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Physics Project

The student conducted an experiment to determine the refractive indices of water and turpentine oil. They used a convex lens, plane mirror, optical needle, and spherometer. They measured the focal lengths of the convex lens alone and with water and oil between the lens and mirror. Using lens maker's formula and their measurements, they calculated the refractive indices of water as 1.06552 and turpentine oil as 1.22736. They discussed apparatus, theory, procedure, observations, calculations, results, precautions, sources of error, and references.

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vishaljinjala7
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24 views

Physics Project

The student conducted an experiment to determine the refractive indices of water and turpentine oil. They used a convex lens, plane mirror, optical needle, and spherometer. They measured the focal lengths of the convex lens alone and with water and oil between the lens and mirror. Using lens maker's formula and their measurements, they calculated the refractive indices of water as 1.06552 and turpentine oil as 1.22736. They discussed apparatus, theory, procedure, observations, calculations, results, precautions, sources of error, and references.

Uploaded by

vishaljinjala7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

PM SHREE SCHOOL

JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA


BHAVNAGAR

“To find refractive indices of water


and turpentine oil”

Submitted by : submitted to:


Vaibhav jinjala. MR. Saurabh

Roll no. :

CERTIFICATE
This to certify that the project report
entitled “to find refractive indices of
water and turpentine oil” submitted
by vaibhav jinjala during the academic
year 2023 – 2024 is a bonfied piece of
work conducted under my supervision
and guidance. The data sources have
been fully acknowledged. I wish his
success in all his future endeavours.

MR.saurabh Mr. Sitaram meena


(pgt physics) (PRINCIPAL)
Acknowledgement

I thank my physics laboratory teacher


MR. Saurabh guiding me in doing this
project. His constant support and
encouragement helped me a lot in
completing this project.
I also thank my principal Sir MR.
Sitaram meena for gave me opportunity
with this project. I a m t h a n k f u l all
teaching staff members for constant
encouragement and support.
I also thank my school for providing
such wonderful laboratory facilities.
Index
SR. NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO.
1 OBJECTIVE 1

2 APPARATUS 2

3 THEORY 2

4 PROCEDURE 3

5 OBSERVATION 6

6 CALCULATION 7

7 RESULT 8

8 PRECAUTION 8

9 SOURCES OF ERROR 9

10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 10
Objective

TO FIND REFRACTIVE INDICES OF WATER AND


TURPENTINE OIL USING A PALNE MIRROR, AN
EQUICONVEX LENS(MADE OF GLASS OF
KNOWN REFRACTIVE INDEX) AND AN
ADJUSTABLE OBJECT NEEDLE
Apparatus

A convex lens, an optical needle, a plane mirror, a clamp


stand, a spherometer, a plumb line, metre scale, water and
turpentine oil.

Theory

Let’s add small amount of water on a flat, plane surface and


place a convex lens over it. This forms a plano-concave lens of
water between the lower surface of convex lens and plane
mirror.
Let f1 and f2 are the focal lengths of water lens and convex lens
respectively, then focal length of the combination is:
1 1 1
F =f 1+f 2

1 1 1
= −
The focal length of the plano-concave lens is,
f1 F f2 …(i)

( )
1 1 1
From Lens Maker’s formula, f =( μ−1 ) R1 − R2
1

1
μ−1 ¿
=( R

∴ ∞
R1 = R and R2 = for water lens.
∴ R
The refractive index of water is μ=1+
f1 …(ii)
,

(where ‘R’ is the radius of curvature of the concave surfaces of


the plano-concave lens).
l 2 h
+
The Radius of curvature of the lens, is R=
6 2 …(iii)

Procedure

I. For finding the focal length of convex lens:

(i) Measure the rough focal length of the convex lens.

(ii) Place the plane mirror with the convex lens placed
on it above the horizontal base of a clamp stand
horizontally as its tip lies vertically above the optical
centre of the lens. Adjust the needle at a height a little
more than the rough focal length of the convex lens.

(iii) Try to remove the parallax between the tip of


the object needle and its image tip.

(iv) Note the distance of the tip of the needle from the
centre of the upper surface of the lens. Let it be x1.
(Use plumb line).

(v) Remove the convex lens and measure the distance


of the tip of the needle from the plane mirror. Let it
be x2. (Use plumb line).
(vi) Repeat and record all the observations.

II. For finding the focal length of the


plano- concave lens:

Pour few drops of water over the plane mirror and place
the
convex lens over it. Repeat steps (ii) to (iv) as done
above.
Repeat the procedure with turpentine oil also.

III. For finding ‘l’:

Determine the pitch and least count of scale of the


spherometer. Place the spherometer on the dried surface
of the convex lens. Turn the screw downwards very
gently till the tip of the screw just touches the lens. Read
and record the reading.

Keep the spherometer’s legs on the base of a paper and


adjusting the central screw, find the pricks A, B and C of
the three legs of the spherometer. Join the centres of the
three pricks and measure the lengths with the half-metre
scale. Note the values of AB, BC and AC.
Fig: (a) to find focal length of convex lens

(b) for the length of legs AB, BC, CA of the

Fig: to find focal length of the plano concave lens


Observations

Pitch of the spherometer= 1 cm


Least count of the spherometer = 0.01 cm
Distance between the legs:
(1) AB = 3 cm
(2) BC = 3 cm
(3) CA = 3 cm

Table for calculation of ‘h’

S.N Initial No. of Final Addition h=n Mean


o reading complet reading al C.S x “h”
of the C.S. e of the div. pitch
on the rotation c.s on moved + m
convex s the x
lens glass L.C
(a) (n) slab
1 62 0 6.5 55.5 0.55 0.577
5 5
2 64 0 4 60 0.6
To measure focal length f‘ of convex lens

Distance of needle tip


from
Area S.N Tip of the Upper Mean Focal
between o upper surface surface x= lengt
lens and of the convex of the x1 + x2 h
plane lens plane 2

mirror X1 mirror
X2
Without 1 30.5 31 30.75 f1=
liquid 2 36.7 37.2 36.95 33.8
5
With 1 31.4 31.8 31.6 f2=3
water 2 37.5 38.1 37.8 4.7
With oil 1 9.4 9.6 9.5 f3=1
2 10.4 10,6 10.5 0
Calculation

Mean distance between two legs


AB + BC
l=
+CA
3 =3 cm

Mean h = 0.7557 cm
To find the radius of curvature of the convex lens:

l + h =2.27366 cm
2

R=
6 2
h

Measurement of refractive indices of water and


turpentine oil
1) With water between the convex lens and the plane
mirror:

R 2.27366
μ =1+ =1+ =1.06552
1
f2 34.7

2) With turpentine oil between the convex lens and the


plane
mirror

R 2.27366
μ =1+ =1+ =1.22736
2
f3 10
Result

The refractive index of water is µ1 = 1.06552


The refractive index of turpentine oil is µ2 = 1.22736

Precautions

(i) The screw of the spherometer should be moved in


one direction only to avoid backlash error.

(ii) The screw should be moved just to touch the


surface of the convex lens or the glass slab.

(iii) The parallax should be removed properly.

(iv) The lens and the plane mirror should be properly


cleaned.

(v) The convex lens of large focal length should be


used.

(vi) The spherometer reading should be taken first on


the surface of the convex lens and then on the
glass slab.
Sources of error:

(i) The distances x1 and x2 may not be measured correctly.

(ii) The value of h and l may not be correct.

(iii) Parallax may not be removed properly.

(iv) Backlash error may be acting on

Reference

1. WEBSITES :

• www.wikipedia.org
• www.google.com
• www.yahoo.com

2. BOOKS :

Comprehensive Practical Manual for class XII

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