-

Sagar vishe

October 27, 2023

 A report on

MPPT BASED HIGH EFFICIENCY

SOLAR CHARGE CONTROLLER
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of
Major Project
by

Sr No. Name Roll No.

1 Sagar Vishe 4020160
2 Meghraj Dhumal 4020156
3 Sairaj Yadav 4020157
4 Avishkar Kamble 4020158
Under the supervision of
Dr. MAHENDRA RANE

Department of Electrical Engineering

Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
2023-2024

1
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled ”MPPT BASED HIGH EFFICIENCY SOLAR
CHARGE CONTROLLER” is a bonafide work of Avishkar Kamble (4020158), Meghraj
Dhumal (4020156), Sairaj U. Yadav (4020157), Sagar S. Vishe (4020160) submitted to the
University of Mumbai in requirement for Major Project. The report which is based on candi-
dates own work, and has not submitted elsewhere for a degree/diploma.

Dr. MAHENDRA RANE

(Project supervisor)

Dr Bindu S Dr S.M. Khot

(Prof and HOD) (Principal)

2
 Project Report Approval for B. E

This project report entitled “MPPT BASED HIGH EFFICIENCY SOLAR CHARGE
CONTROLLER” by of Avishkar Kamble (4020158), Meghraj dhumal – (4020156), Sairaj
U. Yadav – (4020157), Sagar S. Vishe – (4020160) is approved for the Major Project in “Elec-
trical Engineering”.

Examiners
1.———————————————
2.———————————————
Date:
Place:

3
 Declaration

I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where
others’ ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the orig- inal
sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and
have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I
understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute
and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or
from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

Sagar Vishe Meghraj Dhumal

Sairaj Yadav Avishkar Kamble

4
 Acknowledgement

Firstly, we would like to thank our principal, Dr. S.M. Khot and Head of Electrical Depart-
ment, Dr. Bindu S. for giving us the opportunity and permission to undertake this project.

We take immense pleasure to thank our guide Dr. Mahendra Rane for his constant supervi-
sion and support throughout the project. We also thank him for providing necessary information
during our project.

We would also like to thank all the staff of the Electrical Department for their help.

5
 Abstract

A Photovoltaic (PV) system stands out as a revolutionary renewable energy solution that is
swiftly supplanting conventional energy sources. In situations where solar radiation dwindles,
leading to reduced energy input, solar panels might not generate sufficient power to either oper-
ate connected devices or adequately charge storage batteries. This is where a charge controller
(CC) emerges as a pivotal player, working to enhance the overall efficiency of the system. One
noteworthy type of charge controller is the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller,
which introduces a dynamic element to the system’s functioning.

The essence of the MPPT charge controller lies in its ability to perpetually fine-tune the op-
erating conditions of the solar panel. This continuous optimization allows the panel to function
precisely at its maximum power point—the exact configuration where it generates the highest
possible amount of power. This, in turn, leads to an optimal extraction and utilization of energy
from the available sunlight.

By integrating the MPPT technology into the charge controller, the PV system gains the
capability to extract the utmost energy potential from the solar panel. This infusion of MPPT
technology propels the system’s performance to greater heights, ensuring it remains efficient
and dependable across a diverse range of weather conditions. Whether faced with overcast skies
or partial shading, the MPPT-equipped charge controller deftly adapts the panel’s operating
parameters, enabling it to consistently churn out the most energy possible.

In essence, the incorporation of MPPT within the charge controller marks a significant stride
towards maximizing the efficiency of PV systems. It empowers the system to adeptly navigate
through varying solar conditions, always striving to reach the pinnacle of energy production.
As a result, the PV system equipped with MPPT technology stands not only as a more potent
source of renewable energy but also as a robust and resilient solution capable of meeting energy
demands even when faced with less-than-ideal environmental circumstances.

6
Contents

1 Introduction 9
1.1 Social Relevence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2 Background and motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3 Objectives of this project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2 literature Survey 11
2.1 Solar Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Solar Panel Power Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 Solar Module I-V Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4 DC-DC Converters for Solar PV Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4.1 Buck Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4.2 Working of Buck Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5 MPPT Algorithms introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5.1 Perturb and Observe Algorithm: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.5.2 Incremental Conductance (IC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3 Design and Simulation 21

3.1 Designing of Buck Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.2 Software used for simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.3 Block diagram of system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.4 Simulated circuit on matlab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.5 Results of Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

4 Conclusion 25

7
List of Figures

2.1 I-V curves for different solar radiation levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.2 Buck converter diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 P-V Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4 Algorithm of P and O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.5 Algorithm of improved incremental conductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

3.1 Block diagram of system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3.2 Simulated circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.3 Input changes in irradiance with signal builder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.4 Changes in voltage, current, power with changes in irradiance . . . . . . . . . 24
3.5 voltage, current, power with 1000 W/m2 irradiance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

8
 Chapter 1

Introduction

Photovoltaic (PV) systems have been used for many decades. Today, with the focus on greener
sources of power, PV has become an important source of power for a wide range of applications.
Improvements in converting light energy into electrical energy as well as the cost reductions
have helped create this growth. Even with higher efficiency and lower cost, the goal remains to
maximize the power from the PV system under various lighting conditions.

1.1 Social Relevence

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technology holds significant social relevance
within the context of renewable energy. By optimizing solar power generation, MPPT pro-
motes clean energy production, reducing our reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse
gas emissions, thus contributing to mitigating climate change. Additionally, it enhances energy
independence, particularly in regions lacking reliable access to electricity, and empowers com-
munities and individuals. MPPT technology also supports environmental benefits by reducing
air pollution and environmental degradation associated with conventional power generation.
It fosters job creation in the renewable energy sector, lowers electricity costs for consumers
and businesses, encourages education and research, and enhances community resilience during
emergencies. Its multifaceted contributions highlight its vital role in the transition to a more

9
sustainable and socially inclusive energy landscape.

1.2 Background and motivation

Solar energy is a promising source of power that doesn’t rely on finite resources like petroleum
and coal. However, it faces some challenges, mainly in terms of efficiency and installation costs.
The efficiency of solar panels, the devices that convert sunlight into electricity, has room for
improvement. Researchers are actively working on developing better solar cell technologies to
make the conversion of sunlight into electricity more efficient. This could lead to more power
output from the same area of solar panels.High installation costs can be a barrier for individuals
and businesses looking to adopt solar power. The good news is that research and innovation
are focused on reducing these costs. This includes finding ways to make the installation pro-
cess more efficient and developing cost-effective components for solar energy systems.Efforts
are also directed toward improving control mechanisms. This involves using advanced tech-
nologies to better manage and control the flow of energy from solar panels, which can enhance
overall system performance. By addressing these challenges through ongoing research and de-
velopment, we can make solar energy more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible, ultimately
reducing our dependence on fossil fuels for power generation.

1.3 Objectives of this project

The objective of the project is to design a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) charge
collector which operate with photovoltaic module and produce maximum power to solar power
collector. This component optimized the amount of power obtained from the photovoltaic array
and is given to a load.

10
 Chapter 2

literature Survey

2.1 Solar Energy

Solar energy plays a crucial role in supporting essential energy needs on Earth. It serves
various purposes, including agricultural growth, illumination, weather control, heating, and the
generation of electricity through solar panels or solar cells. Solar electricity relies on human-
made devices like solar panels to harness clean and cost-effective renewable energy. The heart
of the solar electricity system is the solar panel, responsible for capturing sunlight and con-
verting it into usable energy by generating voltage and power. As solar energy technologies
advance, we can harness more solar power to meet a significant portion of our electricity de-
mands. Understanding the intricacies of how solar panels function is essential for maximizing
their power generation capabilities.[1]

2.2 Solar Panel Power Generation

The fundamental component of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system is the solar cell, which
functions as a P-N junction diode. When exposed to sunlight, the solar radiation generates
numerous electron-hole pairs within the semiconductor material. The P-N junction’s asymmetry
creates a built-in electric field at the junction, causing the generated electrons and holes to flow

11
in opposite directions - from the P-side to the N-side and vice versa. This flow creates a voltage
across the diode, which can then drive current into an external circuit and supply power.
While crystalline silicon cells, including mono-crystalline and multi-crystalline types, make up
the majority of solar cells (approximately 93% in 2015), there’s also a notable presence of thin-
film-based solar cells such as amorphous silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (Cd-Te), and copper
indium gallium selenide (CIGS). Solar PV modules consist of multiple solar cells connected
in both series and parallel configurations to achieve desirable direct current (DC) voltage and
power values. Although individual solar cells typically produce around 3-4 watts of power,
a module can range from 3 watts to 300 watts at peak power. These modules can then be
interconnected in series and parallel combinations to create solar PV arrays, and multiple arrays
can be used in a solar power plant to generate significant amounts of electricity. [1]

2.3 Solar Module I-V Characteristics

When examining a solar PV module from an external circuit perspective, its behavior is
described by its current-voltage (I-V) curves. These curves are influenced by the amount of
sunlight it receives (irradiance) and the temperature. Figure 1 illustrates typical I-V curves for
various levels of solar irradiance at a specific temperature, and this information is typically
available in the module’s datasheets or through specific calculation methods. Manufacturers
usually specify the peak output power of the module under standard test conditions, which
include 1000 W per square meter of solar irradiance with defined spectral characteristics and a
module temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. [1]
The power delivered to an external circuit, represented as the product of voltage (V) and current

Figure 2.1: I-V curves for different solar radiation levels

12
(I), is depicted in Figure given below. To extract the maximum power from the solar PV module,
it’s essential for the connected load (external circuit) to draw a current corresponding to the
maximum power point indicated in the figure. The voltage, current, and power output are
determined by where the I-V curve of the external circuit intersects with that of the PV module.
In the case of PV arrays, where multiple modules are interconnected in series and parallel to
achieve higher power outputs, the overall I-V characteristic and the load’s behavior determine
the resulting power. Mismatches in module parameters or variations in operating conditions,
such as partial shading of modules, can lead to suboptimal power extraction and potential hot
spots within the modules. It’s crucial to ensure consistency and proper design in PV arrays to
maximize their efficiency and prevent these issues. [1]

2.4 DC-DC Converters for Solar PV Applications

DC-DC converters are essential components in solar power systems, and they are primarily
based on three fundamental designs: buck, boost, and buck-boost converters. hey operate by
periodically switching at a high frequency, typically using components like MOSFETs and
IGBTs. The duty cycle, denoted as D, is a key parameter in these converters, representing the
ratio of Ton (the time the switch is in the ”on” position during a single switching cycle) to T
(the full switching cycle period). D can vary from 0 to 1.

To ensure smooth operation, inductors and capacitors are carefully selected to minimize
output voltage fluctuations. The input-output characteristics, based on D, are derived under the
assumption of ideal component behavior and continuous load currents. The key distinction be-
tween these converters is their voltage transformation capabilities: a buck converter lowers the
output voltage compared to the input, a boost converter increases it, and a buck-boost converter
can either raise or lower the output voltage relative to the input.

Importantly, the load resistance that the power source (Ri) sees is dependent on the duty
cycle. This property allows for the use of duty cycle control to maximize power extraction from
solar modules. This control method is known as Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). It’s
important to note that MPPT is distinct from mechanical sun-tracking, which involves adjusting
the orientation of solar panels to follow the sun’s position in the sky to optimize irradiance
levels. Out of these 3 Buck converter was choosen for our purpose. [1]

13
2.4.1 Buck Converter

Buck Converter a type of DC-DC converter, so it accomplishes the task using a few transistor
switches and an inductor. A typical buck converter circuit is shown in the image given below.

Figure 2.2: Buck converter diagram [2]

2.4.2 Working of Buck Converter

Step 1
When the switch is turned on, it allows electrical current to pass through and charge up the
output capacitor. However, the voltage across the capacitor cannot increase instantly because
of its inherent property. Additionally, the inductor in the circuit restricts the rate at which the
current can flow into the capacitor. As a result, during the switching process, the voltage across
the capacitor doesn’t reach the maximum voltage supplied by the power source immediately.[2]

Step 2
When the switch is turned off, there’s a key point to consider: the current flowing through an
inductor cannot change abruptly. This property of the inductor comes into play, and it generates
a voltage across itself. This voltage is then used to charge the capacitor and provide power to the
connected load, and it does so by passing through a diode. This process ensures a continuous
flow of current to the output throughout the entire switching cycle, even when the switch is in
the off position. [2]

2.5 MPPT Algorithms introduction

MPPTs hold a pivotal position within photovoltaic (PV) power systems, as they are instru-
mental in maximizing power output while operating under specific environmental conditions.

14
This optimization of power generation serves to enhance the overall efficiency of the PV array.
Consequently, the utilization of MPPTs can lead to cost savings in the entire system.

There exists a variety of MPPT methodologies, each offering distinct characteristics in terms
of complexity, sensor requirements, convergence speed, cost-effectiveness, operational range,
popularity, capacity to detect multiple local maxima, and application suitability. It’s important
to emphasize that MPPT is an algorithmic approach, relying on an electronic system to govern
the behavior of PV modules. This system ensures that the modules operate in a manner that
extracts the utmost power they are capable of generating, effectively harnessing the maximum
available power from the PV module. It is essential to note that MPPT is not a mechanical
tracking mechanism; instead, it constitutes a fully electronic system that dynamically adjusts
the electrical operating parameters of the modules, enabling them to consistently deliver their
optimal power output.
Following is comparative analysis of some of P&O and incremental conducatnce algorithm. [3]

2.5.1 Perturb and Observe Algorithm:

Within the Perturb and Observe (P&O) MPPT method, a significant aspect involves intro-
ducing minor voltage perturbations when the photovoltaic (PV) system operates significantly
distant from the Maximum Power Point (MPP). These perturbations are a response to changing
environmental conditions and induce fluctuations in the power output of the solar module. The
direction of these perturbations persists as long as they result in a noticeable increase in power
generation. As the system approaches the MPP, the power output begins to decline, prompting
a reversal in the perturbation direction.

This algorithm essentially maintains a dynamic equilibrium around the MPP once it enters
a steady state. To ensure that these oscillations do not lead to substantial power output fluctua-
tions, the magnitude of the voltage perturbation remains deliberately small.

It’s worth noting, however, that the P&O method has a limitation. It may not precisely
converge to the exact MPP, particularly when confronted with non-uniform or rapidly changing
environmental conditions. This limitation arises because the method relies on observing the
change in power concerning changes in voltage (referred to as the gradient) to estimate the
MPP’s location. When the system aligns perfectly with the MPP, this gradient becomes zero.
The P&O method endeavors to identify the MPP by monitoring this gradient and adjusting the
voltage accordingly, but it may result in a certain degree of oscillation around the precise MPP
point. [3]

15
 Figure 2.3: P-V Characteristic [4]

Advantages:

• Simplicity: P&O is a straightforward and easy-to-implement algorithm that doesn’t re-

quire complex mathematical calculations or expensive equipment.

• P&O MPPT is easier to set up and tune compared to Incremental Conductance MPPT,
making it more accessible to users [5]

Disadvantages:

• P&O MPPT tends to be less accurate in tracking the maximum power point (MPP) of solar
panels, particularly in rapidly changing environmental conditions or when the operating
point is close to the MPP.

• P&O MPPT may not respond as quickly to changes in solar irradiance, which can result
in delayed tracking of the MPP.

• P&O MPPT is known for its oscillatory behavior. It can cause the system to constantly
shift between voltage and current values, potentially leading to increased wear and tear
on power electronics and efficiency..[5]

16
 Figure 2.4: Algorithm of P and O [4]

2.5.2 Incremental Conductance (IC)

The Incremental Conductance (IC) method is a technique used in solar power systems to
ensure that solar panels operate at their most efficient point, known as the Maximum Power
Point (MPP). Unlike some other methods like Perturb and Observe (P&O), IC can intelligently
identify when the MPP has been reached and stop adjusting the panels. It accomplishes this by
analyzing how the current (I) and voltage (V) from the panels change over time.

This determination is made possible by looking at the relationship between the rate of
change of current with respect to voltage (dI/dV) and the ratio of current to voltage (-I/V).
When dI/dV is negative, it indicates that the MPP is to the right of the current operating point,
and when it’s positive, it suggests that the MPP is to the left. This allows the IC algorithm to

17
decide in which direction the operating point needs to be adjusted.

The advantages of the IC method over P&O are significant. It can accurately detect when the
MPP is achieved, whereas P&O tends to fluctuate around this point. Additionally, IC is better
at tracking rapid changes in sunlight intensity, ensuring that the panels consistently perform
optimally.

However, it’s important to note that IC comes with a drawback – it is more complex to im-
plement compared to P&O. The algorithm involves recording the voltage and current from the
solar panels, calculating gradient values like dI and dV based on past data, and adjusting the
panel’s voltage to match the MPP. This adjustment is determined by considering the incremen-
tal conductance and instantaneous conductance of the PV module. [3]
Ultimately, IC relies on the assumption that the change in output conductance is proportional to
the negative of the instantaneous conductance. When these values align, the PV module oper-
ates at its maximum power point, ensuring efficient energy generation.

P =V ×I (2.1)

Applying the chain rule for the derivative of products of (2.6) yields (2.7) and (2.8).

dP d(V I)
= (2.2)
dV dV
dP
=0 (2.3)
dV

Equations (2.7) and (2.8) can be simplified and written in terms of array voltage V and array
current I as given by (2.9).
dI −I
= (2.4)
dV V
The MPPT regulates the PWM control signal of the dc – dc converter until the condition of
(2.10) is satisfied.

dI I
+ =0 (2.5)
dV V

At MPP,
dI −I
= (2.6)
dV V
Left of MPP,
dI −I
> (2.7)
dV V

18
Right of MPP,
dI −I
< (2.8)
dV V
Advantages:

• Incremental Conductance MPPT responds quickly to changes in irradiance levels. It can

adapt to variations in solar intensity more effectively, it tracks the MPP faster and more
consistently.

• The faster and more accurate tracking of the MPP by Incremental Conductance MPPT
typically leads to improved system efficiency .

• Incremental Conductance MPPT has a smoother response and is less prone to oscillations,
resulting in a more stable system.[5]

Disadvantages:

• Incremental Conductance MPPT algorithms can be more complex to implement and may
require additional hardware components.

• Additional hardware components, such as a current sensor. which can increase system
cost and thus hard implementation.[5]

19
Figure 2.5: Algorithm of improved incremental conductance [6]

20
 Chapter 3

Design and Simulation

3.1 Designing of Buck Converter [7]

Rated module voltage (V)= 12V
MAximum Power voltage Vmp= 18V
Expected Output voltage from buck Vout= 18V
Battery(load) is of 12V, 1.2Ah rating
so charging current will be 10% of ampere-hour rating
charging current I = 10% × 1.2 = 0.12 assuming ripple of 15% in current thus,
so ripple current ∆ I= 15% of charging current = 15% × 0.12 = 0.018
STEP – 1

The duty cycle of the converter is given by:

V out 12
D= = = 0.666 (3.1)
V mp 18

STEP – 2
Im maximum current is given by

∆I 0.018
Im = +I = + 0.12 = 0.129 (3.2)
2 2

21
STEP – 3
Switching frequency is choosen as 10KHz inductance for buck converter is given as:

V o(1 − Dmin) 12(1 − 0.667)

L= = = 22.26mH (3.3)
∆I × F s 0.018 × 10000

STEP – 4
For capacitance of buck converter

1 1
T = = = 0.0001 (3.4)
Fs 10000

Assuming 10% ripple in voltage

∆I × T 0.018 × 0.0001
C= = = 1.875uF (3.5)
8 × ∆V 8 × 0.12

3.2 Software used for simulation

MATLAB is a proprietary multi-paradigm programming language and numeric computing
environment developed by MathWorks. MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of
functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing
with programs written in other languages.

3.3 Block diagram of system

Figure 3.1: Block diagram of system

22
3.4 Simulated circuit on matlab

Figure 3.2: Simulated circuit

Figure 3.3: Input changes in irradiance with signal builder

23
3.5 Results of Simulation

Figure 3.4: Changes in voltage, current, power with changes in irradiance

Figure 3.5: voltage, current, power with 1000 W/m2 irradiance

24
 Chapter 4

Conclusion

The simulation of the Incremental Conductance method has provided valuable insights into
its performance. Our analysis reveals that this algorithm effectively tracks the maximum power
point, particularly excelling under varying atmospheric conditions. Compared to other MPPT
algorithms, it consistently delivers superior results. This has significant implications for grid-
connected photovoltaic systems, where maximizing power output is paramount. The findings
of this study underline the practical relevance of the Incremental Conductance method and its
potential to enhance the efficiency of residential and industrial photovoltaic applications.

25
 References

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characteristics of solar cell under the marine environment.” 2015 International Conference on
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2] Boudaraia, Karima, Hassane Mahmoudi, Ahmed Abbou, and Mohamed Hilal. ”Buck
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3] Mohamed, Shazly A., and Montaser Abd El Sattar. ”A comparative study of P&O and
INC maximum power point tracking techniques for grid-connected PV systems.” SN Applied
Sciences 1.2 (2019): 174.

4] Mishra, Jyotismita, et al. ”Performance Comparison of P&O and INC MPPT Algorithm
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5] Panda, Sobhit, Sheetal Singh, Renu Sharma, and Priya Ranjan Satpathy. ”Tracking Com-
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national Conference on Data Science and Business Analytics (ICDSBA), pp. 198-203. IEEE,
2018.

6] Shang, Liqun, Hangchen Guo, and Weiwei Zhu. ”An improved MPPT control strategy
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7] Mohan, Ned, Toro M. Undeland, and William P. Robbins. Power electronics: converters,
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