THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

BS PHARMACY 1A (FINALS)
Organs of the Respiratory System - Drains the middle ear

1. Nose Tonsils
2. Larynx
 Are clusters of lymphatic tissue; protects the body from
3. Pharynx
infection.
4. Trachea
1. Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoid) – a single tonsil; located in
5. Bronchi
nasopharynx
6. Alveoli – lungs
2. Palatine tonsils (2) – located in oropharynx
Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System 3. Lingual Tonsils (2) – base of the tongue

The Larynx
 Gas exchanges between the blood and external
environment which only occurs in the alveoli
 Called the “voice box”
Upper Respiratory  Functions
- Routes air and foods
 Includes nose, larynx, and pharynx - Plays a role in speech
 Location is inferior to the pharynx
Lower Respiratory  Made of eight hyaline cartilage
- Thyroid Cartilage (Adam’s apple) – the largest
 Includes trachea, bronchi, and alveoli (lungs)
Epiglottis
The Nose
 Spoon-shaped flap elastic cartilage
 Externally visible part of the respiratory system  Protects the superior opening of the larynx
- Nostrils route through the air enters your nose.  Routes food
- Nasal cavity interior of the nose  During swallowing, the epiglottis rises and forms a lid over
- Nasal septum divides the nasal cavity the opening of the larynx
 Olfactory receptors – are locates in the mucosa
 The rest of the nasal cavity is lines with the respiratory Vocal Folds (true vocal cords)
mucosa.
- Moisten air  Vibrates with expelled air
- Traps foreign particles  Allows us to speak
- Enzymes destroys bacteria chemically
 The glottis includes all the vocal cords and the opening
Conchae between the vocal cords.

 Projections from the lateral walls

- Increase surface area The Trachea
- Increase air turbulence
- Increase trapping of inhaled particles.  Called the windpipe
 4 inch long; connects to the larynx
The Palate
 The walls are reinforced with C-shaped wings of hyaline
 Separates the nasal cavity and oral cavity. cartilage.
- Hard palate anterior; supported by bone.  It is lined with ciliated mucosa
- Soft palate posterior; unsupported - Cilia beat continuously in the opposite direction
- Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away
Paranasal sinuses from the lungs

 Can drain the sinuses through blowing your nose. The Main Bronchi
 Within frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
surrounding the nasal cavity.  It is formed by the division of trachea
 Sinuses:  Hilum – where the bronchus enters the lungs
- Lighten the skull  Right bronchus – much wider, shorter, and straighter than
- Resonance chamber for speech the left bronchus.
- Produce mucus  Bronchi subdivided into smaller and smaller branches.

The Lungs

 Occupies the entire thoracic cavity

 Clavicle (superior portion) – it is where the apex of each
lung is nearby.
 Base rests on the diaphragm.
 Lungs are divided into lobes by fissures:
1. Left lung – two lobes
2. Right lung – three lobes
 Serosa
- covers the outer surface
- Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the lung surface.
- Parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity.
The Pharynx
 Pleural fluid
- Fills the area between layers
 Called the “throat”
- Helps the lungs to glide over
 Passageway from nasal cavity to larynx
- Decreases friction during breathing.
- Continuous with the posterior nasal aperture
 Pleural space (between the layers) – more of a potential
 Three regions of the Pharynx
space.
1. Nasopharynx – superior region; behind nasal cavity
2. Oropharynx – middle region; behind mouth
3. Laryngopharynx – inferior region; attached to larynx The bronchial tree

 Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx  Main bronchi subdivided into smaller and smaller branches
- Common for air and food passageways.  Bronchial (respiratory) tree – the network of branching
- Epiglottis routes the food into the posterior tube. passageways
 Pharyngotympanic tubes  The smallest passageways have reinforcing cartilage in the
- Open into the nasopharynx walls
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
BS PHARMACY 1A (FINALS)
 Conduits to and from the respiratory zone - A passive process that depends in natural lung
 Bronchioles (smallest conducting passageways) elasticity
- Intrapulmonary volume decreases
Respiratory Zone Structures and the Respiratory Membrane - Gas pressure increases
- Forced expiration occur mostly by contraction internal
 Terminal bronchioles lead into respiratory zone structures intercostal muscles
and terminate in alveoli
 Respiratory zone includes the Intrapleural pressure
1. Respiratory bronchioles
 The pressure within the pleural space is always negative.
2. Alveolar ducts
 Preventing the lungs to collapse
3. Alveolar sacs
4. Alveoli (air sacs) – the only site of gas exchange  If the intrapleural pressure equals atmospheric pressure, the
lung recoil collapse.
 Conducting zone structures include all other passageways

Alveoli Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

 Simple squamous epithelial cells  Factors affecting respiratory capacity

 Alveolar pores connect neighboring air sacs - Size
 Pulmonary capillaries – cover external surfaces of alveoli - Sex
- Age
Respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier) - Physical Condition
 Tidal Volume (TV)
 One side of the membrane is air, the other side is blood - Normal quiet breathing
flowing. - 500 mL of air is moved in/out of lungs with each other.
 Formed by alveolar and capillary walls.  Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
- Air that can be taking in forcibly
Diffusion - 3,100 mL
 Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
 It is how the gas crosses the respiratory membrane
- Forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration
 Oxygen enters the blood
- 1,200 mL
 Carbon dioxide enters the alveoli.
Residual Volume
Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
 Air remaining in lung after expiration (exhalation)
 Adds protect by picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and
 Cannot be voluntarily exhaled
other debris.
 Allows gas exchange to go on continuously, even between
Surfactant breaths, and helps keep alveoli open (inflated)
 1,200 mL
 A lipid molecule
 Coats the gas-exposed alveolar surfaces Vital capacity
 Secreted by cuboidal surfactant-secreting cells.
 Total amount of exchangeable air
 VC = TV + IRV + ERV
Respiratory Physiology
 4,800 mL in men; 3,00 mL in women
 Its function is to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of
Dead space volume
carbon dioxide.
 Four distinct events of respiration  Air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches
1. Pulmonary ventilation – Moving air into and out of the lung; alveoli
called breathing  150 mL

2. External respiration Functional volume

- Gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli
- Oxygen into the blood  Reaches the respiratory actions
- Carbon unloaded from the blood  Usually about 350 mL

3. Respiratory gas transport Spirometer – it is how the respiratory capacities are measured.
- Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
stream. Non-respiratory Air Movements

4. Internal respiration  Caused by reflexes or voluntary actions

- Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in  Examples are:
systemic capillaries. - Cough and sneeze – clear lungs of debris
- Crying – emotional induced mechanism
Mechanics of Breathing - Laughing – similar to crying
- Hiccup – sudden inspirations
Pulmonary ventilation - Yawn – very deep inspiration

 Mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the Respiratory Sounds

thoracic cavity
 Volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to  Sounds are monitored with a stethoscope
the flow of gases to equalize pressure.  Two recognizable sounds can be heard with a stethoscope
 There are two phases: 1. Bronchial sounds – produced by air rushing through large
1. Inspiration passageways (trachea and bronchi)
- Inhalation 2. Vesicular breathing sounds – soft sounds of air filling
- Air into the lungs alveoli.
- Diaphragm and external intercostal muscle contract 3.
- Intrapulmonary volume increases
- Gas pressure decreases External Respiration, Gas Transport, and Internal Respiration
- Air flows into the lungs until intrapulmonary pressure
equals atmospheric pressure.  Gas exchange occurs as a result of diffusion
- External respiration an exchange of gases between
2. Expiration the alveoli and pulmonary blood
- Exhalation - Internal respiration an exchange of gases between
- Leaving lungs the blood and tissue cells
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
BS PHARMACY 1A (FINALS)
 Movement of the gas – towards the area of lower  Chronic bronchitis and emphysema
concentration.  Shared features of these two diseases
1. History of smoking
External Respiration 2. Labored breathing (dyspnea) becomes progressively worse
3. Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections
 Oxygen is loaded into the blood 4. Patients are hypoxic, retain carbon dioxide and have
- The oxygen diffuses from the oxygen-rich air of the respiratory acidosis, and ultimately develop respiratory
alveoli to the oxygen-poor blood of the pulmonary failure
capillaries.
 Carbon dioxide is unloaded out of the blood Chronis bronchitis (blue bloaters)
- Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood of the
pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli.  Mucosa becomes severely inflamed
 Excessive mucus production impairs ventilation and gas
Gas Transport in the Blood exchange.
 Patient becomes cyanotic; results of chronic hypoxia and
 Oxygen transport in the blood carbon dioxide retention
- Most oxygen travels will attach to hemoglobin and form
oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) Emphysema (pink puffers)
- A small dissolved amount is carried in the plasma
 Alveoli walls are destroyed and enlarged
 Carbon dioxide transport in the blood
 Lungs lose elasticity
- Most carbon dioxide that will transport into the plasma
 Uses a large amount of energy to exhale
is bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
- A small amount is carried inside red blood cells on  Oxygen exchange are efficient
hemoglobin, but at different binding sited from those of  Overinflation of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded
oxygen. barrel chest
 Carbon dioxide to diffuse out of blood into the alveoli, it  Cyanosis appears late in the disease
must be released from its bicarbonate form:
Lung Cancer
- Bicarbonate ions enter RBC
- Combine with hydrogen ions  Leading cause of cancer death for men and women
- Form carbonic acid
 Nearly 90 percent of cases result from smoking
- Carbonic acid split to form water
 Aggressive cancer that metastasizes rapidly.
- Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into alveoli.
 Three common types
Internal Respiration 1. Adenocarcinoma
2. Squamous cell carcinoma
 Exchange of gases between blood and tissues 3. Small cell carcinoma
 An opposite reaction from what occurs in the lungs
Development Aspects of the Respiratory System
- Loading is when carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue
cells
 Lungs do not fully inflate until 2 weeks after birth
- Unloading is when oxygen diffuses from blood into
o This change from nonfunctional to functional
tissue.
respiration depends on surfactant
Control of Respiration o Surfactant lowers surface tension so the alveoli do
not collapse
Non-neural factors influencing rate and depth o Surfactant is formed late in pregnancy, around 28
to 30 weeks
 Physical factors  Respiratory rate changes throughout life
- Increased body temperature o Newborns: 40 to 80 respirations per minute
- Exercise o Infants: 30 respirations per minute
- Talking o Age 5: 25 respirations per minute
- Coughing o Adults: 12 to 18 respirations per minute
 Volition (conscious control) o Rate often increases again in old age
 Emotional factors such as fear, anger, and excitement
Asthma
 Chemical factors: CO2 levels
- The body’s need to rod itself of carbon dioxide is the  Chronically inflamed, hypersensitive bronchiole passages
most important stimulus for breathing.  Respond to irritants with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing
- Increased levels of carbon dioxide may decrease or
acidic pH in the blood which also increase the rate and Youth and middle age
depth of breathing.
- Changes in carbon dioxide act directly on the medulla  Most respiratory system problems are a result of external
oblongata. factors, such as infections and substances that physically
block respiratory passageways
 Chemical factors: oxygen level Aging effects
- Changes in oxygen concentration in the blood are
detected by chemoreceptors in the aorta and common  Elasticity of lungs decreases
carotid artery  Vital capacity decreases
- Information is sent to the medulla  Blood oxygen levels decrease
- Oxygen is the stimulus for those whose systems have
 Stimulating effects of carbon dioxide decrease
become accustomed to high levels of carbon dioxide as
 Elderly is often hypoxic and exhibit sleep apnea
a result of disease
 More risks of respiratory tract infection
- Hyperventilation
 Rising levels of CO2 in the blood (acidosis)
which makes it faster and deeper breathing
 Elevates the blood pH due to its more CO2
 Result of apnea and dizziness (alkalosis)
- Hypoventilation
 Blood becomes alkaline (alkalosis)
 Shallow breathing
 Allows CO2 to accumulate in the blood

Respiratory Disorders

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
BS PHARMACY 1A (FINALS)