

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32 views

Transistor: Powered by

This document describes the design and construction of an automatic night lamp using a transistor and light dependent resistor (LDR). The night lamp is intended to automatically turn on at night and turn off during the day to help solve issues with street lighting in some areas. The design uses a transistor, LDR, resistors, LED, battery, and breadboard. When the LDR is exposed to light, the LED remains off as the LDR resistance decreases. When in the dark, the LDR resistance increases and allows the LED to glow, functioning as a simple automatic night light.

Uploaded by

narayanansahaana545
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Abstract

In some cities and villages, sometimes street lights glow in day time without
any reason. In mining regions people face many difficulties due to absence of
light in the nights. In frontier and hilly areas, people face many problems due
to damaged street lights. For solving these problems, we create a device in
which the lights glow in night and in day time, they get switched off
automatically and don't glow. Due to use of it, we can solve above problems
and can also save electricity.

Objective
To construct an automatic night lamp using a transistor and LDR

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Theory
1. Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic
signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with
three terminals for connection to an external circuit.

Emitter (E): It is the left hand side thick layer of the transistor which is
heavily doped;

Base (B): It is a central thin layer of transistor which is lightly doped;

Collector (C): It is the right hand side thick layer of the transistor which is
moderately doped;

A p-n-p junction transistor is obtained by growing a thin layer of thin layer of


n-type semi-conductor in between two relatively thick layers of p-type semi-
conductor.

A n-p-n junction transistor is obtained by growing a thin layer p-type semi-


conductor in between two relatively thick layers of n-type semi-conductor.

In the project, common emitter n-p-n transistor (BC-547) is used.


2. CARBON RESISTOR:
A carbon resistor has generally four rings or bands A, B, C and D of different
colours corresponding to the value of resistance. In project, we use carbon
resistance of 1M ohms and 330 ohms.

3. LDR:
LDR means light dependent resistance which is used to complete the circuit.

4. LED:
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. When a light-
emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on), electrons are able to
recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form
of photons. In this project, we use led of white colour

5. BATTERY:
This is a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and a polarized snap
connector at the top. In project, we use 9-Volt battery.
6. WIRES:
A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. These
are used to connect components.

7. BREADBOARD:
A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping of electronics.Because
the solderless breadboard does not require soldering, it is reusable.

Materials Required:
1. A n-p-n transistor;

2. Breadboard;

3. Resistors:330Ω, 1MΩ

4. Connecting Wires;

5. LED;

6. LDR;

7. 9V Battery;

Principle
This project is based on Light Dependent Resistance (L.D.R.). LDR is a
resistance, in which opposing power of current depends on the presence of
quantity of light present, i.e. the resistance of LDR increases or decreases,
according to quantity of light which falls on it. If LDR places in darkness, the
resistance of LDR increases and when light falls on it, the resistance of LDR
decreases and act as a conductor. Any LDR in the presence of light and
darkness changes its resistance is depending on the different types of LDR.

Procedure:
• Take a breadboard and connect its two halves

• Connect a 9V battery on the breadboard.

• Connect an NPN transistor on the breadboard with its three legs (Emitter,
Base, Collector) inserted in three different columns of the breadboard.

• The emitter of the transistor is grounded.Connect one leg of a 1 M Ω resistor


to the base of the transistor, and its other leg to any different column of the
breadboard. Connect the corresponding column to Vcc.
• Connect an LDR between the base and emitter of the transistor.

• Connect one leg of a 330 Ω resistor to the collector of the transistor, and its
other leg to any different column of the breadboard.

• Take an LED. Connect its negative terminal to the right leg of 330 Ω resistor,
and its positive terminal to Vcc.

Observation Table
When the circuit is exposed to light, the led remains off. When the circuit is
taken into dark, the led glows.
Precautions
• Excess current should not be passed through LED.

• Make all the connections neat, clean and tight.

• Never exceed the ratings for the current given in the transistor manual.

References
• colorado.edu/physics/phys3330/PDF/Experiment7.pdf

• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor

• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_emitter

• 230nsc1.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/npnce.html

• tedpavlic.com/teaching/osu/ece327/lab1_bjt/lab1_bjt_transistor_basics.pdf

• hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/trans.html

Books-
• Comprehensive Lab manual PHYSICS Class 12;

• Pradeep Reference Guide for Physics-Class 12;

• NCERT Physics Class 12;

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