Content {3 Natural numbers, 1 49 | Loc and construction 4 2 | Whole Numbers 1 50 | Vectors 4 3 Antegers A 51 | Column Vectors 19 4 Rattonal Numbers 1 2 Hel Vectors 18 3. |__tretional Numbers 1 53 | Modulus of a Vector 16 6 Terminating Decimals, 1 “ MATRICES Ly 1 \_Recurring Dectematy \ 55 | The Inverse of a Matrix 15 8 | Significant Ngures 1 456 | Transformations 16-17 9 | _Decirnal Places \ 57 | Transformation by Matrices 8 10 | Standard Form 1 sa] stanistics 18 11 | Conversion Factors 2 9 | probability 20 12 | me 60 | Symmetry ae a 1s |_ Percentages 14 | _ Simple interest 15 |__Compound interest Speed, Distance and Time ‘Quadratic Equations ~Txpanslon of algebrale expressions PYTHAGORAS' THEOREM _ ~ Area and Perimeter Surface Area and Volume Angles on a straight tine “Verteally opposite porate ‘Angle propertles of trlangle “Chord ofa circle Tangents toa circle sof indices © Solving inequalities. Scanned with CamScannerNUMBER : Natural Numbers: Numbers which are used for counting purpose are called natural numbers. &x: 1,2,3,4,. 100 nina Whole Numbers: Natural numbers including 0 are called Whole Numbers. Ex: 0,1,2,3,4, Integers: Positive natural numbers, negative natural numbers along with 0 are called integers. x: -4,-3, -2,-1,0,1, 2,3, 4, Rational Numbers: Numbers which are in the form of © (q #0) where p and q are positive or negative 4 whole numbers are called rational numbers. ee 2,3, 340 RET 56 (rational Numbers: Numbers like V2, cannot ‘be expressed as rational numbers, Such types of ‘umbers are called as irrational numbers, & VS, Vi7 ‘Terminating Decimals ‘These are decimal numbers which stop after a Certain number of decimal places, For example,7/8 = 0.875, is a terminating decimal because it stops (terminates) after 3 decimal places, Recurring Decimals These are decimal numbers which keep repeating a Gigi or group of digits; for example 137/259,-0.528 957 528 957 528 957... recurring decimal. The six digits 528857 repeat in this order. Recurring decimals are written with dots over the first and last digit ofthe repeating digits, 8, 0.528 957 visa ‘The order of operations follows the BODMAS rule: Brackets Powers of Divide Multiply Add Subtract * Even numbers: numbers which are divisible by2,e8, 2,4,6,8,.. * Odd numbers: numbers which are not divisible by 2, eg: 1, 3,57 Real numbers are made up ot all possible rational and irrational numbers. An integer is a whole number. © Aprime number is divisible only by itself and by one (1). 1 is not a prime number. It has only two factors. 1 and the number itself. * The exact value of rational number can be written down as the ratio of two whole numbers, ‘* The exact value of an irrational number cannot be written down, A square number is the result of multiplying a number by itself, Ex: 17,22 32. ie. 1, 4,9, " Acube number is the result of multiplying a number by itself three times, Be 1 3 i WOT, 8, 27arrsee The factors of a number are the numbers which divide exactly into two. 8. Factors of 36 1,2,3,4,6,9, 12, 18 * Multiples of a number are the nt times table, £8: Multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, .. jumbers in its Significant figures; Exomple; lgnificant figures) £.00508 = 0.0051 (correct to 2 significant figures) 2.00508 = 2 -01 (correct to 3 significant figures) Decimal Places Exomple 0.0847 = 0.1 (correct to 2 decimal places) 0.06 (correct to Y 2 decimal places) 0.0647 = 0.065 (correct '0 3 decimal places) 2.0647 = 2.065 (correct to 3 decimal places) Standard Form: The number ax 10" is in Standard form when 1£.2< 10 and ns a positive or negative Integer. Eg: 2400 = 2.4 107 0.0035 = 3.5 x10? : Scanned with CamScannerConversion Factors: Length: ‘1 km = 1000 m 1m =100cm Lom= 10mm km means kilometer m_ means meter cm means centimeter mm means millimeter Time: ‘Lhour = 60 minutes = 3600 seconds ‘L minute = 60 seconds. ‘day = 24 hours ‘Lyear = 12 months = 52 weeks += 365.25 days. Percentages: © Percent means per hundred, the second and then multiply by 100. * Profit=5.P.-CP, © Loss =CP.-SP, + Profit percentage = =" x 100 or eos percentage = 2 x 100 where CP= Cost price and SP = Selling price ‘To express one quantity as a percentage of another, Mass: 1kg = 1000gm where kg means kilogram gm = 1000mgm — gmmeans gram Ltonne=1000kg mgm means milligram Volume: 1litre = 1000.¢m? 1m? — = 1000litres Lkilo litre = 1000 litre Adozen =12 1 week = 7 days 1 leap year = 366 days light year = 9.46 x 10"? km. first write the first quantity as a fraction of ‘simple interé To find the interest: yee « i=l where ‘00 p= money invested or borrowed R= rate of interest per annum T= Period of time (in years) To find the amount: ©) A=P +1 where A=amount Compound Interest: Where, ‘Asstands for the amount of money accruing after m! year. P stands for the principal R stands for the rate per cent per annum stands for the number of years for which the. money is invested. oii Scanned with CamScannerSpeed, Distance and Time: © Distance = speed x time © Units of speed: km/hr, m/sec © Speed = ittanee * Units of distance: km, m time © Units of time: hr, sec distance z © Time = Speed # km/hr 7g =m/sec I vem LSLE A it oR l aees + m/secx shen [he o. Average space = total elma ALGEBRA Quadratic Equations; ‘An equation in which the highest power of the variable is 2 is called quadratic equation. Thus ax’ + bx +c =O where a, b, c are constants and a # is a general equation. Solving quadratic equations: We can solve quadratic equation by method of, a) Factorization bb) Using the quadratic formula ¢) Completing the square {a) Solution by factors: Consider the equation ¢ x d= 0, where cand d are numbers. The product c x d can only be zero if either ¢ ‘or d (or both) is equal to zero. ie.c=Oord=Oorc=d=0. (b)Solution by formula: ‘The solutions of the quadratic equation ax? + bx +¢ =O are given by the formula: {c) Completing the square ‘+ Make the coefficient of x’, i.e. a=1 ‘© Bring the constant term, ie. ¢to the right side of equation. + Divide coefficient of x, i.e. by 2 and add the square Le. (2)? to both sides of th (2)? to both sides of the equation. + Factorize and simplify answer ea Expansion of algebraic expressions Factorization of algebraic expressions . ab +ac © feeb sats 20b +b? . ep ieth SG tbe oe GeeR ano + ea tab toh (abt : (0+ bj? ~2ab + abs (a+ b)(a-b) + tab? =(0+b\(a-b) ‘Ordering: = is equalto a ueerealis 2 is greater than or equal to > Is greater than ‘7 d+d Sector 18 Areas 49F x — length of an arc = ae Figure [Surface Area Volume Gilinder , curved surface area = 2nrh Volume = 77" total surface area = 2nv{h +r) Cone curved surface area = mrl Voumes tS, where = Jor? At) 3 j total surface area = mr(I + 1) j [Sphere 7s | Surface area = an? Yee Sy Pyramid i fi SES are8 + area of the shapes in| Volume = 5: + Hectifete! || agp Curved surface area==2r# | Volumen fart 33 Pe ate Vertical Movizam Limited x Mohammad Savem Raic® Scanned with CamScannerGEOMETRY a) Angles ona straight line The angles on a straight line add up to 180°, x+y +7 =180° ae (b) Angle at a point ‘The angles at a point add up to 360°, a+b+c+d=360° {c) Vertically opposite angles If two straight line intersect, then c = d (Vertopp.cs) b Sek MOHAMMAD SAYEM RAIS Parallel Lines: When lines never meet, no matter how far they are extended, they are said tobe parallel © Vertically opposite angles are equal. a=cjb=d;p=sandq=r '* Corresponding angles are equal. a=4;b=p;c =randd =s ‘Alternate angles are equal. cqandd=p. ‘+ Sum of the angles of a triangle is 180°. ‘© Sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is 360°. Types of angles Given an angle , if @ < 90°, then @ is an acute angle Fis acute 90° <8 < 180°, then @ is an obtuse angle 180° < 0 < 360°, then Os an reflex angle he Triangles . Different types of tangles: L.anltorels tangle has ses and2 onglesthesame. AB FAC mececa cf . . 2. An equilateral triangle has 3 sides and 3 angles the same, Le AB = BC = CA and ABC = BCA = CAB , ras A 3. Atange In which one angle aight angles ated in right angled tangle, acai ° hankoesaemd Cmisame Bate an ieee ear Scanned with CamScannerMOHAMMAD SAYEM RAIS Angle properties of triangle: ‘+ The sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to 180°, + Inevery triangle, the greatest angle is opposite to the lon; opposite to the shortest side, ‘+ Exterior angle is equal to the sum of the opposite interior angles. xeatb est side. The smallest angle is Congruent Triangl Two triangles are said to be congruent if on are equal in every aspect, A fr as £X Za=Zx Zb=Zy Ler Zn Similar Triangles: two triangles are similar then they have a corresponding sides are equal. ei Pair of corresponding equal angles and the three ratios of [p> i 8 c a= 2x Zb= Zyand Zee 22 4B, BC AC 4 _ we Xz \f you can show that one ofthe fellewing conditions strue fortwo triangles, then the two tlanges are ‘mila. 0 ‘The angles of one triangle are equal tothe corresponding angles ofthe other triangle. : &. x VEX B Cc y z i k FE Es ~< ] then POR Is similar to a Der ° E Mohannad Saye Rais® | Vertical Horizon Limited Scanned with CamScanneriil) The ratios of the corresponding sides are equal and the angles between them are equal. R iz x Y Pp Q A PQRis similar to A XYZ (if, for eg: ZP= ZX and Areas of Similar Triangles: ‘The ratio of the areas of similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the square on corresponding sides. aS areaof SABC _ AB* ‘areaof APOR PQ? Polygons: i) ‘The exterior angles of a polygon add up to 360°, ii) ‘The sum of the interior angles of a polygon is (n.~ 2) x 180° where n is the number of sides of the polygon. A regular polygon has equal sides and equal angles, iv) If the polygon is regular and has n sides, then each exterior angle = 30 4 : 2 3 sides = triangle “4 sides = quadrilateral 5 sides = pentagon 6 sides = hexagon 7 sides = heptagon 8B sides = octagon 9 sides = nonagon 10 sic jecagon ‘Similar Solids: if two objects are similar and the ratio of corresponding sides Is k, then ‘© the ratio of thelr areas Is k?. ‘+ the ratio of their volumes is k?. length honk hom he ne Scanned with CamScannerMohammad Sayem reais ® | Vertical Horizon Limited nt CIRCLE rence The angle subtended by an arc at the centre Is twice the angle subtended at the circumfet LB ZS) Cc «Angles subtended by an arc in the same segment of a circle are equal. «The angle in a semi-circle is aright angle. [ora triangle is inscribed in a semi-circle the angle ‘opposite the diameter isa right angle). APB = 90° L>, «Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral add up to 180° supplementary). The corners touch the circle, A+C = 180°, B+D 180” Chord of a circle: Aine joining two points ona circle is called a chord. The area of a circle cut off by “ y a chord is call 1 The line rom the centre o a eel {lc to the midpoint o 2 chord bisects the chord aright angle. Pe b) The line from the centre of a circle te : rele to the mid-point of chord bisects the angle subtended by the chord at the centre atth irc ie circle, Mohave i mad Sayem Rais ® | Vertical Horizon Limited Scanned with CamScannerMohammad Sayer Rais ® | Vertical Horizon Limited Tangents to a Circle: * The angle between a tangent and the radius drawn to the point of contact is 90°, ABO = 90° * From any point outside a circle just two tangents to the circle may be drawn and they are of equal length. “ TAsTo © Alternate Segment Theorem ‘The angle between a tangent and 9 chord through the point XY of contact Is equal tot le subtended by the chord In the alternate segment. 4 —* ZOAB= ZACB(p=Q) © TCACxBC INDICES: © otxat =o . () ae © (axbyt=a%b" Mohammad Saye Rais ® | Vertical iorizon Limited Scanned with CamScannerMohamad Sayem Rais ® | Vertical Horizon Limited Solving Inequalities: When we multiply or divide by a negative number the inequality is reversed, Eg: 4>-2 By multiplying by -2 [4(-2) <(-2)(-2)] Beit TRIGONOMETRY Let ABC be a right angled triangle, where ZB = 90° Opposite Side + sing = 2ppestee Side Hypotenuse ~ 7 + cosa eAiseent site 4 [ SONCAH TOA Typotemise i Opposite side ‘Adjacent Side a, Opposite side é © Tend e A 4 Adjacent side © Sine Rule: 6 8 7 © Cosine Rule: To find the length of a side: To find an angle when all the three sides are © debi+c?- 2be cosa elven: * brsa’+c?—2accosB © Paat+b?—2abcosc _ 'e bearing of a point B from another point A is; {a) an angle measured from the north at A. a (b) Ina clockwise direction, {ch writen at tivee:igure number (Le rom 000 to 360%) ferThe bearing of 8 home oer os0 A Mohammad Sayer Rais ® | Verical torent, Scanned with CamScannerMOHAMMAD SAYEM RAIS. Gradient and equation of a straight line The gradient of the straight line joining any two given points A(x,,yJand B(x,, Ya) is; math M- ‘The gradient/intercept form of the equation of a straight line is y=nn-+c, where m=gradient and c intercept on y~ axis. ehr) ‘Atey) ‘©The midpoint of the line joining two points A(x,,»,) and B(x,,)3) is; M = (22,2 ‘© The distance between two points A(x,.),)and B(x,.9,) is; AB = (Gam)! + Oz) «Parallel lines have the same gradient. Vertical height. y 4 h, gradient = ort Creer Horizontatheight ° = Distance ~Time Grapl From O to A : Uniform speed j \ From B to C: uniform speed From A to B : Stationery (speed = 0) Tore ‘The gradient of the graph of e distance-time graph gives the speed of the moving body. Speed ~ Time Graphs: pom 1A: ad Leese From Ato B : Constant speed (acceleration = 0) / aes From 8 to: Unfon deceleration /eataton / The area under a speed -time graph represents the distance ye \ traveled. fee LN ‘The gradient of the graph is the acceleration. Ifthe acceleration is hagative, itis called deceleration or retardation. (The moving body is slowing down.) Moharanad Sayem Rais ® | Vertical Horizon Limited <5 eae Foret Scanned with CamScannerVelocity: Velocity is the rate of change of distance with respect to the time. Acceleration: Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time. SETS: Notations © §= universal set U (union) = all the elements A (intersection) = common elements Dor{ } = empty set €= belongs to = does not belongs to = Subset Subset BS A means every elements of set Bis also an element of set A. q Disjoint set do not have any element in common. It A and B are disjoint sets, then ANB=0 ioe ‘Union U ‘AUBis the set of elements in cither A, B or both Aand B. Mohammad Sayem Rais ® A’ = compliment of A (ie. the elements of £ -the elements of A) n(A) = the number of elements in A. De Morgan's Laws: (AUB) (any Proper subset c BC Ameans every element of B is an element of set A but B#A. Vaan (7N)\ Wy) 2 AN Bis the set of elements which are in A. and also in B : cry Complement The complement of A, written as A’ refers to the elements in ¢ but not in A, [Vertical Horizon Limited Scanned with CamScanner{oct and construction MOHAMMAD saviem RAIS Telocus ofa point a sot of points satiting a alven sot of coneltions, (+) Locus of polnts ata distance from atven point, 0, ES The circumference of « circle centre 0, radius x, focus (e) Aocus oLanoints ata itance from astra tne AN Locus: A pair of parallel lines to the given line AB, (¢) Locus of points equidistance between 2 points, Bi Perpendicular bisector of the two points, {d) Locus of points equidistant from two given lines AB and AC Locus Angle bisector of BAC 8 Vectors: ‘© Avector quantity has both magnitude and direction, « the line segments can b ae "he nove to: tall methed. ° tity has a magnitude but no direction. Ordinary numbers are scalars, ‘The negative sign reverses the direction of the vector. © The result of a~bisa+-b © Ascalar i.e. subtracting b is equivalent to adding the negative of b, ‘Addition and subtraction of vectors > c GA + AC = OE (Triangular law of addition) oy / OB + DA = OC ( paraticlogram taw of audition) Mohammad Sayen Rais ® {Vertical Horizon Limited Bone WalaT Scanned with CamScannerMOHAMMAD SAYEM RAIS Column Vectors: The top number is the horizontal component and the bottom number is the vertical component () y, Parallel Vectors: © Vectors are parallel if they have the same direction, Both components of one vector must be in the same ratio to the corresponding components of the parallel vector. ‘© Ingeneral the vector ‘(}) is parallel to (") Modulus of a Vector: ‘The modulus of a vector a, is written as |a] and represents the length (or magnitude) of the vector. In general, it x= (") f= fem MATRICES: Addition and Subtraction: Matrices of the same order are added (or subtracted) by adding (or subtracting) the corresponding elements in each matrix. eiaiere ctr dts, G36 9-025 cor des, Multiplication by a Number: Each element of 3 matrix is multiplied by the multiplying number. ex(% 2) a (ka kB cd)” \ke kd, “Multiplication by another Matrix: Matrices may be multiplied only if they are com ‘Must equal the number of rows in the right-han: G:)-(:4)-(625 =28) prdr casas patible, The number of columns in the left-hand matrix id matrix © Inmatrices a? ‘means AA. [you must multiply the matrices together} Mohammad Sac cat. om Scanned with CamScanner| | | matrix. The number (ad ~ bc )is called the determinant of the matrix and is written as [4] «if |4| =0, then the matrix has no inverse, 4s Multiplying by the inverse of a matrix gives the same result as dividing by the matrix. eg. if ABS C ATAB= AC BEATC «1 eo(t)ao-(’Jnmero-(5%) y s yrs, ‘Transformations: a) Reflection: When describing a refler Jn, the position of the mirror lie is essential. 'b) Rotation: rovjeseribe a rotation, the centre of rotation, the angle of rotation and the direction of rotation are required. ‘a clockwise rotation is negative and an anticlockwise rotation is positive, >> (angle) Direction)rotation abo ‘€) Translation: earn alan tieneceaytoghe the ondaionvecar (7) serepresents movement tothe right ci represents movement tothe lft + ey represents movement tothe top «1 Moresents movement tthe bottom. ‘The scale factor, K ji, The centre of enlargement (the invariant point) hi Hf K <0, the object and the im: the seate factor © WKS 1age lie on the same side of the cent ©, both the object and the image lie on the same side of the centre of enlargement rent, betwer on opposite side of the centre of entar O.and 1, then the resulting imi cei {although the Image is smaller than the obje 's amalior than the ; nthe object, ‘the transformation Is stll known as an enlargement] ‘Area of image ~ K” area of abject Mohamad Cais Paic 'Veetioal Hariznn Limited Pace 16 oh at Scanned with CamScannerara nen mere eres nee wenn eeere eee nas Column Vectors: The top number is the horizontal component and the bottom number is the vertical component () J, Mel Vectors: * Vectors are parallel if they have the same direction. Both components of one vector must be in the same ratio to the corresponding components of the parallel vector, * Ingeneral the vector (1) is parallel to ( 4 Modulus of a Vector: The modulus of a vector a, Is written as |a| and represents the length (or magnitude) of the vector, imeener ince), bf «Jn? Fp n MATRICES; Addition and Subtraction: Matrices of the same order are added (or subtracted) by adding (or subtracti elements in each matrix. i ee fea)+(2 3) (cheats) G (Gate) Multiplication by a Number: Each element of a matrix is multiplied by the multiplying number, ax(? *)a (2 ” cd)” lke kd, Multiplication by another Matrix: Matrices may be multiplied only if they are compatible. The number of columns in the left-hand matrix must equal the number of rows in the right-hand matrix. C.D: D(5c2 S22) ‘# Inmatrices A? means Ax A. [you must multiply the matrices together] Mohammad Sayen RALS® | Vertical Horizon Scanned with CamScannerGo) Reflection in the line y =x (& AJ) | rettection in the liney =-* “1 0 Rotation - ent I Matre ‘Angle Direction e 3) 90° anticlockwise (0, 0) 10 0 90° clockwise (0,0) CQ 0 = a @ 0 180° Clockwise/ anticlockwise (0,0) Te => Enlargement « ©) where ke scale factor and centre of enlargement = (0, 0) 0 foe Wate Stretch factor Tnvariant line Direction «° k yanis Parallel to x - axis, 01 ete aliens f ¢.. k x- aris Parallel to y-axis 0k E: Shear Warr ‘Shear factor Tavariant line icecoon G f k axis Parallel to x-axis 10 . ian Y-axis Parallel to y- axis, Mohammad Sayem Rais ® {Vertical Horizon Limited Be coasts § Roos aT Scanned with CamScannerMOHAMMAD SAYEM RAIS Repeated Transformations: sdets XT(P) means ‘perform transformation T on P and then perform X on the image.’ XX(P) may be written x7(P). Inverse Transformations: The inverse of a transformation is the transformation which takes the image back to the object. =x) translation T has a seco('), then the translation which ahs the opposite effect has vet i y, ee This is written as T? rotation R denotes 90° clockwise rotation about (0, 0), then R? denotes 90° anticlockwise rotation about (0,0). For all reflections, the inverse is the same reflection. Base vectors ‘The base vectors are considered as I= (}) and} = (') ‘The columns of a matrix give us the images of | and J after the transformation. Shear: Distance a point moves due to the shear a Shear factor = ———_Pistance apoint moves due tothe shear a "* Peapendicular distance of the point from the fined Ine “5 {The shear factor will be the same calculated from any point on the object with the exception of those on the invariant line] ‘Area of image = Area of object Strete To describe a stretch, state: i. the stretch factor, » the Invariant tine, Ws, the direction of the stretch (always perpendicular to the invariant line) erpendicular distance of C'from AB Ai Peapendicular distance of C from AB Where, P is the stretch factor Area of image = p x Area of object Moharanmad Sayem RAiS® | Vertical Horizon Limited Scanned with CamScannernisTics M bras OHAMMAD SAYEM RAIS Abar chart ut ele name frmatin ete by howig tin pir om. wid ‘he bar hat no significance. The length of each bar represents the quantity Pie Diagram: The information is displayed using sectors of a circle. Histograms: A histogram displays the frequency of either continuous or grouped discrete data in the form of bars, The bars are joined together. The bars can be of varying width. The frequency of the data is represented by the area of the bar and not the height. {When class intervals are different it is the area of the bar which represents the frequency not the height). Instead of frequency being plotted on the vertical axis, frequency density is plotted. trequenc deny = LEE, Mean: ‘The mean of a series of numbers is obtained by adding the numbers and dividing the result by the number of numbers. Mean= Re where 5 fx means ‘the sum of the products’ Le. 5 (number * frequency) ‘and Sf means the sum of the frequencies’. Medien: “The median ofa series of numbers is obtained by arranging the numbers in ascending order and then choosing the number inthe ‘middle’. If there are two ‘middle’ numbers the median isthe average {mean} of these two numbers. Mode: “The mode of a series of numbers is simply the number which occurs most often. Frequency tables: [frequency table shows a number xsuch a a score ora mar, against the frequency for numberof ol times that x occurs. Mohammad Sauew onic m Sa Scanned with CamScannerMOHAMMAD SAYEM RAIS Cumulative frequency: Cumulative frequency is the total frequency up to a given point. Cumulative frequency Curve: 100 Marks A cumulative frequency curve shows the median at the 50" percentile of the cumulative frequency, The value at the 25" percentile is known as the lower quartile and that at the 7: 5" percentile as the upper quartile. ‘A measure of the spread or dispersion of the data is given by the Inter-quartile range where Inter-quartile range = upper quartile ~ lower quartile. Probability: + Probability is the study of chance, or the likelihood of an event happening, number of favourable outcomes Probability of an event = ff com Total number of equally Ukely outcom € Ifthe probability = 0 it implies the event Is impossible ‘© Ifthe probability = 1 It implies the event is certain to happen, ‘© Allprobabilities lie between 0 and 1. Probabilities are written using fractions or decimals. Exclusive events: ‘Two events are exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time, ‘The OR Rule: For exclusive events A and B tA or B) = pl) + p(B) Independent events: ‘Two events are independent ifthe occurrence of one even Is unaffected by the occurrence ofthe other. ‘The AND Rule: plA and 8) = plA) x p(B) Where plA) = probability of A occurring p(B) = probability of B occurri Tree diagrams: ‘Atree diagram i a diagram used to represent probablities when two or more events are combined, Mohanamad SO14eM FALE R | Vertionttevizan tient Pose 200 aT Scanned with CamScannerVy « Aline of symmetry divides a two-dimensional shape into two congruent (identical) shapes. * Aplane of symmetry divides a three-dimensional shape into two congruent solid shapes. * Atwo-dimensional shape has rotational symmetry if, when rotated about a central point, it fits its outline. The number of times it fits its outline during a complete revolution is called the order of rotational symmetry. Number of Lines | Order of Rotational Shape of Symmetry Symmetry Square 4 Rectangle | Parallelogram Rhombus Trapezium | wl lolloln|sa Kite 2 2 = _ 1 : 1 7; 3 { Equilateral Triangle 7 l Regular Hexagon Scanned with CamScanner