Lemongrass Final Inquiries
Lemongrass Final Inquiries
Lemongrass Final Inquiries
KAGAWARAN NG EDUKASYON
Rehiyon XI
Sangay ng Lungsod ng Davao
Lungsod ng Davao
CALINAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Peñano Street, Calinan, DavaoCity
TELEPHONE NO.: 295-0720
by
Vernon G. Talandang
A research paper
submitted in partial
February 2019
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables………………………………………………………….……………….iii
Dedication…………………………………………………………….…………….….iv
Abstract……………………………………………………………….……………..….v
Chapter One
Introduction……………...……………………………………………….1
Research Locale………………………………………………………...3
Conceptual Framework….……………………………………………..3
Hypotheses………………………………………………………………4
Definition of terms………………………………………………………6
Chapter Two
Related Literature……………………………………………………….8
Lemongrass oil…..………………………………………………………8
Tall Fescue…………….………………………………………………...9
Related Studies……………………………………………………..…10
Chapter Three
Methodology……………………………………………………………………13
Research Method…...…………………………………………………13
i
Collection of Plant Material……...……………………………………13
Samples………………………………………………………………...16
Treatment of Data……………………………………………………..17
Chapter Four
Results and Discussion……………………………………………………….19
Mortality of Tall Fescues…….………………………………………..19
Chapter Five
Findings…………..…………………………………………………….22
Conclusion………………………………………………………….…..23
Recommendation………………………………………………………23
References……………………………………………………………………………..25
Appendix A: Acknowledgement…..………………………………………………….29
ii
Appendix B: Letter requests to conduct the study………………………………….30
List of Tables
List of Figures
iii
Dedications
this study to their research teacher Mr. Eleazar B. Miones for the knowledge that
he gives throughout the making of the study. Due to his guidance and
intelligence, the researchers were able to finish the study in the right time.
The researchers also give honor to their parents for their motivation and
support for the success of the present study. The study will not be completed
And lastly, the researchers dedicate this study to the future researchers
who would like to continue this kind of study. This research study will surely help
iv
ABSTRACT
Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is one of the common weeds that are
found in the Philippines which is toxic to newly planted tree seedlings and can
containing citric acid which can kill weeds. The study evaluated the effect of
this study. There are 5 set-ups, each containing four Tall Fescues for organic
herbicide and another 5 set-ups, each containing four Tall Fescues for
commercial herbicide. After applying the two treatments, the mortality rate of Tall
Fescues was recorded. The results showed that there is no significant difference
v
Chapter 1
Introduction
The mere problem of having a lawn is having weeds as well. The Tall
Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is one of the common weeds that are found here
2018). Having weeds in a lawn can be a great competitor of plants for nutrients.
another due to the release of toxic substances. This thing also happens between
the plant and the weed beside it. Yields with a lot of weeds are experiencing
The annual global economic loss caused by weeds has been estimated at
more than $100 billion U.S. dollars (Gonzales, 2017). Moreover, weeds are really
pests not only to the farmers but also in the economy of the country. Problem
with weeds can result in a shortage of production of crops and plants. Weeds,
considered obnoxious plants, are one of the pests associated with any
agriculture endeavor and compete with rice and vegetable plants for sunlight,
species, contribute significantly to land degradation, and reduce farm and forest
productivity. Weeds rapidly invade backyards in a short period of time and some
of them are hard to eradicate that can cause headaches to the owners. They
cause heavy losses in yield because they grow faster than crops and consume a
large amount of water and nutrients (Kulkarni, 2013). Based on Watling (2016),
herbicide products have emerged on the market. These include Weed Pharm
(20% acetic acid), C-Cide (5% citric acid), GreenMatch (55% d-limonene),
Matratec (50% clove oil), WeedZap (45% clove oil + 45% cinnamon oil) and
one of the ways to eradicate them in the yields. However, some of backyard
owners and farmers cannot afford good quality herbicide because of the high
price. Thus, the researchers are eager to produce less expensive but good
quality herbicide that will surely help farmers and backyard owners to
exterminate weeds.
Research Locale
Calinan National High School (CNHS) during the academic year 2018-2019.
Calinan National High School has the laboratory with the needed materials
owned renowned expert teachers that would judge and validate the outcome of
the research to produce quality and excellent research. Senior High Teachers of
CNHS also have their exposure and experience about handling and making
researches that will surely help the students in creating their own researches.
Conceptual Framework
obtain optimal weed control and crop yield. The current study is related in the
way that this study also wants to use herbicide to control weeds in lawn and
yields. Moreover, this research utilized two variables to show the effectiveness
of organic herbicide to the chosen weed. The independent variable in this study
while the dependent variable is the number of Tall Fescue weeds killed after
herbicide?
Hypotheses
For a deeper analysis of the study, the following hypotheses are tested:
commercial herbicide.
The study is focused on the effects of Lemongrass mixed with vinegar and
However, it was limited only with one species of weed and not on any
other weeds and any other plants which are not part of the study. The
Lemongrass with vinegar and water considered as organic herbicide will describe
and determine the effect on it on the weeds and compare on the commercial
the organic herbicide and the object and significant difference on the commercial
herbicide into the object will be grouped according to the effect on the weeds.
the data were treated statistically using T-test for Independent sample.
organic herbicide made by the researchers to kill the Tall Fescue weeds. Its
findings are helpful for those who have lawns or even backyards at home.
Parents. It will give them information about the negative effects of weeds in their
backyards or lawns. This study will also provide them with the benefits of using
Farmers. They can now afford less expensive organic herbicide that will surely
kill the weeds and can help them lessen the problems of the farmers in their
Future Researchers. This study can be their basis on their researches if they
Definition of Terms
For better understanding of the terms used in the study, the following were
defined operationally:
vertical leaves that are hard to eradicate once set, as the density of tall fescue
growth will eventually out-compete native species (Forney, 2018). This weed is
without adding chemicals and is used to kill the Tall Fescue weed.
lemon and widely used in Asian cooking and in perfumery and medicine (English
Oxford Living Dictionaries, 2018). This plant used as a main ingredient in making
the organic herbicide. This plant will be mixed with vinegar and tap water.
Chapter 2
Related Literature
Lemongrass Oil
The foliage of herbaceous plants especially plants that have essential oils
burn down within hours after application, and as is common with most
phytotoxins, plants with essential oils have a high concentration (Dayan & Duke,
2010). Lemongrass and corn contain phytotoxins which delay seed germination
and inhibition of plant growth or any adverse effect on plants (Purcell, 2009).
in other countries.
contains volatile essential oils, a fragrant chemical and powerful surface active
agent or surfactant that quickly dissolves fats, oils, and waxes. Using d-limonene
specifically Lemongrass oil just like any other strong detergent (ammonium
nonanoate or sodium lauryl sulfate, for example) can dissolve the waxy coating
on plant cell walls that will eventually cause water to leak then plants die of
herbicide and will damage any weeds on they contact (Lanini, 2011). Moreover,
GreenMatch EX gives organic growers the most efficient and longest-lasting burn
OMRI (Allen, 2008). According to Baker and Grant (2018), the essential oil of
agent that is very beneficial if they will make herbicide out of lemongrass oil.
organic acid, salt, and Sodium Lauryl Ester are added to the solution. Vinegar is
Salt can also increase the effectiveness of the solution. Sodium lauryl ester can
products, creams and lotions (Schaefer, 2015). According to Koperek (2015), this
sodium lauryl ester will strip the wax coating from cell walls that will cause the
Tall fescue
condition is present in the weed. Endophyte refers to tall fescue seed which
contains a fungus inside the weed and it is not recommended to have endophyte
weed for pasture or hay (Kopec, 2008). The Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea)
is one of the common weeds that are found in the Philippines which is toxic to
fescue propagates in clumps with vertical leaves that are difficult to eliminate
once set, as the tall fescue grows in number, it will eventually out-compete native
Related Studies
discloses that lemongrass oil is an effective pre and post emergence herbicide
on both broadleaved and grass weeds. Corn oil and/or other oil and/or an
organic acid, surfactants and other formulation ingredients may be combined with
the lemongrass oil to control the germination and growth of weeds. As a natural,
herbicide for weed control in organic farming systems. Moreover, one of the
Lemongrass Essential Oil, 20% Corn Oil, 17.5 Acetic Acid, 10% Glycerol Esters,
and 2.5% Sodium Lauryl Ester. According to the results of this study, all tested
herbicide. Thus, the said composition was also utilized in the study.
The study of Singh, Singh, and Singh (2008) entitled ”Suitability of organic
aromatic grasses” presented the field experiments that were established in July
1892 to examine the suitability of organic mulch and herbicides in three important
experiments, weeds caused an average of 40% reduction in herb and oil yields.
Organic mulch 3 t/ha, oxyfluorfen 0–5 kg/ha, diuron 1.5 kg/ha and simazine 1.5
kg/ha gave herb and oil yields equal to weed‐free check and proved superior to
the conventional method, which yielded 20% less than weed‐free check in the
first harvest year. In this study, it was concluded that lemongrass ranked 2nd
effect.
Based on the study of Dayan and Duke (2010) entitled “Natural Products
for Weed Management in Organic Farming in the USA”, citrus oil which is found
associated with its ability to get rid of the waxy cuticular layer from the leaves of
the plants treated, causing rapid dehydration and death of the tissues. The
50% lemongrass oil preparations. Thus, it is likely that such „greener‟ herbicidal
natural products may have their largest impact on conventional agriculture, which
(2006) entitled “Lemongrass” mentioned different ways to extract the oil from the
plant and one of those methods is Hydro and Steam distillation method. This
method is used for either fresh or dried plant material that would be damaged by
boiling. The most important aspect of this method is keeping the process cooler
than the other method of distillation. In this method, the plant material is loaded
on a grid fitted at some distance above the bottom of the still. The lower part of
the still is filled with water to a level below the grid. The distinctive features of this
method are (a) the steam is always fully saturated, wet and never superheated
and (b) the plant material is in contact with the steam only and not with the
herbicide.
and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts from C. citrus leaves on Lactuca sativa
(lettuce) root. For this study, lettuce seeds were treated for 72h with a dissimilar
Research Methodology
This chapter presents the method and procedure that was utilized in this
Research Method
The experimental research design that was used in the study is the
herbicide and another ten samples for organic herbicide made from lemongrass.
The following phases are done in order to gather such data to support the study:
Anama‟s residence located at Purok 15, Dominga Village, Calinan, Davao City.
Before getting the essential oil from lemongrass, the coil heat exchanger
was made using the coil from the refrigerator. After doing so, the Lemongrass
plants were harvested, then carefully washed and cut into pieces. Two jars of
water were poured into the pressure cooker, then the freshly cut lemongrass
were placed inside the pressure cooker. The stove was in low heat. A tube was
connected to the tip of the pressure cooker, and on the other end, the coil model
was attached. The coil heat exchanger was filled with ice and water. On the other
end of the coil model, a jar is placed to catch the steam from the lemongrass. As
the ice water was reduced, more ice is added. The process is based on the video
After getting the essential oil, the lemongrass broth was also added to the
The corns were bought in Calinan Public Market. The corns were carefully
washed and cut into pieces. Two jars of water were poured into the pressure
cooker then the corn was placed inside the pressure cooker. The corn started to
boil in a low amount of heat. On the other hand, the coil heat exchanger again is
transparent tube connected, and to the tip of the pressure cooker. A jar at the
end of the copper wire is placed which catches the steam that passes through
the tube. The copper model was filled with ice. As the ice water was reduced,
more ice is added. After getting the essential oil, the corn broth was added to the
Vinegar, salt, and detergent were bought at the Calinan Public Market. 61.25
mL of white vinegar was poured in a big jar. Then 35 mL table salt was added
and mixed thoroughly. After mixing, 8.75 mL of detergent was added and this will
act as surfactant and make vinegar and salt solution adhere to the weeds more
efficient. In order to have accurate measure, graduated cylinder was used by the
(2017). After making the solution, the lemongrass oil and the corn oil were
added.
City.
Plastic pots were bought at the Calinan Public Market. Each Tall Fescues
have one plastic pot and a fence was made to guard the weed. A total of 5 set-
ups composed of 4 Tall Fescue weeds were made. Each set-up has their own
A total of 500 mL of organic herbicide was made and put in the spray
container. Apply 2% of the solution to each Tall Fescue Samples. The application
Konchederfer, & Miller, 2012). Purposive Technique was also utilized in applying
bag and sealed properly. The garbage bag was then placed in a 50 cm deep hole
that was dug by the researchers and was buried (Peterson, 2008).
Samples
The sample being used in the study is the Tall Fescue (Festuca
After administering the organic herbicide to the Tall Fescue weeds, the
data for the mortality of the subject was recorded after applying. Quantitative
analysis was utilized to record the mortality of the Tall Fescue. Qualitative
analysis was also utilized to identify if there is a difference between commercial
herbicide and organic herbicide made from lemongrass based on the reaction of
the subjects.
Treatment of Data
1. Mean. This was used to determine the average mortality of Tall Fescue in
each treatment.
Formula: X=
Where: X is Mean
Σ is Summation Symbol
F is Frequency
N is Number of cases
2. T-test for Independent Sample. T-test for the independent sample was
used to discern if the proposed null hypotheses will support the study
Tall Fescue if the organic herbicide made with lemongrass oil is being
different set-ups. The total number of Tall Fescues per set-up is four. Moreover,
Type of Mortality
Organic 3 3 2 4 4
Commercial 4 3 4 3 4
evaluate the mortality of Tall Fescues after applying the two different herbicides.
Results showed that there is no significant difference (sig. 2-tailed > 0.05) on the
treatments.
Table 2. T-test for Independent Samples on Mortality of Tall Fescues after
treatment
Levene‟s Test for Equality of Variances T-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig.(2-tailed)
organic and commercial herbicide were applied. The mean of mortality of Tall
Tall Fescues is almost the same. The leaves of the Tall Fescues dried up. The
result is visible in a day after the application. This result supported the study of
Koperek (2015) that using d-limonene specifically Lemongrass oil just like any
example) can dissolve the waxy coating on plant‟s cell walls that will eventually
based form the findings and the recommendations based form the conclusions
commercial herbicide?
Findings
The salient findings of the study after conducting the experiment are as
follows:
1. The following are mortality of Tall Fescues per set-up after applying
organic herbicide: three Tall Fescues for Set-up 1, three Tall Fescues for Set-up
2, two Tall Fescues for Set-up 3, four Tall Fescues for Set-up 4, and four Tall
2. The following are mortality of Tall Fescues per set-up after applying
commercial herbicide: four Tall Fescues for Set-up 1, three Tall Fescues for
Set-up 2, four Tall Fescues for Set-up 3, three Tall Fescues for Set-up 4, and
4. The mean of the mortality of Tall Fescues when organic herbicide was
Conclusion
following:
Recommendation
lesser than 28.57% of the total solution to test the minimum concentration of
3. People who have their own backyard can also use the same organic
4. Use pure lemongrass broth rather than the essential oil to test its
effective herbicide.
5. After applying the two treatments to the Tall Fescues, wait for a week
before recording the mortality rate and describing the effect of the Lemongrass.
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APPENDIX A
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we, the researchers thank God for the blessings, knowledge,
and wisdom He gave us throughout this research. This research would not be
spiritually, and physically all throughout the research. Their support made the
our research adviser, for providing us with invaluable guidance, assistance and
We would also like to express our deep sincerity and gratitude to our class
adviser Mrs. Arlene B. Tesoro and Mrs. Mae Abenoja for letting the us do
research in the computer laboratory. We also thank Mrs. Jammie Rose Amarado
Sagayno, PSDS, our school principal, for approving our letter to conduct this
research.
APPENDIX B
CURRICULUM VITAE
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary: Salaman Central Elementary School SY 2012-2013
Highschool: Calinan National High School SY 2016-2017
Senior High School: Calinan National High School SY 2018-2019
SEMINARS/TRAININGS ATTENDED
DTI Seminar 2018
ORGANIZATIONS
N/A
SPECIAL SKILLS
Computer Literate
CURRICULUM VITAE
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary: Calinan Central Elementary School SY 2012-2013
Highschool: Calinan National High School SY 2016-2017
Senior High School: Calinan National High School SY 2018-2019
SEMINARS/TRAININGS ATTENDED
DTI Seminar 2018
Broadcasting 2018
ORGANIZATIONS
Gong
SPECIAL SKILLS
Computer Literate
Good in Music
CURRICULUM VITAE
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary: Calinan Central Elementary School SY 2012-2013
Highschool: Calinan National High School SY 2016-2017
Senior High School: Calinan National High School SY 2018-2019
SEMINARS/TRAININGS ATTENDED
DTI Seminar 2018
Campus Journalism 2018
ORGANIZATIONS
Gong School Newspaper
Ugong Radio Broadcasting
SPECIAL SKILLS
Singing
Dancing
Acting
Broadcasting
Writing
Playing instruments
CURRICULUM VITAE
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary: Calinan Central Elementary School SY 2012-2013
Highschool: Calinan National High School SY 2016-2017
Senior High School: Calinan National High School SY 2018-2019
SEMINARS/TRAININGS ATTENDED
DTI Seminar 2018
Regional Training for Campus Journalism 2018
ORGANIZATIONS
Ugong
SPECIAL SKILLS
Computer Literate
Mathematically inclined
Dancing
Writing
Editing
CURRICULUM VITAE
VERNON G. TALANDANG
Prk. 2,Biao Joaquin, Calinan, Davao City, Philippines
vernontalandang03@gmail.com
09094821050
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary: Joaquin Elementary School SY 2012-2013
Highschool: Calinan National High School SY 2016-2017
Senior High School: Calinan National High School SY 2018-2019
SEMINARS/TRAININGS ATTENDED
DTI Seminar 2018
ORGANIZATIONS
N/A
SPECIAL SKILLS
Computer Literate
Singing
Playing instrument
Mathematically inclined