INTRODUCTION

Construction Engineering – CE-375

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
 The branch of manufacture and trade based on the
building, maintaining, and repairing structures including
drilling and solid mineral exploration

 Creation of physical infrastructure and related activities

 The field that focuses on the design, planning, building and

management of roads, bridges, utility systems, dams and
other pieces of infrastructure is known as construction
engineering
 Timely
completion

Temporary Tech specs

Structures Responsibilities followed

Maintain
Quality
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
 One of the LARGEST Industries

 A combination of ART & SCIENCE

 Economic driver

 New Jobs

 Builds housing & Infrastructure

 Provides solution – Social , Climate & Energy challenges

LINKAGES TO MULTIPLE SECTORS

Household
Cement Steel Energy Furniture
appliances

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
CATEGORIES
Building Construction Industry
• All general contractors and operative builders primarily engaged in the
construction of residential, farm, industrial, commercial, or other buildings.
• Also known as Vertical Construction

Heavy Construction Industry

• All general contractors primarily engaged in heavy construction other than
building, such as highways and streets, bridges, sewers, railroads,
irrigation projects, and flood control projects and marine construction
• Also known as Horizontal construction

Special Trade Construction Industry

• All special trade contractors who undertake activities of a type that are
specialized either to building construction, including work on mobile
homes, or to both building and non-building projects
• This includes projects such as painting, electrical work, plumbing, etc.
WHAT DOES CONSTRUCTION INCLUDE?
 Design-Engineers and Architects

 Manufacturers and distributers of materials

 Construction Managers - who manage the site work

 Union and Trade people - perform work

 Municipal offices - review plans and enforce building codes

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN
 Plays an important role in the economic growth of Pakistan

 Driver of economic growth – Housing & Construction

Sector

 Triggers a chain reaction in other allied industries

 30-35% of employment directly or indirectly

 Construction industry is in a developing stage in Pakistan

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN
 Issues

 Corrupt practices in the industry

 NO Transparency in land ownership records – Digitization

needed

 Improvement needed in land regulation and building control

 Non-standardized building laws and non-implementation

across the board
 CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN PAKISTAN
Completed
Total Legth : 14,480 Kms
No. of Highways : 48

HIGHWAYS
On-Going
64 x projects with an allocation of Rs. 86288.281 million in PSDP
2022-23 out of which 21500.000 million is the Foreign Exchange
Motorways Component (FEC) and Rs. 64788.281million is the local
component.

Strategic New Schemes

Roads
Total : 45 x Projects with total estimated cost of Rs. 369167.510
million.

Source : Economic Survey of Pakistan 2021-2022

PSDP 2022-23
 CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN PAKISTAN
• Completed : 11
21 x
Energy Projects
• Under Construction : 5
• Under Consideration : 5
• Completed : 6
Transport 24x • Under Construction : 5
Infrastructure Projects • In Pipeline : 8
• Long-Term : 5
• Completed : 4
Gwadar 14 x
• Under Construction : 6
Projects
• In Pipeline : 4

SEZs 9x • Under Construction : 4

Projects • In Pipeline : 5
• Completed : 5
Social 27 x
• Under Construction : 12
Dev Projects
Source : CPEC Auth
• In Pipeline : 10
TYPES OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS
 Based on Materials

 Concrete Framed Construction

 Steel Frame Construction

 Light Gauge Steel Construction

 Wood Framed Construction

 Load Bearing Masonry Wall Construction

 Pre Engineered Building Construction

TYPES OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS
 Based on Usage

 Residential Building

 Institutional and Commercial Building

 Specialized Industrial Construction

 Infrastructure and Heavy Construction

TYPES OF STRUCTURES
 Structural System

 Tensile

 Compressive

 Shear

 Bending
TYPES OF STRUCTURES
 Application
 Building
 Aqueducts
 Bridges
 Cooling towers and chimneys
 Dams
 Railways
 Roads
 Retaining walls
TYPES OF STRUCTURES
 Application
 Tunnels
 Hydraulic structures (Canals, Barrage, Siphon, Canal Head
Regulator etc)
 Coastal structures (Docks, Harbors, Jetty, Breakwater etc
 Industrial structures
TYPES OF STRUCTURES
 Material
 Timber

 Concrete

 Metal: Steel, aluminium and etc

 Glass

 Composite
TYPES OF STRUCTURES
 Element
 Substructure
 Superstructure
 Foundation
 Roof
 Shell
 Structural frame
 Floor
 Wall: loadbearing walls, compartment walls, external walls,
retaining walls
BUILDING CODES/REGULATIONS
 The term 'building codes' refers to regulations that set out the
standards to which all buildings and other structures must
conform. They cover design, construction, alteration, repair and
maintenance, and specify the minimum requirements necessary
to safeguard the health, safety and welfare of building occupants
and the public as well as other impacts on the environment,
efficiency, community, and so on
BUILDING CODES/REGULATIONS
 Construction projects are required to submit plans for review by the
local building department to verify that they comply with the relevant
building codes. The plans will either be approved or sent back for
revision and resubmission. Building code inspections will then take
place at key stages during the construction works. Inspectors will
evaluate the work and either sign it off, confirming that it is ‘up to
code’, or instruct changes. Large fines can be imposed for failure to
comply with building codes, as well as instructions to re-build part or
all of the building, or even to demolish it
BUILDING CODES/REGULATIONS
 Model codes were first established by the International Code Council (ICC) in 2000.
The ICC’s codes include:

 International Building Code (IBC): This applies to practically all types of new buildings.

 International Residential Code (IRC): This applies to new one- and two-family dwellings
and townhouses which are no taller than three storeys.

 International Existing Building Code (IEBC): This applies to all existing structures.

 International Zoning Code (IZC): This regulates minimum zoning requirements for new
buildings.

 Building Code of Pakistan (with seismic provions-2007)

 Building Code of Pakistan (Fire safety Provisions - 2016)

CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTORS
 Companies and individuals engaged in the business of construction
commonly referred to as Construction Contractors because they
operate under a contract arrangement with the owner.

 Contractors are responsible for supplying the necessary equipment,

material, labor, and services to complete your project. They hire
specialized subcontractors to perform either a portion or all of the
work.
TYPES OF CONTRACTORS
 General Contractors – execute most major construction projects. The term
‘general contractor’ may also be used to refer to a contractor who has general
buildings skills, allowing them to undertake a range of common building works.

 Specialty Contractors – Electrical, plumbing, heating, ventilating or earthmoving

etc. employed by prime contractors.

 Prime Contractors - When General Contractors enter into a contract with owner
to provide complete construction services. The term ‘prime contractor’ is often
used in central civil government and the defence sector to mean ‘main
contractor’.

 Sub-Contractors – The specialty contractors hired by the Prime Contractors.

THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
 Project development

 Recognizing the need for the project

 Determining the technical and financial feasibility of the project

 Preparing detailed plans, specifications and cost estimations for the

project

 Obtaining approval from regulatory agency

THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
 Contract Procedures

 Bid solicitation

 Bid Preparation

 Bid Submission

 Contract Award

 Contract Administration
THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
 How Construction is Accomplished
 Owner management of construction

 Construction by General Contractor

 Construction using a design/build(Turnkey) contract

 Construction utilizing a construction management contract

THANK YOU