1.

Explain the Lasswell's Model of Communication

 American sociologist and psychologist, Harold Lasswell is best known for his linear model of
communication that he developed in 1948.
 The Lasswell model of communication (also known as Lasswell’s communication model)
describes who is saying something, which channel is used to convey the messages, who the
message is aimed at and what effect the message has. Communication sciences and public
relations still often use this model, making this a classic sender receiver model.
 The Lasswell Communication Model describes verbal communication and consists of five
elements. Who says What, in Which channel, to Whom, with What effect? This model is also
called a 'linear model of communication', 'uni-directional process' or 'action model, because it
describes a one-way process within communication.

This model is about process of communication and its function to society, According to Lasswell there are
three functions for communication:
 Surveillance of the environment
 Correlation of components of society
 Cultural transmission between generation
■ Lasswell model suggests the message flow in a multicultural society with multiple audiences. The flow
of message is through various channels. And also this communication model is similar to Aristotle’s
communication model.
■ In this model, the communication component who refers the research area called “Control Analysis”,
Says what is refers to “Content Analysis”,
 In which channel is refers to “Media Analysis”,
 To Whom is refers to “Audience Analysis”
 With What Effect is refers to “Effect Analysis”

2. Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication

 In 1948, Shannon was an American mathematician, Electronic engineer and Weaver was an
American scientist both of them join together to write an article in “Bell System Technical Journal”
called “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” and also called as “Shannon-Weaver model of
communication”.
 This model is specially designed to develop the effective communication between sender and
receiver. Also they find factors which affecting the communication process called “Noise”. At first
the model was developed to improve the Technical communication. Later it’s widely applied in the
field of Communication.
 The model deals with various concepts like Information source, transmitter, Noise, channel,
message, receiver, channel, information destination, encode and decode.

Sender : The originator of message or the information source selects desire message
Encoder : The transmitter which converts the message into signals
Note: The sender’s messages converted into signals like waves or Binary data which is compactable to
transmit the messages through cables or satellites. For example: In telephone the voice is converted into
wave signals and it transmits through cables
Decoder : The reception place of the signal which converts signals into message. A reverse process of
encode
Note : The receiver converts those binary data or waves into message which is comfortable and
understandable for receiver. Otherwise receiver can’t receive the exact message and it will affect the
effective communication between sender and receiver
Receiver : The destination of the message from sender
Note : Based on the decoded message the receiver gives their feed back to sender. If the message
distracted by noise it will affect the communication flow between sender and receiver
Noise: The messages are transferred from encoder to decoder through channel. During this process the
messages may distracted or affected by physical noise like horn sounds, thunder and crowd noise or
encoded signals may distract in the channel during the transmission process which affect the
communication flow or the receiver may not receive the correct message
Note : The model is clearly deals with external noises only which affect the messages or signals from
external sources. For example: If there is any problems occur in network which directly affect the mobile
phone communication or distract the messages

3.Berlo's SMCR Model of Communication

 In 1960, David Berlo postulated Berlo’s Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model of
communication from Shannon Weaver’s Model of Communication (1949). He described factors
affecting the individual components in the communication making the communication more
efficient.
 The model also focuses on encoding and decoding which happens before sender sends the
message and before receiver receives the message respectively.
 Berlo’s Model has mainly, four components to describe the communication process. They
are sender, message, channel and receiver. Each of the component is affected by many factors.

Berlo’s model follows the SMCR model. This model is not specific to any particular communication.
Berlo’s model includes a number of factors under each of the elements:
■ SOURCE: The source is situated where the message originates.
Communication skills – It is the skill of the individual to communicate. For example, the ability to read,
write, speak, listen etc.
Attitudes – This includes attitudes towards the audience, subject and towards oneself. For example, for
the student, the attitude is to learn more and for teachers, it is to help teach.
Knowledge– Communicating also means that the person needs to be knowledgeable about the subject
or topic. For e.g. a teacher needs to know about the subject in detail that he or she teaches so that they
can communicate properly such that the students understand here.
Social system – The social system includes the various aspects of society like values, beliefs, culture,
religion and a general understanding of society. It is where the communication takes place.
For example, classrooms differ from country to country just like people’s behaviors and how they
communicate, etc.
Culture: Culture of a particular society also comes under the social system.
According to this model, people can communicate only if the above requirements are met in the proper or
adequate proportion.
Encoder: The sender of the message, from where the message originates, is referred to as the encoder.
So the source encodes the message here.
■ MESSAGE
Content – The body of a message, from the beginning to the end, comprises its content. For example,
whatever the class teacher teaches in the class, from beginning to end, is the content of the message.
Elements – It includes various things like language, gestures, body language, etc. They constitute all the
elements of a particular message. Any content is accompanied by some elements.
Treatment – It refers to the packing of the message and the way in which the message is conveyed or
the way in which it is passed on or delivered.
Note: When there is too much treatment, communication will not go smoothly.
Structure– The structure of the message refers to how it is arranged; the way people structure the
message into various parts.
Note: Message is the same, but if the structure is not properly arranged then the receiver will not
understand the message.
Code– The code of the message refers to the means through which it is sent and in what form. It could
be, for example, language, body language, gestures, music, etc. Even culture is a code. Through this,
people give and receive messages and communication takes place.
Note: Only when the code is clear, the message will be clear. The wrong usage may lead to
misinterpretation.
■ CHANNEL– It refers to the five sense organs. The following are the five senses:
 Hearing
 Seeing
 Touching
 Smelling
 Tasting
Communication occurs through one or more of these channels.
Hearing: The use of ears to receive the message. For example, orally transmitted messages,
interpersonal communication etc.
Seeing: Visual channels, for example, Watching television so the message is conveyed through the
scene/film.
Touching: The sense of touch can be used as a channel to communicate. For example, we touch, buy
food, hugging our loved ones ,etc.
Smelling: Smell also can be a channel to communicate. For example, perfumes, food, fragrances etc.
Charred smell communicates something is burning. People can deduct which food is being cooked by its
smell etc.
Tasting : The tongue is a muscular organ used in the act of eat and taste food. For example, while a food
is being shared, the communication can happen regarding its taste.
Decoder : The person who receives the message and decodes it is referred to a decoder.
■ RECEIVER: The receiver needs to think all the contents and elements of the source, so as to
communicate/responds to sender effectively.;
 Berlo’s model believes that for effective communication to take place, the source
and the receiver need to be on the same level. Only then communication will
happen or take place properly. Hence, the source and the receiver should be
similar.
 For example, if the communication skill of the source is good, then the receiver
should have equally good listening skills.
 It cannot be said that the receiver does not receive the whole message because
even though he may receive it, but may not be able to interpret its meaning. For
effective communication, the source and the receiver need to be on the same
level.

4.Schramm Communication Models

 Elements of the Schramm model of communication include Encoder or Sender, Decoder or
Receiver, Interpreter, and message. This model states that communication is a two-way highway,
which means that information passes between the sender and receiver.
 One part of this model states that the message passes from the sender to the receiver, but
similarly, when the receiver sends a message back to the sender, then role reversal takes place.
The sender becomes the receiver and vice versa.
 Usually, when information reaches the recipient, he aims to comprehend what the sender is trying
to convey. If the receiver cannot comprehend or decode the message sent by the sender, then
the entire process of communication is of no use.
 Therefore decoding and encoding should be considered as two crucial parameters for effective
communication.

It is a Circular Model, so that communication is something circular in nature

Encoder – Who does encoding or Sends the message (message originates)
Decoder – Who receives the message
Interpreter – Person trying to understand (analyses, perceive) or interpret
Note: From the message starting to ending, there is an interpretation goes on. Based on this
interpretation only the message is received.
 This model breaks the sender and receiver model it seems communication in a
practical way. It is not a traditional model.
 It can happen within our self or two people; each person acts as both sender and
receiver and hence use interpretation. It is simultaneously take place e.g.
encoding, interpret and decoding.
 Semantic noise is a concept introduced here it occurs when sender and receiver
apply different meaning to the same message. It happens mostly because of
words and phrases for e.g. Technical Language, So certain words and phrases
will cause you to deviate from the actual meaning of the communication.
Note: When semantic noise takes place decoding and interpretation becomes difficult and people get
deviated from the actual message.
Advantage of Osgood- Schramm model of communication
 Dynamic model- Shows how a situation can change
 It shows why redundancy is an essential part
 There is no separate sender and receiver, sender and receiver is the same person
 Assume communication to be circular in nature
 Feedback – central feature.