DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF

SELF-DESIGNED E-LEARNING MODULE IN

ADDING AND SUBTRACTING OF RATIONAL
EXPRESSIONS IN MATHEMATICS 8

PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL

2023
Volume: 13
Pages: 54-61
Document ID: 2023PEMJ1139
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8313420
Manuscript Accepted: 2023-1-9
Psych Educ, 2023, 13: 54-61, Document ID:2023 PEMJ1139, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8313420, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

Development and Validation of Self-Designed E-Learning Module in Adding and

Subtracting of Rational Expressions in Mathematics 8
Erick O. Manibog*
For affiliations and correspondence, see the last page.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a self – designed e - learning module to enhance the skills in
adding and subtracting rational expressions of the grade 8 students of Bagong Silangan High School.
The design of this study is a combination of experimental and descriptive research design. In
determining the total sample of the expert respondents, the study employed the cluster sampling
technique. The respondents of the study were 110 grade 8 students and 32 experts. The self–designed
e–learning module in adding and subtracting of rational expressions in Mathematics 8 featured
introduction, adding and subtracting similar rational expression, adding, and subtracting dissimilar
rational expression and enrichment. Based on the assessment of the panel of experts, the modules
were found out to be accurate, well formatted, well presented, organized, accurate and relevant.
Meanwhile, based on the students’ assessment of the self – designed e – learning module in adding
and subtracting of rational expressions in Mathematics 8, the modules are comprehensive,
understandable, and suitable to their level. The performance of the students in adding and subtracting
rational expressions in Grade 8 Mathematics in the control and experimental groups is significantly
different based on comprehension, analyzing and evaluating areas.

Keywords: e-learning module, development, validation, mathematics

Introduction students at grades 4 and 8 since 1995 every 4 years,

generally. In 2003, for 8th grade mathematics,
Philippines ranked 34th out of 38 countries with the
Mathematics is a prerequisite in all aspects of human score of 378 compared to other Asian countries. This
life. It is one of the most important things everyone simply shows that the other country’s educational
must learn. Knowledge of algebra enables students to system is far better than the Philippines’.
solve problems in mathematics with regards to
numbers, age, mixture, distance and some business National Achievement Test (NAT) is a Philippine –
mathematics. The concept of geometry can also be made standardized test in different subject areas given
used in real life such making computer programs, in by the Department of Education (DepEd) to the grade
robotics and architecture that deals with a lot of 7, 11 and 12 students of public and private schools
different shapes and forms. The use of statistics and yearly. NAT results in Quezon City schools in
probability in economics, medicines and in education. mathematics for the school year 2013 – 2014 has the
Also, mathematics is used for analyzing and Mean Percentage Score (MPS) of 54.76%, third to the
communicating information and ideas to address a lowest computed MPS next to Science and Critical
range of practical tasks and real-life problems (Gray Thinking Skills. In Bagong Silangan High School
and Tall, 1999).The basics of mathematics start in particularly, the computed MPS in NAT in
school, such counting and using the four fundamental mathematics was 44.68%. This means that, the
operations. Mathematics is a significant course in students’ comprehension in math is below average.
school curriculum. Young age children must learn the However, the division of city schools are still looking
basic foundations of the subject which is useful in for the intervention to elevate the MPS in math until
functioning well in their everyday lives, Lebens, Graff this year.In the second quarter examination this school
& Mayer, (2011). It is in high school that students year on the said school. Among the grade levels, it was
learn more complex about mathematics. This subject is found out that grade 8 has the lowest computed
a pre-requisite to college and all programs has this mastery level (MPS) of 32.06% with verbal
course. description of Low Mastery (LM). Grade 7 with
33.66% MPS, grade 10 has 48.08% and 33.23% for
Students’ performance in international tests such as the grade 9. One of the least mastered skills tallied was
Trends in International Mathematics and Science rational expression.
Study (TIMSS) provides reliable and timely data on
the mathematics and science achievement of students The coverage of rational numbers is wide. This is not
in United States compared to that of students in other just only a simple fraction, but the numerator and
countries. TIMSS data have been collected from denominator are polynomials. Most students are

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Research Article

having a hard time to understand rational expressions could be a tool for making traditional practice more
as it requires the concepts and principle on prime effective at teaching concepts, skills, and problem
numbers, factoring, and the four fundamental solving.
operations. To overcome the difficulties, teacher
should have interventions like games, collaborative Innovation has impacted nearly every aspect of life
learning, and the use of computers and other electronic today, according to Capuno et al. (2019), and training
devices may function as well for students can easily is no exception. Teachers have more resources in
comprehend rational expressions and its application.In today's classroom to assist students learn mathematical
this study, the students must be finished the four self- ideas, and a mix of conventional and new teaching
designed e-learning modules to fully understand methods can benefit students of all abilities.
adding and subtracting rational expressions and to Technology is critical in mathematics teaching and
achieve the learning objectives. learning because it influences what is taught and
improves students' learning. Mathematics is more than
Research Questions just a subject; it has applications in many aspects of
human life. Its study equips students with fundamental
The purpose of this study was to develop a self – life skills, procedures, and knowledge that will enable
designed e - learning modules to enhance the skills in them to become useful members of society. The proper
adding and subtracting rational expressions of the and coordinated use of innovation has an impact on all
grade 8 students of Bagong Silangan High School. areas of mathematics education, including what is
Specifically, the study sought to answer the following taught, how it is taught and learned, and how it is
questions: assessed.

1. What are the features of the self–designed e– According to Torrefranca (2017), if adequate self-
learning module in adding and subtracting of rational instructional learning materials are offered, students
expression in Mathematics 8? can effectively promote their grasp of Rational
2. What is the feedback of the experts in the self– Expressions and Variations. Particularly in the context
designed e–learning module in adding and subtracting of K-12 Mathematics curricula, where students are
of rational expressions in Mathematics 8 as to: expected to develop critical thinking and problem-
2.1. Content; solving skills as they advance through the academic
2.2. Format; ladder. She claims that the use of modules in
2.3. Presentation and Organization; and classroom education, as well as the instructor who
2.4. Accuracy and up – to Datedness of Information? creates the modules, has ramifications for both theory
3. What is the feedback of the students in the self – and practice.
designed e–learning module in adding and subtracting
of rational expressions in Mathematics 8 as to: According to Genç and Aydemir (2015), online puzzle
3.1. Content; exercises assist students better understand subjects and
3.2. Format; prepare for exams. Furthermore, these exercises
3.3. Presentation and Organization; and benefit students by boosting their knowledge and
3.4. Accuracy and up – to Datedness of Information? retention of learnt terminology both in and out of class,
4. How do the control and experimental groups resulting in beneficial learning experiences. It has been
perform after using the self–designed e–learning suggested that conducting online puzzle exercises in
module in adding and subtracting of rational class as a course-end activity is more successful in
expressions in Mathematics 8? terms of student learning than doing them outside of
5. Is there a significant difference between the post – class.
tests of the control and experimental groups?
Similarly, Conde (2015) stated that education is highly
valued in Filipino culture. For the vast majority of
Literature Review
Filipinos, education is the sole way for a youngster to
achieve and secure a brighter future. They seek a more
Today's technological integration has resulted in effective education system, therefore when e-Learning
advancements and societal transformations that alter became available in the Philippines, educational
people's thinking, working, and living habits. The officials quickly decided to incorporate it. Students
computer revolution is upon us, according to Etcuban benefit from e-learning in a variety of ways. They have
et al. (2019). In the mathematics classroom, a complete freedom to access content whenever and
computer is a tool that can be used in many ways. It whenever they want, using whatever system they like.

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Research Article

This adaptability helps students to study in a method Methodology

that suits them best.

The use of Modules in teaching Math, specifically Experimental and descriptive research designs were
word problem solving, is an effective teaching used in this study. Experimental research is a powerful
research method to establish cause-and-effect
strategy, according to Lim (2016) in his study.
relationship (Borg, W.R., Gall, M.D.1989:639)
Effective in the sense that it allowed the study's
involving two or more variables, the variable that
subjects to absorb mathematical ideas without having
becomes the cause (independent) and the variable that
to cram to keep up with the teacher's pace. The usage becomes the effect. This method is appropriate since
of modules in the teaching of these specific Math the study wanted to find out whether the self –
concepts was extremely beneficial to the students in designed e–learning modules would cause a change in
building their own learning study habits.As expressed the performance of the students in adding and
by Agbirin and Obra (2019), the social media-based subtracting rational expression.
mathematics instructional module is valid and reliable,
and it is acceptable as an instructional material; it The goal of descriptive research is to create a detailed
meets the majority of the pre-delivery appropriateness profile of the people, events, or situations being
criteria of the required learning competencies and studied. Descriptive research involves gathering data
skills of grade seven students in terms of lesson that describe events and then organizes, tabulates,
depicts, and describes the data collection (Glass &
objectives, lesson content, language used, and
Hopkins, 1984).These methods of research were best
evaluation activities.
fitted in the present research undertaking, because the
study was to determine the difference in the students’
Furthermore, With the development of Internet access
performance before and after using the self - designed
and advancements in online technology, teaching
e – learning modules among the Grade 8 students
methodologies have been rethought, resulting in during the second grading period, SY 2020 - 2021 at
potential alternatives to lecture-based instruction Bagong Silangan High School.
(Galway, 2014). The flipped classroom is founded on
cognitive and social theories that encourage Participants of the Study
meaningful learning, which can only occur when
students are actively engaged in learning activities In determining the total sample of the expert
(Long, 2016).Masullo (2017) suggested that respondents, the study employed the cluster sampling
instructional technology leaders should be able to technique. Random sampling is frequently simpler to
collaborate with and identify classroom teachers who execute in schools, such as the public schools in
have the potential to become opinion leaders who can District II, Quezon City. Out of the six (6) schools,
sixty seven percent (67%) or four (4) out of the six (6)
influence change in the school environment as part of
schools are randomly selected, and then all the experts
their informal leadership.
in each school were selected as respondents.
Likewise, Students to who were exposed to self- A total of thirty - two (32) experts from the four
learning modules performed better in the specified randomly selected public schools in District II, Quezon
units of English grammar than those who were City served as the respondents of the study. A total of
exposed to traditional methods of instruction and 110 students from grade 8 section Agility and
retained more of the stated units. Greager and Murray Benevolence from Bagong Silangan High School in
(2014) discovered that the Modules assisted students both control and experimental groups also served as
in learning and gave better opportunities for students the subject respondents.
to interact with the teacher by reducing the amount of
time spent on routine instruction.Lastly, modular Instruments of the Study
teaching, according to Sadia Sadiq (2014), is more
The survey questionnaire used in this research was a
effective in the teaching learning process than
standardized evaluation tool for learning material to
traditional teaching techniques. Because students can
satisfy the feedback of the students and experts in the
study at their own pace with this modular method. It is self – designed e – learning module in adding and
a free self-learning technique in which students are subtracting of rational expressions in Mathematics 8.
motivated and interested by rapid reinforcement and The evaluation tool was composed of a series of
feedback on practice exercises. questions that gathered the perception and assessment

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Research Article

of the expert and student respondents to the Results and Discussion

acceptability of the self – designed e – learning
module in adding and subtracting of rational
expressions in terms of its content, format, Features of the self–designed e-learning module in
presentation and organization, and accuracy and up – adding and subtracting of rational expressions in
to datedness of information. In this survey type, four Mathematics 8
choices were provided for every question or
statement.The survey questionnaires together with the The self-designed e-learning module in adding and
subtracting of rational expressions in Mathematics 8 is
soft copy of the proposed learning material were sent
composed of four modules namely introduction,
to the respondents through google forms.In addition, A
adding and subtracting similar rational expression,
researcher - made test in mathematics was used to
adding and subtracting dissimilar rational expression,
determine the performance of the subject respondents.
and enrichment.
This research instrument consists of a 50-item test on
adding and subtracting rational expressions. Module 1. It consists of the Introduction, a definition
of the topic and a trivia which is related to the topic.
Procedure The objectives were highlighted, these were the
competencies to be acquired by the students for the
An approval letter to conduct the study was sent by the lesson. Get-Up-and-Go is an activity before the lesson
researcher to the Schools Division Office of Quezon which intends to check what the learners already know
City. The researcher secured a letter to the principal of about fractions by giving equivalent simplified form of
the selected schools in District II, Quezon City to each fraction. Preliminary is the activity that aims to
conduct the survey for the evaluation of the proposed diagnose the students understanding of the concept
self-designed e-learning module in adding and that Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions has.
subtracting of rational expressions in Mathematics 8.
Module 2. It is about Adding and Subtracting Similar
Rational Expressions. Skills Development provides a
A week before the actual survey, the researcher sent a
brief yet precise discussion of the lesson. This aims to
letter of request to the expert respondents for their
help and give more ways to acquire new concepts and
feedback on the proposed learning material. The
skills. It includes four examples for addition and three
survey was conducted through google forms. Item
examples for subtraction with step-by-step procedure
analysis for pilot testing of the performance test in in performing the operation. There are two examples
adding and subtracting of rational expressions was provided with steps for when the denominator is the
made, and data for validity and reliability were opposite or the additive inverse of the other. Similar
obtained. The pre-test was administered during the rational expressions are vividly explained for the
first week of the second grading period school year students to fully understand the topic. Comprehension
2020 - 2021. Experimentation happened where two Check is a five-item task where students should
groups were exposed to the same lessons. They perform each indicated operation. This is to assess the
differed only in the pedagogy to which they were level of students’ mastery of the topic.
subjected. The researcher administered a post-test after
the utilization of the proposed self-designed e-learning Module 3. It is about Adding and Subtracting
module.A survey for the student respondents for their Dissimilar Rational Expressions. Skills Development
feedback of using self-designed e-learning module was composed of two activities that help students define
taken place. The collected data was examined, the Common Multiple, Least Common Multiple
(LCM) and Prime Factors. There are seven questions
evaluated, and interpreted by the researcher using
to be answered about the activities after accomplishing
statistical methods.
it. It also includes two examples each for addition and
subtraction with step-by-step procedure in performing
Ethical Considerations
the operation. Comprehension Check which is a five-
item task where students should solve the given
The researcher himself explained and gave the dissimilar rational expressions. This is to examine the
informed consent to each participant before the level of students’ mastery of the topic.
conduct of the study. He ensured them that the
information would be used with utmost confidentiality Module 4. It is Enrichment. It consists of enrichment
and within the purpose of the study only. activity about the operation on rational expressions. It

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Research Article

Table 2. Feedback of the Experts as to Format

follows by a skills’ checklist that students acquire after
answering the module. The final part of this module is
the Assessment which concludes the whole module.

Feedback of the experts in the self–designed

e–learning module in adding and subtracting of
rational expressions in Mathematics 8

Table 1. Feedback of the Experts as to Content

Table 3. Feedback of the Experts as to Presentation

It can be seen that each of the criteria under content and Organization
received ratings for experts as very satisfactory. The
result shows that the experts found the contents of the
self–designed e–learning modules were found out to
be relevant, objective, have provisions for higher
cognitive skills, socially acceptable, interesting and
informative.

Based on the table 2, experts rated the self–designed

e–learning module in adding and subtracting of
rational expressions in Mathematics 8 very satisfactory
with an overall weighted mean of 3.80 as to format.
The result shows that the format of the self–designed
e–learning modules have appropriate letter size and
spacing, readability, simplicity, supplementary, It can be gleaned from the data that experts rated all
realistic, attractive, culturally relevant, well -illustrated the criteria in terms presentation and organization as
and accessible. very satisfactory and with an overall weighted mean of
3.79. The result shows that the modules are well
presented, logical, suitable for the target readers and
well structured.

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Research Article

Table 4. Feedback of the Experts as to Accuracy and Table 6. Feedback of the Students as to Format
Up-to-datedness of Information

As manifested in the table, all the expert respondents

concurred those conceptual errors; factual errors;
grammatical errors; computational errors; obsolete
information with their weighted means of 3.75, 3.81,
3.72, 3.88, and 3.78, respectively and have the verbal
interpretation of not present in the self – designed e –
learning module in adding and subtracting of rational
expressions in Mathematics 8. The learning material is
accurate and updated as experts rated the learning
material with an overall weighted mean of 3.77.

Feedback of the students in the self–designed e–

learning module in adding and subtracting of
rational expressions in Mathematics 8

Table 5. Feedback of the Students as to Content It can be seen from the table that the students
evaluated the learning material with an overall
weighted mean of 3.91 and verbal interpretation of
very satisfactory. The result shows that the format
including the fonts and illustrations of the self-
designed e-learning modules were easily recognizable
by the students.

Table 7. Feedback of the Students as to Presentation

and Organization

With all the criteria used in obtaining the evaluation of

students as to content, an overall weighted mean of
3.8822 was attained with a verbal interpretation of
very satisfactory. The result shows that the contents of
the modules were found out to be suitable for the
learners.

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Research Article

of MPS. The use of Self – Designed E – learning

Module in Adding and Subtracting of Rational
The table shows that the students evaluated the Expressions in Mathematics 8 is deemed to be
learning material as very satisfactory in terms of effective in increasing the students Mean Percentage
presentation and organization with an overall weighted Scores.
mean 3.91. the result show that the presentation and
organization of the modules are comprehensive, Significant difference between the post – tests of the
understandable and suitable to their level. experimental and control group

Table 8. Feedback of the Students as to Accuracy and Table 10. Test of Difference on the Performance of the
Up-to-datedness of Information Control and Experimental Groups

Based on the computations, the p-value of 0.000 was

Students found that the grammatical errors and generated which is significantly lower than the 0.05
obsolete information are not present in the self – level of significance. Therefore, the null hypothesis is
designed learning material with weighted mean of 3.88 rejected, and the alternative hypothesis is accepted.
each; as well as the conceptual errors; factual errors; This means that there is a significant difference on the
computational errors with their weighted means of performances of the control and experimental groups
3.91, 3.90, and 3.78, respectively. It can be gleaned in terms of comprehension, analyzing and evaluating
from the data that the students agreed that the self – domains. It is implied that the performance of the
designed learning material is accurate and updated students in the experimental group with the use of Self
with an overall weighted mean of 3.87. – Designed E – learning Module in Adding and
Subtracting of Rational Expressions in Mathematics 8
Performance of control and experimental groups is better compared to the control group.
after using the e – learning module in in adding and
subtracting of rational expressions in Mathematics
8 Conclusion

Table 9. Post-Test Mean Percentage Scores of the Based on the findings of the study, the following
Control and Experimental Groups conclusions were drawn: (1) The self–designed e–
learning module in adding and subtracting of rational
expressions in Mathematics 8 featured
introduction, adding and subtracting similar rational
expression, adding, and subtracting dissimilar rational
expression and enrichment. (2) Based on the
When taken as a whole, the control group garnered an assessment of the panel of experts, the content, format,
MPS of 49.44 which is interpreted as Average Mastery presentation, organization, accuracy, and up-to
while the experimental group have an MPS of 65.72 datedness of information of the self– designed e –
which is interpreted as Moving Towards Mastery. The learning modules derived a very satisfactory rating in
experimental group have higher MPS by 16.28 all criteria set. The modules were found out to be
compared to the control group. It is implied that the accurate, well formatted, well presented, organized,
experimental group performed better in all areas accurate and relevant. (3) Based on the students’
compared to the control group as shown in the increase assessment of the self – designed e – learning module
in adding and subtracting of rational expressions in
Mathematics 8, as to the content, format, presentation,
organization, accuracy, and up-to datedness of

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Research Article

information garnered a very satisfactory rating as themselves and learn how to adjust to the teaching
perceived by the students. It is implied that the approaches of the teachers towards learning
modules are comprehensive, understandable, and mathematics for them to have a better academic
suitable to their level. (4) The performance of performance. They may should be adept with the
experimental group after using the self – designed e – proper usage of the different learning modalities to
learning module in adding and subtracting of rational improve learning. Responsible use of internet and
expressions in Mathematics 8 produced an increase in other social media platforms may also be embodied by
the m ean sco r es of the test s in term s of them to avoid abuse and misinformation. (5) That the
comprehension, analyzing and evaluating compared to future researchers would continue to conduct research
control group exposed in traditional approach. The pertaining to the performance and approaches in the
Mean Percentage Scores of the control group is field of Mathematics. The results of research and
Average Mastery (AM) while Moving Towards investigation will cater information and data for the
Mastery (MTM) is recorded in the experimental group school administrators, curriculum planners and
after using the self – designed e – learning module. (5) resource managers and teachers in planning and
The performance of students in the control and developing programs that will be beneficial in the
experimental groups differs significantly on the different learning institutions and its clienteles
implementation of the self-designed e-learning module especially in unprecedented situations.
in adding and subtracting of rational expressions in
Mathematics 8. This implies that the use of self-
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Erick O. Manibog
performance is differed with the use of self-designed e
• Bagong Silangan High School
learning module. It is then recommended that
Department of Education – Philippines
principals may set targets in order to ensure that the
• Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez
teachers have adequate instructional media and
Institute of Science and Technology - Philippines
internet connectivity so as to further improve the
performance of students amidst distance learning
modalities. (4) The students should motivate

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