Material about IP ADDRESS

Astrindo Vocational School, Tegal City

2022/2023 academic year

What we will explain in this paper is as follows

 Definition of IP ADDRESS
 IP ADDRESS format
 Type of IP Address

A. UNDERSTANDING IP ADDRESS

IP is a protocol on the internet / computer network that takes care of addressing

issues and manages the delivery of data packets so that it gets to the right address.
Every networked or internet-connected computer must have a unique address. One
address can only have one computer.
IP Adders are the identity of a computer in a computer / internet network, just like
our house has a house number attached to the wall. Writing IP Adders is divided
into 4 groups of 8 bits which are written in binary numbers. Where each group in
IP Adders is separated by a dot (red; Dot). The largest value of an 8-bit binary
number is 255. Therefore the number of IP Adders available is 255.255.255.255 IP
Adders, of which this much must be distributed among all computer / internet
network users around the world. IP Address has 2 functions, namely:
1. As a host identification tool or interface on the network. This function is
illustrated like a person's name as a method for identifying who that person is in a
computer network and the same thing applies
2. As the network location address. This function is illustrated like our home
address which shows where we are. To facilitate the delivery of data packets, the
IP Address contains information on its existence. There is a route that must be
followed in order to get to the destination computer.
B. NETWORK ID AND HOST ID

The division of IP address classes is based on 2 things, namely Network ID and

Host ID. Network ID is part of the IP address that shows the location of the
computer network. While the Host ID shows all the other TCP/IP Hosts in the
network.

C. FORMAT IP ADDRESS

The IP address is expressed in a binary number structure consisting of 32 bits in

the following form.
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
For example
11000000000010100001111000000010
So that we can easily read the IP address, the 32-bit number is divided into 4
segments, each containing 8 bits. Those eight bits are called octates.
Next, each octate is translated into a decimal number. For example :
11000000 = 192
00001010 = 10
00011110 = 30
00000010 = 2
 The value of 8 bits is 11111111 or equal to 225. Thus, the total number of IP
addresses is 225 x 225 x 225 x 225.
The IP address structure consists of two parts, namely the NetworkID and hostID
parts. NetworkID indicates the ID of the network address where the hosts are
located, while hostID is the part that identifies the host. Simply put, NetworkID is
like a street name while HostID is the house number on that street.

D. IP ADDRESS CLASS DIVISION

In order to facilitate the division, the IP address is divided into different
classes, namely as follows:
1) Class A

Class A IP addresses consist of 8 bits for network ID and the remaining 24 bits
are used for host ID, so class A IP addresses are used for networks with a very
large number of hosts. The first bit is assigned a number from 0 to 127
Characteristics of Class A IP

Format : 0NNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH
First bit : 0
NetworkID : 8 bits
HostID : 24 bits
First Oct: 0 - 127
Number of networks: 126 (0 and 127 are reserved)
IP Range : 1.x.x.x - 126.x.x.x
Number of IP addresses: 16,777,214

Example
IP address 120.31.45.18 then:
NetworkID = 120
HostID = 31.45.18

So, the IP above has a host with the number 31.45.18 on network 120.

2) Class B
Class B IP addresses consist of 16 bits for network ID and the remaining 16 bits
are used for host ID, so class B IP addresses are used for networks with not too
many hosts. In the first 2 bits, the number 10 is assigned.

Characteristics of Class B IP

Format : 10NNNNNN. NNNNNNNN. HHHHHHHH. HHHHHHHH

First bit : 10
NetworkID : 16 bits
HostID : 16 bits
First Oct: 128 - 191
Number of networks: 16,384
IP Range : 128.1.x.x - 191.255.x.x
Number of IP addresses: 65,534
Example

IP address 150.70.60.56 then:

NetworkID = 150.70
 HostID = 60.56

So, the IP above has a host with the number 60.56 on the 150.70 network

3) Class C
Class C IP addresses consist of 24 bits for network ID and the remaining 8 bits are
used for host ID, so class C IP addresses are used for small networks. Class C is
usually used for Local Area Network or LAN networks. In the first 3 bits, the
number 110 is assigned.

Characteristics of Class C IP

Format : 110NNNNN.NNNNNNNN. NNNNNNNN. HHHHHHHH

First bit : 110
NetworkID : 24 bits
HostID : 8 bits
First Oct: 192 - 223
Number of networks: 2,097,152
IP Range : 192.0.0.x - 223.255.225.x
Number of IP addresses: 254
Example
IP address 192.168.1.1 then:
NetworkID = 192.168.1
HostID = 1
So, the IP above has a host with number 1 on the 192.168.1 network

Table : Number of networkID and hostID

Intermediate Class Number of networks Number of Network Hosts
A 1 to.d. 126 126 16,777,214
B 128 s.d. 191 16,384 65,534
C 192 s.d. 223 2,097,152 254

Table: Range of IP addresses for each class

Class Address Beginning Address End
A XXX.0.0.1 XXX.255.255.255
B XXX.XXX.0.1 XXX.XXX.255.255
C XXX.XXX.XXX.1 XXX.XXX.XXX.255

4) Class D
Class D IP addresses are used for IP multicasting purposes. The first 4 bits of a
class D IP address are set to 1110. The next bits are set according to the needs of
the multicast group that uses this IP address. In multicasting, the network bit and
host bit are unknown.

Characteristics:
Format : 1110MMMM.MMMMMMMM.MMMMMMMM.MMMMMMMM
First 4 bits: 1110
Multicast bits: 28 bits
Initial bytes: 224-247
Description: class D is the multicast address space (RFC 1112)
5) ClassE
Class E IP addresses are not used publicly. The first 4 bits of this IP address are set
to 1111.

Characteristics
Format : 1111RRRR.RRRRRRRR.RRRRRRRR.RRRRRRRR
First 4 bits: 1111
Reserved bits: 28 bits
Initial bytes: 248-255
Description: class E is the reserved address space for experimental purposes

Apart from the network ID, another term used to refer to the part of the IP address
that indicates the network is the Network Prifix. Usually, when writing the network
prefix of a class of IP address, a slash (slash) "I" is used followed by a number
indicating the length of the network prefix in bits.
E. SUBNET MASK
The subnet mask value serves to separate the network ID from the host ID.
The subnet mask is required by TCP/IP to determine whether the network in
question is a local or non-local network. For non-local networks, it means that
TCP/IP must send data packets through a router. Thus, an address mask is needed
to filter IP addresses and data packets going in and out of the network.
The network ID and host ID in the IP address are distinguished by the use of
the subnet mask. Each subnet mask uses a 32-bit number pattern which is a group
of bits of all ones (1) indicating the network ID and all zeros (0) indicating the host
ID portion of the IP address.

For example, class B address: 170.203.93.5 the binary number is:

10101010 11001011 01011101 00000101
The default subnet mask for class B addresses is:
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
Can also be written in decimal notation:
255.255.0.0
Table : Subnet mask for internet address classes

Subnet Bit Class Subnet mask

A 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 225.0.0.0
B 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 225.225.0.0
C 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 225.225.225.0
 A. JENIS IP ADDRESS
Berdasarkan jenisnya IP address dibedakan menjadi 2 macam yaitu IP Private dan IP Public.

1. IP Private adalah suatu IP address yang digunakan oleh suatu organisasi yang diperuntukkan
untuk jaringan lokal. Sehingga organisasi lain dari luar organisasi tersebut tidak dapat melakukan
komunikasi dengan jaringan lokal tersebut. Contoh pemakaiannya adalah pada jaringan intranet.
Sedangkan Range IP Private adalah sebagai berikut :
Kelas A : 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
Kelas B : 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
Kelas C : 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

2. IP Public adalah suatu IP address yang digunakan pada jaringan lokal oleh suatu organisasi dan
organisasi lain dari luar organisasi tersebut dapat melakukan komunikasi langsung dengan
jaringan lokal tersebut. Contoh pemakaiannya adalah pada jaringan internet. Sedangkan range
dari IP Public : range IP address yang tidak termasuk dalam IP Private.

Pengalokasian IP Address
Pengalokasian IP address pada dasarnya ialah proses memilih network ID dan
host ID yang tepat untuk suatu jaringan. Tepat atau tidaknya konfigurasi ini tergantung dari
tujuan yang hendak dicapai, yaitu mengalokasikan IP address seefisien mungkin.
 B. ATURAN DASAR PEMILIHAN NETWORK ID DAN HOST ID
Terdapat beberapa aturan dasar dalam menentukan network ID dan host ID yang hendak
digunakan. Aturan tersebut ialah :

1.Network ID tidak boleh sama dengan 127

Network ID 127 tidak dapat digunakan karena ia secara default digunakan untuk
keperluan loopback. Loopback ialah IP address yang digunakan komputer untuk menunjuk
dirinya sendiri.

2.Network ID dan host ID tidak boleh sama dengan 255 (seluruh bit di set 1)
Seluruh bit dari network ID dan host ID tidak boleh semunya di set 1. Jika hal ini
dilakukan, network ID atau host ID tersebut akan diartikan sebagai alamat broadcast. ID
broadcast merupakan alamat yang mewakili seluruh anggota jaringan. Pengiriman paket ke
alamat broadcast akan menyebabkan paket ini didengarkan oleh seluruh anggota network
tersebut.

3.Network ID dan host ID tidak boleh 0 (nol)

Network ID dan host ID tidak boleh semua bitnya 0 (nol). IP address dengan host ID 0
diartikan sebagai alamat network. Alamat network ialah alamat yang digunakan untuk menunjuk
suatu jaringan, dan tidak menunjukkan suatu host.

4.Host ID harus unik dalam satu network

Dalam satu network, tidak boleh ada dua host yang memiliki host ID yang sama.
 C. PRIVATE ADDRESS
Private address adalah kelompok IP Address yang dapat dipakai tanpa harus melakukan
pendaftaran. IP Address ini hanya dapat digunakan untuk jaringan local (LAN) dan tidak
dikenalkan dan diabaikan oleh internet. Alamat ini adalah unik bagi jaringan global. Agar IP
private ini dapat terkoneksi ke internet, diperlukan peralatan Router dengan fasilitas Network
Address Traslatiaon (NAT).
Berikut adalah Alamat yang dicadangkan untuk jaringan private:

1. Private Address Kelas A

IP Address dari 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.254, setara dengan sebuah jaringan dengan 24 bit Host.
Atau sekitar 16.777.214 Host.

2. Private Address Kelas B

172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255, setara dengan 16 jaringan yang masing-masing jaringan memiliki
host efektif sebanyak 65.534 host.

3. Private Address Kelas C

192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.254, setara dengan 256 jaringan yang masing-masing jaringan
memiliki host efektif sebanyak 254 host.