Slide 1

“Pakistan Railways”

MSc Transportation Engineering

Railway Engineering

21st November, 2007

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 Slide 2

Pakistan railways is the state owned railway

company of Pakistan. It is the largest

organization under the administration of

Pakistan Government. Pakistan railways

provides an important mode of transportation

in the farthest corners of the country.

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 Slide 3

History Of Pakistan Railways

z The possibility of Karachi as a sea port was

introduced in the middle 19th century.
z Sir Henry Edward was appointed commissioner of
Sindh & sought permission from Lord Dalhousie
to begin a survey for a sea port.
z He also initiated the survey for a railway line in
1858.
z It was on 13th May 1861 that first railway line was
opened for public traffic between Karachi City and
Kotri, the distance of 105 miles.
z The line between Karachi City and Kiamari was
opened on 16th June 1889.

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 Slide 4

History Of Pakistan Railways

z During 1897 the line from Kiamari to Kotri was

doubled.
z At the time of independence, North Western
Railway’s 1847 route mile was transferred to India
leaving route miles 5048 to Pakistan.
z In 1954, the railway line was extended to Mardan
and Charsada section and in 1956 Jacobabad-
Kashmore 2’-6’’ line was converted into broad
gauge.
z Kotadu-Kashmore line was constructed between
1969 to 1973 providing an alternate route from
Karachi to up country.

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 Slide 5

Operation Of Railways

A rail transport consists of two necessary

elements:

z Infrastructure such as tracks, rolling stock

& stations.

z A system of traffic control to co-ordinate

train movement.

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 Slide 6
Railway Track
z Railway tracks consist of two parallel steel rails.
z These rails are generally anchored perpendicular to
beams termed as sleepers to maintain a consistent
distance apart called gauge.
z The rails & sleepers are usually then placed on a
foundation made of compressed earth and gravel in a
bed of ballast to prevent the track from buckling as the
ground settles over time beneath & under the weight of
the vehicles passing above.
z The vehicles travelling on the rails are arranged in a
train.
z These vehicles (carriages, wagons) move with much
less friction then on rubber tyres on a paved roads. The
locomotive that pulls the train tends to use energy far
more efficiently as a result.
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 Slide 7

Railway Track

Rails
Sleepers
Ballast

Gauge

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 Slide 8

Rail X-Section

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 Slide 9

Railway Track

z In all under the right circumstances, a train needs

50-70% less energy to transport a given tonnage
of freight or number of passengers, than does
road transport.
z Rails & sleepers distribute the weight of the train
evenly allowing significantly greater load per axle
leading to less wear & tear on the permanent
way.
z Rail transport makes highly efficient use of space,
a double track line can carry more passengers or
freight in a given amount of time than a four lane
road.

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 Slide 10

Railway Traffic

z Railway traffic consist of:

• Passenger Traffic
• Freight Traffic

z Passenger Traffic
• Pakistan railways daily operates 228 mail express
& passenger trains.
• Pakistan railways carry 65 million passengers
annually.
• Daily passengers carried are 178,000.
• Passengers earnings comprises of 50% of the
railway total revenue.
• During 1999-2000 this amounted to 4.8 billion Rs.

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 Slide 11

Railway Traffic
z Freight Traffic
• The freight business unit with 12000 personnel,
operates over 200 freight stations on the railway
network.
• The unit serves two major ports of Karachi & Bin
Qasim as well as all the four provinces of the
country.
• About 39% of the revenue is generated from the
transportation of POL products, 19% from
imported wheat, fertilizer & rock phosphate,
remaining 42% is earned from domestic traffic.
• The Freight Rates structure is based on market
trends particularly of the road transport which is
Railways main competitor.
• Total Freight carried by Pakistan Railways during
2001-2002 was 5.9 million tons.
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 Slide 12

Rail Switches/Turnouts

z A rail switch or set of points also a turnout is a

mechanical installation enabling trains to be
guided from one lines of rail tracks to another.
z The points are the movable rails which guide the
wheels towards one diverging track or the other.
z The position of the switch is usually changed from
an interlocking tower/signal box.

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 Slide 13

Rail Switches/Turnouts

Points

A right-hand railroad switch.

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 Slide 14

Railway Signaling

z Signaling is a device by which the

movement of the trains is controlled.
z Railway signaling is a system used on
railways to control traffic safely e.g. to
prevent trains from colliding.

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 Slide 15

Control & Operation Of Signals

z The earliest signals were directly operated

by a signalman on the basis of his
knowledge of the line ahead.
z Later, signals were mechanically
connected to the points.
z When multiple signals are used to control
movements in the same area, the signals
will also be connected together to prevent
conflicting indications. These signals are
said to be interlocked e.g. two signals
facing trains approaching from converging
routes at a junction are interlocked so that
only one of the two signals show a proceed
indication.
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 Slide 16

Control & Operation Of Signals

z Signals are controlled by a levers grouped

together & connected to the signal by wire cables
or pipes supported on rollers. These levers are
placed in a special building known as signal box
or interlocking tower.
z Today signals are manually set to either
“proceed” or “stop” or automatically set to “stop”
by devices that detects the presence of a train.

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 Slide 17

Classification Of Signals
z According to function:
• Stop signal/Semaphore signals
• Warner signals
• Disc or ground signals
• Colored light signals
z According to location:
• Outer signals
• Home signals
• Starter signals
• Advance starter signals
z According to their specific purpose:
• Routing signals
• Repeater signals
• Call on signals
• Shunting signals

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 Slide 18

Stop Signal/Semaphore Signal

z The normal position of the signal is

horizontal & it can be lowered at an
angle of 45o to 60o with horizontal by
pulling the wire from the signal cabin.
In the horizontal position, the signal
indicates the “danger stop” & it is said
“on position”. When the arm is in
inclined position it indicates “clear-
proceed” & is said in “off-position”.
z In the night, the light of the lamp
passing through the spectacles gives
signals. Thus red light indicates
danger and green light line clear.
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 Slide 19

SEMAPHORE SIGNAL

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 Slide 20

Stop Signal/Semaphore Signal

Semaphore
Arm
Lamp

Spectacles

7.676m
Lever
Signal
Post

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 Slide 21

Signal Indications

Operation Time Position Of Arm Position Of Signal Indication Given

Horizontal Arm ON Stop

Day Time
o o
Inclined At 60 or 45 OFF Proceed

Red Light ON Stop

Night Time

Green Light OFF Proceed

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 Slide 22

Colored Light Signals

z These are automatic signals & give indications by
electric lights both during the day as well as in
night.
z The signals are provided with green, yellow and
red light.
• Green…….Proceed
• Yellow…….Proceed with caution
• Red……….Stop

z These signals are provided with special lenses &

hoods to emit beam of light which can be visible
from a long distance even during the day.
z These signals normally remain in off position i.e.
proceed position &automatically changes to stop
as soon as train enters into the section.
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 Slide 23

Control Of Train Movements

Usually methods adopted for the control of

movements of trains are as follows:

z Absolute block system.

z Automatic signaling.

z Centralized traffic control system.

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 Slide 24

Absolute Block System

In Pakistan mostly this system of signaling is in
use.
z In this system the railway line is divided into block
sections. Block section is usually the distance
between two successive stations.
z By this system only one train is permitted in a
section at a time.
z Block instruments in pairs are installed at each
station.
z These instruments show whether the section
ahead is clear or reserved for a train.
z Sometimes a long stretch between two stations
may be formed into two or more block sections
(intermediate block) to increase track utilization.
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 Slide 25

Automatic Signaling

z This system is an improvement over absolute

block system.
z In this system the signals are actuated by the
trains themselves and thus the trains can follow
each other between the two stations.
z The section is divided into blocks, one block is
about 5-7kms length.
z An electric current is carried through the electric
circuited track.
z When a train enter a particular block the electric
current puts the signal at danger position (red
light) for the particular block until the train
moves nearly two blocks ahead.

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 Slide 26

Centralized Traffic Control System

(C.T.C)
z This is the latest system to control the
movements of trains in which points and signals
are operated from a central control room & no
signals cabins are required.
z In this system a centralized traffic control panel is
used, which consist of illuminated track diagram
showing the relative positions of signals, points
and track circuits.
z The person controlling the panel is called a
dispatcher. He makes all the arrangements for
crossings, points and signals.

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 Slide 27

Track Length

z The Pakistan railway has a total of 11,515

km track (including track on double line,
yard and sidings) at the end of 2001-
2002.
z This consists of 10,960km of broad gauge
and 555km of meter gauge.

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 Slide 28

Double Line Track

&
Electrified Track
z Double line track consist of 1,043km and
electrified track consist of 544km as Shown:
FROM TO LENGTH (KMS)

Kiamari Lodharn 843

Sher Shah Multan 15

Raiwind Shahdara Bagh 46

Lahore Wahgah 23

Chaklala Golra Sharif 19

Ab-i-Gum Kolpur 37

Gulistan Chaman 60

1,043
ELECTRIFIED SECTIONS TRACK KMS

Lahore Khanewal 521.22

Lahore
Lahore Cantt 22.78
Mughalpura

544
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 Slide 29

Total Wagons Owned by

Pakistan Railways
Capacity Max Size
Carrying Capacity
Type of Wagons Nos
Tons
LXWXH

23.5 x 9.75 x 8.25 inner volume 1809.3

Covered Wagons 4 -Wheeler 22
cft.
13,216
Covered Wagons 8 - 45 x 8.25 x 9.75 inner volume 3456.9
43.7
Wheeler cft.

Open Wagons 4 - Wheeler 22 23.5 x 10 x 4.5 inner volume 1075.5 cft.

5,253

Open Wagons 8 - Wheeler 44 40 x 9.3 x 5 inner volume 1866.5 cft.

Special Wagons 4 Wheeler

22 26 x 9.3 for 20 feet containers
for containers
5,663
Special Wagons 8 Wheeler
46 45 x 9.3 for 40 feet containers
for containers

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 Slide 30

Railway Links With Adjacent

Countries
z India - Operational (Attari-Wagha) - same gauge -
1676mm

z Afghanistan- no railways to link

z Iran - Suspended - missing link Bam - Zahedan

break of gauge 1676mm/1435mm

z China - non-existent - via Himalaya mountains!

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 Slide 31

Performance Of Pakistan
Railways
Number of
Freight carried
passengers Locomotives Freight wagons
Year (million
carried (No.) (No.)
tons)
(million)

1998-99 64.9 5.4 596 24,456

1999-00 68 4.8 597 23,906

2000-01 68.8 5.9 610 23,893

2001-02 69 5.9 577 23,893

2002-03 52 4.4 577 23,939

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 Slide 32

Future Projects
Estimated Cost
Development Plans
Rs. Billion
Upgradation and improvement of track from Khanpur to Lalamusa 3.5
Dualization of Track from Khanewal to Raiwind and Shahdara to Lalamusa. 7
Setting up of a railway yard and railway linkage from Gwadar port to container yard. 2.5
Rail link from Gwadar Port to existing rail link at Ahmad wall on Quetta Taftan section. 12
Up-gradation of Rohri – Quetta – Taftan section 15
Provision of Railway link on remaining portion of right bank of Indus for connectivity upto
6
Peshawar via Kohat
Rail link from Quetta – Bostan – Zhob to D.I. Khan for provision of direct connectivity from
6
Baluchistan to NWFP.
Upgradation of Mirpur Khas – Khokhrapar section from meter gauge to broad gauge upto
1.8
international boarder.
Feasibility study for provision of rail link from Rawalpindi to Muzaffarabad AJK 0.1
Feasibility Study for provision of rail link from Dina to Mirpur AJK. 0.05
Procurement/ manufacture and assembling of 100 locomotives (75 diesel and 25 electric). 16
Procurement/ manufacturing and assembly of 1000 freight wagons. 4.8
Procurement/ manufacturing and assembly of 100 passenger coaches. 4.1
Electrification of Lahore – Khanewal double line section with rehabilitation of existing single
5.6
line Lahore – Khanewal section (285 Kms). And extension upto Samasatta (163 Kms).
Provision of road over bridge at Chowrangi Chowk Export Processing Zone Karachi. (50%
0.125
of the cost is to be borne by EPZ).
Improvement and rehabilitation of old and obsolete signaling system on Karachi –
15
Peshawar section in phases.
Other minor projects. 1
For completion of on going schemes. 23

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