BIO - ACTIVE LEARNING – CELLULAR RESPIRATION & FERMENTATION

CELLULAR RESPIRATION &

FERMENTATION

5.1 Aerobic 5.2 Fermentation

Respiration & Its Application
 BIO - ACTIVE LEARNING – CELLULAR RESPIRATION & FERMENTATION
Unit Biologi KMKT 2021/2022

5.0 Introduction

Definition

Equation

Sugar + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP

Structure of ATP

Cellular Need for energy and roles of

Respiration & 5.1. Aerobic respiration respiration in living organisms.
Fermentation

Complete oxidation of glucose involves steps:

Glycolysis Kreb CycleOxidative phosphorylation

5.2 Fermentation & Its Application

Definition of fermentation

Types Alcohol fermentation

Lactate fermentation

Importance of fermentation in industry.

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5.0 INTRODUCTION

a) Definition of Cellular Respiration.

⮚ Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct words in the box below.

molecules... simpler.....ATP....released.....catabolic...complex

The metabolic process of aerobic and

anaerobic respiration, in which complex
organic molecules with the released of
energy, which is incorporated into special
energy carrying molecules known as ATP.
Involves redox (reduction and oxidation)
b) Types of Cellular Respiration.

⮚ Cellular Respiration has 2

types:
i. Aerobic respiration

ii. Anaerobic
respiration
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⮚ Equation of Cellular Respiration

Glucose

⮚ Structure of ATP

i. Chemically, ATP is an adenine nucleotide bound to three phosphates.

ii. There is a lot of energy stored in the bond between the second and third
phosphate groups that can be used to fuel chemical reactions.
iii. When a cell needs energy, it breaks this bond to form adenosine diphosphate
(ADP) and a free phosphate molecule.
iv. In some instances, the second phosphate group can also be broken to form
adenosine monophosphate(AMP).
v. When the cell has excess energy, it stores this energy by forming ATP from ADP
and phosphate.
vi. ATP is required for the biochemical reactions involved in any muscle contraction.
As the work of the muscle increases, more and more ATP gets consumed and must
be replaced in order for the muscle to keep moving.

Adenine

Phosphate

ATP STRUCTURE
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How do we get energy from ATP?

⮚ By breaking the high- energy

bonds between the last two
phosphates in ATP through
hydrolysis process (adding
H2O)

5.1 AEROBIC RESPIRATION

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
State the needs for energy and the role of respiration in living
organisms.
Outline the complete oxidation of glucose which involves
glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation.

Definition of aerobic respiration

“A complete oxidation of organic compound to

produce carbon dioxide, water and energy
(ATP) in the presence of oxygen”

C6H12O6 + O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)

Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy

b) Need and Roles of Energy

In Living Organisms
C6H12O6 + O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)
⮚ Fill in theGlucose
blanks.+ oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy
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Movement - ATP needed for muscle contraction

Reproduction - Sperm motility

Growth - For cell division

Respiration – In cellular respiration

Excitability – Transmission of impulse

Excretion – Excretion of waste in kidney

Nutrition – Ingestion and digestion

C) TERMINOLOGIES

1 OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

LEO say GERRRRR

LEO: Loss Electron Oxidation
GER: Gain Electron Reduction

Oxidize- to LOSE ELECTRONS and LOSE

HYDROGEN
Reduce – to GAIN ELECTRONS an GAIN
HYDROGEN

Example:

Glucose is oxidized and become CO2. So glucose become reducing agent.

O2 is reduced and become H2O. So O2 is an oxidizing agent.

2) ELECTRON CARRIER

- Molecules that is capable of accepting one or two electrons from one

molecule and donating them to another in the process of electron transport.

- As the electrons are transferred from one electron carrier to another, their
energy level decreased, and energy is released.

- Two important electron carriers, a type of coenzyme:

i) NAD+ : Nicotinamide adenine diphosphate
 BIO - ACTIVE LEARNING – CELLULAR RESPIRATION & FERMENTATION

ii) FAD : flavin adenine dinucleotide

NAD+ + 2e- + 2 H+ NADH + H +

FAD + 2e- + 2 H+ FADH 2

3) PHOSPHORYLATION & DEPHOSPHORYLATION

Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate

(PO43−) group to a protein or other organic
molecule.

Dephosphorylation is the removal of a

phosphate (PO43−) group to a protein or other
organic
molecule.

4) Two process to form ATP:

a) Substrate level phosphorylation

● formation of ATP
or GTP by the direct transfer
of phosphate group to ADP or
GDP
● from
phosphorylated reactive
intermediate (substrate).
● occur during
glycolysis and Krebs Cycle

b) Oxidative phosphorylation

● A process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons

from NADH or FADH2 to O2 by a series of electron carriers.

● Example of electrons carrier: NADH, FADH2

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Two process occur in oxidative

LEARNING OUTCOMES: phosphorylation:
1. Electron transport chain
Ilustrate to explain glycolysis pathway: (from glucose to pyruvate).
2. Chemiosmosis .
Describe link reaction: (conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A)
Chemiosmosis involve ATP
synthase. H+ moves from
high [H+] to low [H+] through
ATP synthase to catalyzed
the synthesis of ATP from
ADP and inorganic
phosphate.

5) DECARBOXYLATION

⮚ A reaction in which a molecule of

CO2 is removed from a carboxyl
group of an organic acid.

5.1. 1 GLYCOLYSIS

(a) Ilustrate to explain glycolysis pathway: (from glucose to pyruvate).

DEFINITION:The breakdown or splitting of one molecule of glucose (6C) into two

molecules of pyruvate (3C).

Location:
Cytosol//Cytoplasm of animal cell.
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GLYCOLYSIS PATHWAY: From Glucose To Pyruvate

Glycolysis Krebs Electron

Cycle Transport Chain

Chemiosmosis

Stages in Glycolysis
⮚ Consists of ten steps

⮚ Can be divided into two phases:

(i) Energy Investment Phase (step 1-5) – Cell use ATP to phosphorylate
intermediate substrate of glycolysis.
(ii) Energy Payoff Phase (Step 6-10) – Cell synthesize ATP via substrate level
phosphorylation.

STEP 1: PHOSPHORYLATION

• Enzyme hexokinase transfers a

phosphate group from ATP to the glucose
• Glucose is phosphorylated forming
glucose-6-phosphate
• Phosphorylation makes glucose:
- more chemically reactive and easily
breakdown
- easily trap in the cell because plasma
membrane is permeable to charge ions.
BIO - ACTIVE LEARNING – CELLULAR RESPIRATION & FERMENTATION

STEP 2: ISOMERIZATION

• Glucose-6-phosphate is rearranged to
convert it to its isomer, fructose-6-
phosphate.
• Isomerization is to stabilize the
structure

STEP 3:PHOSPHORYLATION

• Another ATP transfer a phosphate

group to fructose-6-phosphate
• fructose-6-phosphate is
phosphorylated forming fructose-1,6-
bisphosphate
• catalyzed by enzyme
phosphofructokinase
• Phosphate groups are now bound at
carbon no.1 and no.6 and molecules
is ready to be split.

STEP 4: LYSIS/CLEAVAGE

● Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is then split

into two 3-carbon sugars :
i. i) Glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate (G3P)
ii. ii) Dihydroxyacetone
phosphate (DHAP) * Both
are isomer

STEP 5: ISOMERIZATION

• Dihydroxyacetone phosphate(DHAP) is
rearrange to its isomer, Glyceraldehyde-
3-phosphate (G3P) for further
metabolism in glycolysis.
• 2 molecules of G3P are produced.

**Next enzyme in glycolysis uses only G3P as

its substrate.
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**Step 6 onward : x2 (because the production

of 2 G3P in step 5)
STEP 6: OXIDATION
&PHOSPHORYLATION

• Each glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate (G3P)

is oxidized by the transfer of electrons
and hydrogen atom to NAD+.
• forming NADH + H+ (NAD+ is reduced to
NADH + H+ : redox reaction)
• The product is phosphorylated, which
reacts with inorganic phosphate (Pi)
(from cytosol) to form 1,3-
bisphosphoglycerate.

STEP 7: SUBSTRATE LEVEL

PHOSPHORYLATION

• Conversion of 1,3-
bisphosphoglycerate to 3-
phosphoglycerate by:

● One phosphate group is transferred

from each 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to
ADP forming ATP.
● Production of ATP is through
substrate level phosphorylation.

STEP 8: ISOMERIZATION

• Each 3-phosphoglycerate is
rearranged forming 2-
phosphoglycerate. (by relocating
their phosphate group from C3 to
C2)
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STEP 9: DEHYDRATION

• Water molecule is removed from each 2-

phosphoglycerate which results in
formation of double bond.

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is produced

STEP 10: SUBSTRATE LEVEL

PHOSPHORYLATION

● Each phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

molecule transfers its phosphate group
to ADP forming ATP.
● The production of ATP through
substrate level phosphorylation.
● Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is converted
to pyruvate

Summary of glycolysis (per 1 molecule of glucose):

Number Step

No. of ATP used 2 Step 1 & 3: Phosphorylation

Production of NADH + H+ 2 Step 6: Oxidation & phosphorylation

Production of ATP 4 Step 7 & 10 (2 for each): Substrate level

phosphorylation

Production of pyruvate 2 Step 10

NET ATP PRODUCED 2

Location: Cytoplasm/cytosol of a cell

Takes place with or without oxygen

AFTER GLYCOLYSIS

⮚ When oxygen is PRESENT:

⮚ Pyruvate enter mitochondria to undergo Krebs cycle.

⮚ Electrons from NADH is transported into mitochondria,where more ATP is

produced by oxidative phosphorylation.
⮚ When oxygen is ABSENT:
• NADH becomes reducing agent in the cytoplasm.
• Pyruvate will be producing lactate or ethanol.
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b) Describe Link Reaction: Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A

● Before entering Krebs cycle, the pyruvate undergoes a Link reaction /transition
stage.
● Link reaction is a
conversion of pyruvate (3C) to
acetyl CoA (2C).
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STEPS NO

The oxidized fragment, acetate combines with coenzyme A to form

acetyl CoA which then enters into the Krebs cycle. 4

In the presence of oxygen, transport protein on membrane of

mitochondria will transport pyruvate from glycolysis into matrix of
mitochondria. 1

Pyruvate (3C) undergoes decarboxylation by removing carboxyl

group (in form of CO2)
2
CO2 will diffuse out of the cell.

The remaining 2 carbon fragment isoxidized forming acetate. NAD+

accept the hydrogen removed during oxidation and reduced into
NADH + H+. 3

Product of Link Reaction (per 1 molecule of glucose)

NADH + 2H+ 2

Acetyl CoA 2

CO2 2

5.1.2 KREBS CYCLE /CITRIC ACID CYCLE

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
Ilustrate to explain Krebs cycle: Oxaloacetate citrate isocitrate α-
ketoglutarate succinyl CoA succinate fumarate malate

Definition:

● Breakdown of acetyl coenzyme A to carbon dioxide and water through a series of

chemical reaction to produce ATP, NADH + H+ and FADH2.

● Location: Mitochondrial matrix

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Create a mnemonic.
Example:

Cinta———-Citrate
Ini———-Isocitrate
Akan———-alpha-ketoglutarate
Sentiasa———-Succinyl-CoA
Segar———-Succinate
Flexible———-Fumarate
Manis———-Malate
Ok!———-Oxaloacetate

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate answer. Please choose the correct ones.

STEP 1: FORMATION OF CITRATE

● Unstable bond attaching acetyl group to

coenzyme A breaks.
● 2C acetyl group becomes attached to 4C
oxaloacetate forming citrate (6C)
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STEP 2: ISOMERIZATION

● Atoms of citrate (6C) are rearranged by

two preparation reactions:
- Removal of water molecule
- Addition of water molecule
● Citrate is converted to its isomer,
isocitrate (6C).
STEP 3:OXIDATION AND DECARBOXYLATION

● Isocitrate is oxidized, reducing NAD+ to

NADH+H+
● The resulting compound is
decarboxylated (CO2 is released)
● Isocitrate (6C) is converted into α-
ketoglutarate (5C)

STEP 4:DECARBOXYLATION AND OXIDATION

● α-ketoglutarate (5C) undergoes

decarboxylation (CO2 is released)
● The resulting compound is oxidized,
reducing NAD+ to NADH + H+
● The remaining molecule is attached to
coenzyme A forming succinyl CoA (4C)

STEP 5: SUBSTRATE LEVEL

PHOSPHORYLATION

● Succinyl CoA (4C) is converted to

succinate (4C).
● Bond attaching coenzyme A to succinate
is unstable
● Breakdown of succinyl coenzyme A is
coupled to phosphorylation of GDP to
form GTP
(energy released during removal of CoA is
then used by GDP to combine with Pi
that comes from matrix to form GDP).
● GTP transfers its phosphate group to
ADP, yielding ATP through Substrate
Level Phosphorylation.

STEP 6:OXIDATION

● Succinate (4C) is oxidized to fumarate

(4C)
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● by transferring two hydrogen atoms to

FAD.
● FAD is reduced to FADH2

STEP 7: HYDRATION

● With addition of water, fumarate (4C)

rearrange its chemical bond and is
converted to malate (4C).

STEP 8:OXIDATION

● Malate (4C) is oxidized to oxaloacetate

(4C).
● By transferring 2 hydrogen atoms to
NAD+
● NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+

● Oxaloacetate can now combine with

another molecule of acetyl coenzyme A,
and starts new cycle .

*Mention the steps where the energy and ATP,NADH and FADH2 are produced.

Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers.

Events Steps Name of the process

Production of NADH STEP 3 Oxidation and Decarboxylation

STEP 4 Decarboxylation and Oxidation

STEP 8 Oxidation

Production of FADH2 STEP 6 Oxidation

Production of ATP STEP 5 Oxidation

Removal of CO2 STEP 3 & Substrate Level Phosphorylation

4
.
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Glycolysis produce 2 pyruvate

Link reaction produce 2 Acetyl Co A

Input Output
ONE Acetyl Co A enters 3 NADH
Krebs Cycle 1 FADH2
2 CO2
1 ATP

BUT guys..... 6 NADH

Krebs cycle needs 2 2 FADH2
Acetyl Co A, so how 4 CO2
many molecules of 2 ATP
NADH, FADH2, CO2 and
ATP are produced?
*Total ATP produced should be justified

5.1.3: Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Chemiosmosis

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

Ilustrate to explain Electron Transport Chain :The pathway of electron

transport is NADH dehydrogenase, Ubiquinone /CoQ, cyt c reductase, cyt c, cyt c
oxidase.
Explain chemiosmosis: Proton Motive Force
Explain complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose in active cells to produce
38 ATP.

Introduction

Definition Of Oxidative Phosphorylation

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron
transport chain
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Occurrs in the mitochondria and chloroplast

Component of
Oxidative
Phosphorylation

ETC Chemiosmosis

a) Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

● Definition Of ETC

⮚ Series of electron carrier

⮚ embedded in inner membrane of mitochondria

⮚ carry electron from NADH and FADH2 during redox reaction

⮚ to synthesis ATP

⮚ Location: inner membrane of mitochondria

a) Component of ETC: Consists of a chain of electron carrier and an electron

acceptor
Fill in the spaces below to complete the name of each of components (electron
carrier and electron acceptor) that makes up the ETC.
Component Full Name Explanation

− Flavoprotein (conjugated protein)

NADH contain iron & sulphur
i. Complex I:
dehydrogenase
− Accept 2 e- from NADH

Succinate
ii. Complex II: − Accept 2 electrons from FADH2
dehydrogenase

− Hydrophobic molecules

− Mobile within the phospholipid

Coenzyme Q /
iii. CoQ:
Ubiquinone
− Non-protein carrier

− Accept 2 e- from complex I & II

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Cytochrome
iv. Complex III: − Accept 2 e- from CoQ
reductase

− Protein component and mobile

carrier
v. Cyt.c: Cytochrome c
− Accept 2 e- from cemplex III and
pass to complex IV

CytochromeC
vi. Complex IV: − Accept 2 e- from cyt C
oxidase

− Final electron acceptor

vii. Electron
Oxygen
acceptor: − Accept 2H+ from matrix and 2 e- to
form H2O

A component of the chain is reduced when it

accepts electron

Redox Reaction
A component of the chain is oxidized when it
passes electron

What is the significance of ETC?

Break a large free energy from (glucose)
into a series of smaller steps through ETC that
release energy in manageable amount, stored in
the form of ATP
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b) Chemiosmosis

Definition Of Chemiosmosis:

● Movement of hydrogen ion (H+)

● From high hydrogen ion concentration into low hydrogen ion

concentration

● From intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix

● through ATP Synthase

● to catalyze the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

Location: Innner membrane and matrix of mitochondria

Do you remember?
What type of transportation involved in the
movement of H+ in the chemiosmosis?
-PASSIVE TRANSPORT-
_
Total Production of ATP in Active Cells (per one molecule of glucose)

1. Substrate Level Phosphorylation;

Glycolysis 2 ATP

Krebs Cycle 2 ATP

2. Oxidative Phosphorylation

Glycolysis 2 NADH + 2 H+ x 3 ATP 6 ATP

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Link Reaction 2 NADH + 2 H+ x 3 ATP 6 ATP

Krebs Cycle 6 NADH + 6 H+ x 3 ATP 18 ATP

2 FADH2 x 2 ATP 4 ATP

TOTAL 38 ATP

5.2 : FERMENTATION AND ITS APPLICATIONS

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Introduction
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
Definition Of Anaerobic Respiration
Explain lactate and alcohol fermentation.
A type ofState the importance
respiration of fermentation
where organic moleculesinare
industry
partially oxidized in the absence of
oxygen Bakery
Wine, baverage and alcohol production
Produces small amount Dairyofindustry
energy – cheese and yogurt
Local examples- tempe,thosai,tapai
Local examples- tempe,thosai,tapai
Definition of Fermentation

The process in which pyruvic acid/ pyruvate is converted into lactate/lactic acid or
ethanol and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen.

Pyruvate Lactate/Lactic acid

Energy

Pyruvate Ethanol Carbon Energy

Dioxide

a) Fermentation

⮚ Involve glycolysis = Breaking down of glucose

⮚ Without ETC = Generate ATP by substrate level phosphorylation

⮚ Produce ethanol (in plant) or lactic acid / lactate (in animal) as end product

⮚ Involve regeneration of NAD+

⮚ Location: cytosol
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There are 2 types of

fermentation

i. Alcohol Fermentation

2 CO2

NAD+ is reused to oxidize sugar during What exactly happened to

glycolysis, the NAD+ after the
which nets two molecules of ATP alcoholic fermentation?
produced by
substrate level phosphorylation

a. Complete the table below to describe about alcoholic fermentation:

Alcoholic Fermentation: Conversion of pyruvate to ethanol and CO2

Occur in Plants, yeast, bacteria

Substrate Pyruvate

Products Ethanol @ ethyl alcohol, CO2, NAD+

Total ATP 2

Location Cytosol

2NADH + 2H+ 2NAD+

2 Ethanol

Acetaldehyde Reduction
Decarboxylation
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What does ‘decarboxylation’ mean?

ii. Lactate Fermentation

b. Complete the table below to describe about lactate fermentation:

Lactate Fermentation: Conversion of pyruvate to lactate

Active cell that derived of oxygen.

Occur in
Example of cell: Muscle cell

Substrate Pyruvate

Products Lactate @ lactic acid, NAD+

Total ATP 2

Enzyme Lactate dehydrogenase

Why lactate fermentation is important during strenuous activity?

-to provide instant energy for a brief period before O 2 supply back to
normal

that lactate fermentation could cause fatigue, cramp

and low blood pH

that lactate fermentation by certain fungi and bacteria is

used to make cheese and yogurt

c. List down similarities between Alcoholic and Lactate Fermentation

Both produces 2 ATP

Both used pyruvate in subsequent reactions
Both used pyruvate in subsequent reactions
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d. Differenciate between Alcohol and Lactate Fermentation:

ALCOHOL FERMENTATION LACTATE FERMENTATION

Produce ethanol Produce lactic acid/lactate
Carbon dioxide is removed No carbon dioxide is removed

b) Importance of Fermentation

Importance of fermentation in industry

Bakery
● Addition of yeast to dough. Release CO 2, rising bread and
soften texture

Dairy industry
● Lactate fermentation by Lactobacillus sp.

● Convert lactose to lactate

● Lower pH of milk

● Causing coagulation of protein forming yogurt

Vinegar,
● Wine: alcoholic fermentation of yeast in grapes
beverage and
alcohol
production ● Beer: alcoholic fermentation of yeast on maltose (barley
seeds)

Local examples
● Tempe, Thosai, tapai