a 5. COMPTON EFFECT Compton effect refers to the a of scattered X-rays by q nee in the wavelength statement a bea . When eam of X-rays is Scattered by a substance tomic numbe: glow & v, the scattered X- io ‘onsists of two componente, ray radiation One component has the sam incident ray and the other longer wavelength 2’, © wavelength 7. as the component has a slightly This change in the wavelen, is known as Compton shift. Compton effect. igth of scattered X-rays The phenomenon is called The radiations of unchanged wavelength in the scattered radiations are called unmodified radiations. The radiations of longer wavelength are known as modified radiations. The change of wavelength is due to loss of energy of the incident X - rays. Explanation The compton effect was explained on the basis of quantum theory of radiation. The X- radiation consists of quanta or Photons each having an energy of hv. These photons move with ‘elocity of light (c). They obey the laws of conservation of energy ad momentum when they undergo collision. The whole process is treated as a particle - particle ‘Ollision between X-ray photon and a loosely bound “leetron of the atom in the scattering substance. . ides ith a free electron nergy hy collides wi Whemia)photonzot 6 which is: assumed to! be: at, rest ~ the i stance, u Witty aaron transfers some of its energy to the electron Me 55),5.16 a Incident photon Fig, 5.5 Compton effect The electron gains kinetic energy and it recoils wi velocity v. Therefore, the scattered photon has lower energy, (low: frequency and longer wavelength) than that of the incident one. (5) THEORY OF COMPTON EFFECT (Derivation) Consider an X-ray photon striking an electron at rest (fig 5.6 a). This X-ray photon is scattered through an angl 6 to X-axis from its initial direction of motion (fig 5.6 b). Y Electron Incident photon ‘at reat * x E=h (a) Before collision (b) After collision Fig, 5.6 Compton effect Let the frequency of scattered Photon be v’ and its energy] Av’, During the ‘collision, X-ray photon gives a fraction of its energy to the free electr®h. This free clectron of mass m gain’ energy and it moves with a velocity v at an angle @ to X-axis:gent Physics jotal energy before collision Energy of incident photon 0 nv Energy of clectron at rest = m,¢2 where m, ~ rest mass of the electron, © ~ velocity of light. Total energy before collision = hv + m,c° qotal energy after collision Energy of scattered photon = hv’ Energy of scattered electron = mc” where m is the mass of electron. when it moves with’ velocity v. Total energy after collision = hv’ + me” Applying the law of conservation of energy, ic., Total energy before collision = Total energy after collision hv + mc = hv +me™ , 2 me” = hv - hv’ + myc " mé =h(v-v) + me wD) Total momentum along X-axis Before collision . _ Av Momentum of photon along X-axis = —~ Momentum of electron along X-axis = 0 iv Total momentum along X-axis = “>Engineering Physi glie’s concept, of the particle P = Note: From de-Bro A momentum a c But, 2= 7 for photon After collision Since the momentum i X-axis and Y-axis, then 5 vector quantity, it is resolved along eel hv! Momentum of photon along X-axis = =~ cos 0 Momentum of electron along X-axis = mv cos > Total momentum along X-axis after collision AV’ . = —cos 0+ mu cos > c Applying the law of conservation of momentum ic., Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision hv hv SY 2 cos 0 + mu cos > vol) ce hy _ hy ww - c0s.0 = mu cos 6 7 J W=v' cos 0) = mu cos 6 h (v-Vv' cos @) = mvc cos 6 mvc cos © = h(v - v’ cos 0) lB) Total momentum along Y-axis Before collision Momentum of photon along Y-axis = 05.19 Momentum of electron along Y-axis = 0 Total momentum along Y-axis = 0 spor collision Momentum of photon along-Y-axis = 2“ sino i Momentum of electron along Y- axis = — mv sin 6 {negative sign indicates negative’ Y - direction] Total momentum along Y-axis = a sin 0- mv sino Applying the law of conservation of momentum ie., Total momentum before collision = Total_ momentum after collision yy O= 2" in 0 mu sin 6 fv wal mo sin = ——sin 0 ) } mvc sin = hv’sin® (5) Squaring eqn (3) and eqn (5) and then adding, we get (ve cos 4)? + (moe sin 6)" = hv =v" cos 8) + (Fiv’ sin 6)” (6) LHS, of eqn (6) 7 mvc"cos > + mvc sin” o : = mute? (sin® 6 + 008" ¢) te me [+ sin’ + cos") =1]——. R.HLS. of eqn (6) Ee az 4 __ x ; = re —2vv' cos 8+ COKE HD 2 2 aed v = BP [v2 —20v' cos 8 +v" cos. 0 +y" sin’ 6] 2 2 ~») on | vy’ — 2wv’ cos 8 + v? (sin' @ +cos 6)] =n? -2vv' cos 0+ v”) [38 sin2@ + cos? 0 sd] LHS = RHS of eqn. 6 7 mv'c? = h?(v" - vv’ cos 0+ V") a ‘7 Squaring eqn (Myon both sides, we get 7 (me? = (h (vv) + mey es a) (8) 24_ (2 pa, 4 24 22 tg yt ‘ 2 24 me = hv ~2vv' + wv) + 2hiv-v) mc + mic wD) Subtracting eqn (7) from eqn (9), we get 24 222 2.2 lye ; 2 mie! —miv'c = hiv? — av’ +) + ahi -v') m, 24 2.2 (2 tmoc -h(v - 2vv' cos 0 + vy me (P07) = AX = OH wi + WR x 2h (vy me smc 0h +2 cos 0 need aeoee 2 Qe mie —v) = ~2h'w' + Bhiv-vy me? + Bh?w/ eos + mee we 2 : m’c (¢ ~v') = ~ 2h w'(1~ cos 0) = 2h(v-vym @2 24 + micgqtum Physics a aosty sain of relativity, the variation of mass with m= — Te QD 7 [+3] Squaring the eqn (11) on both sides, we have ) m= mv?) = mee Multiplying c” on both sides, we have ewe oe aN 1g) Substituting eqn (12) in eqn (10), we get sy ae _ 2h? wy" (1 ~ cos 6) +2hv—v) m, + mick 2h = 2h? vv’ (1- cos 6) o is 1, (1-c0s 6) vs (18) vy Vv meEngineering Pye, 5.22 Multiplying ¢ on both sides of eqn (13), we have ££. A (1 - cos 0) ¥ a myc ooo (1 - cos 0) Vv v mye wea = (1 -cos 0) ’ m,¢ Therefore, the change in wavelength is given by _ ‘ We oo (14) 6 oe It is found that the change in wavelength (dA) docs not depend on the wavelength of the incident radiation and the nature of the scattering substance. But it depends only on the angle of scattering (6). Case~1] When 6=0, then ar = 1 095 0) m,c a= q_y) [+ cos 0=11 mc ah x0 mc di =0 ie. Along the incident direction, there is no change in wavelengt When ®=90°, then h B= ty _ \° di ett cos 90°) h mc dh = (1-0) feos 90° = 01Physics om 5.23 ah walt Substituting fo» Ay fo ANd, we have dA = This difference in gavelength of electron, (ose | When 0= 180°, then Wavelength is known as Compton he a dh = m,e (1~ 008 180°) hs 5 “eos 180° =-1] | a m, Aa aa | 2h dh = Pete) = ne 2h Ge m,¢ dh = 2x 0.0243 AT hk oats A] mye dh 486 A Thus the change in wavelength is maximum at 0 = 180°, EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF COMPTON EFFECT -rays of wavelength A is made A by chromatic X-rays 0} . eee eae substance (Fig. 5.7). The scattered Xrayg are received by Bragg spectrometer.Engineering Phy, c 5.24 Bragg k. Spoctromote, Slits “ B, Sy Unscattered X-rays | Scattoring substance Source of X-rays Path of Fig. 5.7 Experimental verification of Compton effect The intensity of scattered X-rays is measured for variou scattering angles. The graph is plotted (intensity Vs wavelength as shown in fig. 5.8. It is found that the curves have two peaks, on corresponding to unmodified radiation a nd other correspondin; to modified radiation, The difference between to peaks on the wavelength axi gives Compton shift, The curves show that the Breater the scattering angle, the Sreater is Compton shift in ac cordance with the, expression. Nhs dh = h im, ¢ (1 > 08 6) eth dA = 0.0243 A at 9 = 90° is found with the theoretical value 0.02434 experimentally verified,Intensity of the scattered X-rays sics ee os y a 4 Unmodified lino O=0° O= 45° ‘modified line 6=90° modified line r\ @=135° modified line Wavelength (4) —~ Fig. 5.8 Graph between intensity of the scattered X-rays and wavelength (A) The experimental observations were in perfect agreement Vet ("th the prediction. of the, above equation, thus holding the | instein’s concept of photon as completely valid. | *hysieal significance of compton effect In the compton effect, the compton shift is explained on " basis that the X-ray photons collide with electrons and, “"ing the collision, the energy exchange between the two occurs though it is a kind of particle-particle collision.