Elektor Electronics USA 1992 09

THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
FOR RECREATIONAL ELECTRONICS

SEPTEMBER 1992 $3.00
CANADA ()()
11111WS'AME
EPROM EMULATOR II
23cm Transmitter-Receiver
Analogue Op Amp
Integrator Circuits
Audio-Video
Processor Pat
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WorldRadioHistory
TAPTO KITS
Our high quality !du will provide you Ivith educational projects. After you complete your kit, you will have ahigh-tech product that will provide years of
reliable operation. Assembly instructions in English, French, Dutch and German. Over 100 kits available. Call or write for afull-line catalogue.
K1771 FM Oscillator $16.95 K1803 Universal Mono Pre-Amplifier $7.95 K2622 AM-FM Antenna Amplifier $15.95
. pee,
t‘e""-19Q
4
J
F Ik
AF
Mini FM transmitter with good frequency Ideally suited as amicrophone amplifier, Do away with noisy signals! The K2622
stability (100-108MHZ). Built-in pre-amp signal matching of tuner or tape outputs.* gives you 22 dB gain where it's needed. DC
(5mV Sensitivity). Interfaces to all Supply voltage: 10-30 VDC (stabilized)* supply direct or via the coax cable (50-75
microphones. Requires 9-12 VDC. Gain: typ. 40 dB* Adjustable output level* Ohm impedance), metal box included.
Frequency range: 20 Hz to 20 KHZ (+/- 3
db)* Maximum input voltage: 40 mV.
K2637 2.5 Watt Mini Audio $13.95 K2666 Precision Stereo Vu-Meter $69.95 K2032 Digital Panel Meter $33.95
This small kit comes with apre and power Extremely precise VU-meter 2x30 LED's A compact kit that can be incorporated
amplifier. No adjustments required. Short "flying dot" readout* dB-linear scale from into many housings or into existing equip-
circuit protected. Power supply: 4,5 to 15 +6to -6 dB (0.75dB per LED)* Steadily ment* Power supply: 5VDC, 250 mA
VDC' Input sensitivity: power-Amp: 150 increasing scale partitions under -6d13* (regulated)' Read out: -999 mV to +99
mV (12V)* Pre-Amp: 20 mV (12V)* Max Peak measurements* No adjustments* mV, 1mV resolution* Overload indication
output 2.5W (4 Ohm, 12V)* Size: 42 x32 Maximum error 0.5dB. (positive and negative)* Linearity 0.1%*
x27 mm. Input impedance: 100 Mohm.
K2653 Digital Voice Record/Playback $61.95 K2645 Geiger-Muller Counter $119.95 K2659 Mods decoder w/LC-display $109.95
Record your voice message on aIC and Reliable acoustic indication of radiation Decode Morse messages on your shortwave
play it back! Short messages (10-12 level. Excellent sensitivity to Gamma rays receiver. This decoder keeps up with the
seconds) can be repeated to welcome your and high energy Beta rays. Battery quickest signallers or automatic stations,
guests in your home or store. Use your operated (9V). Battery life exceeds 2 and "notes" message on LCD.AI-
imagination. Tech data: Loudspeaker out- months in continual use and in normal phanumeric LCD. 1line of 16 characters*
put: 2W at 4Ohm' 9VDC regulated. natural radiation surroundings. Vey com- decodes Morse at almost any speed.
pact: 99 x 54 x 25 mm. Light weight;
assembled pcb weighs only 55 gr.
K2651 Digital Volt Meter $39.95 K4300 Audio Spectrum Analyzer $99.95
ORDER INFORMATION
= ICall:
Fax:
(303)-480-7544
(303)-480-7553
Mail: Tapto Corporation

This kit provides an easy-to-read display Provides visual composition of an audio
2650 W. 18th Street
Because of the simple power supply re- signal. Kit consists of two boards and at-
Denver, CO 80211
quirement and compact size of the kit, it tractive front panel with 10 frequency
can easily be incorporated into avariety of bands. Technical specs: 10 bands: 32, 64,
applications. Technical specs: Selectable - 125, 500, 1K, 2K, 4K, 8K and 16 KHZ•
PAYMENT METHODS
to + 200 mV or -to + 2V• Power supply: Range: 20 dB (10 LED's, 2dB per LED)* -- VISA
8to 15 VDC of 9V battery. Line input: adjustable from 100 mV to 2V -- MASTERCARD
rms, impedance 100K• Power supply 2 x -- CHECK
9v transformer: 12-15VDC• Current con-
sumption 0.75ADC max, 70mA in stand-by.
$5.00 SHIPPING CHARGE PER ORDER
Reeder Service #187
WorldRadioHistory
u
September 1992
CONTENTS Volume 2
Number 10
In next month's issue

(among others):
EDITORIAL
• Mains sequencer
• Flash EPROMs* 11 An Open Letter to You
• 8051 SBC
• History of the valve
AUDIO & HI-FI
• Active antenna for the
10 kHz — 220 MHz band 21 PROJECT: A.F. Digital-to-Analogue Converter—
• Pascal routines for Part 2
measuring card Design by T. Giesberts
• 8051/8032 assembler 48 PROJECT: Audio-Video Processor—Part 4 (final)
Audio frequency DAC -p. 21
course Part 7 an ELV Design
• AF digital-to-analogue
converter — final part COMPUTERS & MICROPROCESSORS
• RDS demodulator
14 PROJECT: EPROM Emulator II
• It is regretted that, owing to Design by B.C. Zschocke and N. Breidohr
circumstances beyond our con- 26 COURSE: 8051/8032 Assembler—Part 6
trol, this article has had to be
by Dr. M. Ohsmann
postponedfrom the September
to the October issue. DESIGN IDEAS
53 Replace Your Paging System with a

High-Powered Intercom
by Charles Kitchin (Analog Devices, Inc., USA)
Front cover
The photograph shows the
updated version of the GENERAL INTEREST
EPROM emulator we
23 cm FM transceiver -p. 33
41 PROJECT: Kerber Klock IV
published about three years
by R.J. "Bob" Kerber
ago. In the present circuit,
45 Analogue Op Amp Integrator Circuits
conventional rather than
by Joseph J. Carr
surface-mount (SMD)
components are used, since a
number of readers, RADIO, TELEVISION & COMMUNICATIONS
particularly those outside
33 PROJECT: 23cm FM Transceiver
Europe and North America,
by T. Forrester, G4WIM
have found difficulty in
48 PROJECT: Audio-Video Processor—Part 4 (final)
obtaining and handling
an ELV Design
SMD devices. The updated
version has 64 Kbyte of
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
RAM and is capable of
Kerber Klock IV -p. 41
emulating Types 2764 Electronics Scene 12; Advertisers' Index 58;
through 27512. Classifieds 58; Letters 58; Readers' Services 61;
Terms of Business 62.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA

(US ISSN 1051-5690) is published monthly
except August at 128 per year; $50 for two
years by Audio Amateur Publications, Inc.,
305 Union St., Peterborough NH 03458 USA.
Second class postage paid at Peterborough
NH and an additional mailing office.
POSTMASTER: Send address changes

to Elektor Electronics USA, Caller
Box 876, Peterborough NH 03458-0876.
WorldRadioHistory ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA SEPTEMBER 1992

MENTION ELEKTOR WHEN ORDERING!
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Reader Service #191
CAT* DCTX-1721
100 for $1.25 each 4150 Automotive cigar lighter plug with replaceable 5amp
1000 for $1.00 each ealimbi fuse. Quality, retractable coil cord extends to approxi-
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TRANSDUCER CAT* CLP-18
10 for $12.50 50
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ELECTRONIC
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An ultrasonic
microphone
BACKLIGHTS
consisting of abimorph type
COMPONENTS
piezo electric ceramic vibrator.
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volts: 20 Volts. 15/16' diameter
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Reeder Service #131

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA SEPTEMBER 1992 WorldRadioHistory
SAY YOU SAW IT IN ELEKTOR!
MABUCHI R/C HOBBY 8032 MICROCONTROLLER NICHICON HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTROLYTIC CAPS I
MOTOR Speed: 12MHZ. 44 Pin PLCC Used in switching #1 100 MFD /450 VDC #3 330 MFD /400 VDC
package. Mfg. by Signetics. $1.49. power supplies, Also 40 mm X24 mm. 85° C. 45 mm X30 mm. 85° C.
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CMOS EPROMS SURPLUS! Factory 45 mm X20 mm. 105° C. 50 mm X35 mm. 85° C.
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or cars 27C256-15 $2.95
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HI-TECH DISPLAYS
Approx. 12,000 RPM. Motor: 21/4
In. X17/16 In. Dia. $2.95 or 4/$10 HITACHI LCD SIEMENS SMART LED DISPLAY
1line X16 characters. #DLO-7135. 5X7 Red. With built in logic!
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WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA SEPTEMBER 1992
6
MORE NEW PRODUCTS!
PULSAR ADVANCED DIGITAL CIRCUIT SIMULATOR Z-MATCH II SMITH CHART RF DESIGN SOFTWARE
SOFTWARE Number One Systems Ltd.
Number One Systems Ltd. This package is the software implementation of the well-known paper
This digital designer is easily among the best in the world, complete Smith Chart developed by Philip Smith at Bell Laboratories in 1939. Over
with fully programmable signal sources, aprintable logic analyser display the past fifty years, the Smith Chart has become the standard analysis
capable of catching glitches down to 1picosecond, adjustable component tool for RF engineers. Z-MATCH II retains all of the graphical advantages
models, and much more. It is designed to relate directly to existing of the original chart while incorporating many features to eliminate
methods of breadboarding and testing designs. You build your circuit from repetitive calculation and to make the chart more accessible to the
components held in the libraries and then drive it from pulse generators, occasional user. Features include: high-resolution chart display, menu-
displaying the results on afamiliar logic analyser screen. Features include or command-line driven; linear and circular cursor movement; output to
simulation speed of over 1000 gate states per second (12MHz 286); dot matrix printer; impedance or admittance charts; open circuit/short
circuit complexity of over 1500 gate equivalents (640K RAM); maximum circuit points; normalized or actual parameters; rectangular or polar
simulated events of over 40,000 gate states (640K RAM); timing resolu- impedances; wavelength and actual distance; polar reflection coefficient;
tion of 1picosecond in over 250 hours; and 16-level subcircuit nesting. Re- standing wave ratio; equivalent inductance or capacitance; characteristic
quires IBM PC/XT/AT/386/486 or compatible; minimum 512K RAM; VGA impedance; frequency in use; dielectric constant or velocity factor; and
or EGA monitor; hard drive with MSDOS 3.x. Mouse or trackerball network Q value. Requires IBM PC or compatible with minimum 256K
recommended. 9/24-pin dot matrix or LaserJet Il compatible. From the RAM (384K for EGA and VGA displays); CGA, EGA, or VGA graphics
United Kingdom. Supplied in both 31 / "and 51/
2 4"disk sizes. Full docu- adapter and monitor (preferably color); DOS 2.x. Math coprocessor
mentation. Please allow five weeks for delivery. usable but not required. From the United Kingdom. Supplied in both
31/ "and 51/
2 4"disk sizes. Full documentation. Please allow five weeks for
Purchasing options available:
delivery.
SOF-PUL1B5GD PULSAR $7.50
SOF-ZMT1135G Z-MATCH II $375.00
Demo for IBM (usable as credit toward later purchase of full package)
for IBM
SOF-PUL1B5G PULSAR $375.00
for IBM
QUICKPLOT ADVANCED PEN-PLOTTER SCREEN DUMP
UTILITY SOFTWARE
PULSAR 74HC ADD-ON LIBRARY SOFTWARE Number One Systems Ltd.
Number One Systems Ltd. QUICKPLOT is a memory-resident program (TSR) for producing a
Package for PULSAR above contains more than 75 device models, graphics screen dump from aPC or compatible to an HPGL or compatible
including gates, open collector gates, flipflops, inverters, counters, de- pen-plotter. It is ideal for producing instant plots from CAD programs, for
coders, monostables, retriggerable monostables, multiplexers, demulti- generating HPGL output from packages lacking this facility, and for
plexers, comparators, latches, buffers, shift registers, bus registers, and importing complex screen graphics into desktop-published documents.
bus transceivers. Supplied in both 31
/ "and 51/
2 4"disk sizes. Please allow
Unlike the built-in pen-plotter drivers in many programs, QUICKPLOT will
five weeks for delivery. plot the entire screen just as it is, including menus, error messages, and
SOF-PLA PULSAR 74HC ADD-ON LIBRARY $115.00 cursors—just the thing for preparing illustrations for advertising or instruc-
for IBM tion manuals. Supports over ten screen modes, from Hercules mono to
CGA/EGA/VGA (but does not support DOS Text mode). Requires IBM
PC or compatible; MSDOS 3.x; VGA, EGA, CGA, or Hercules screen;
PULSAR 74HCT ADD-ON LIBRARY SOFTWARE and HPGL-compatible plotter for hard-copy output. Occupies approxi-
Number One Systems Ltd. mately 55K of RAM when loaded. From the United Kingdom. Supplied in
Same as above, for 74HCT. Please allow five weeks for delivery. both 31 / "and 51/
2 4"disk sizes. Full documentation. Please allow five
weeks for delivery.

SOF-PLB PULSAR 74HCT ADD-ON LIBRARY $115.00
for IBM SOF-GPT1B5G QUICKPLOT $110.00
for IBM
L= 2.75e-88 Henries Wavelengths towards:

Configuration Generator Analyser Libraries MIX FIHelp putt
File ,COUNTOCOME1 0/11/New:IDFFFS Match < , • • 41 Ref.Coef.= 8.58 Generator= 8.8571
it SUMP
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2 OUT7 (
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4 OU710 rI I
2 OU711
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2 011714 j Zo= 50 Ohm 0.299.j8.345
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Freg= 188.0 Mftz Impedance-Ohms:
z
Zooe Pan Utuocreats , 1.400 mS Rat , I28.543 ul 01v-30 000 uS Snap Dielec.constant=1.80 14.957 .j17.256
PULSAR screen. Z-MATCH II screen.
WorldRadioHistory
MORE NEW PRODUCTS!
ELECTROSTATIC LOUDSPEAKER BKT6 THE TAPELESS DIRECTORY BKSY1

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION $19.95 Yasmin Hashmi, Stella Plumbridge $39.95
Ronald Wagner This valuable reference, now in its second edition, is the only inde-
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Amateur Press for the first time. Both a"how-to" book and an informative editing systems. It is divided into two parts: The first gives acomprehen-
text on electrostatic speakers, it provides a step-by-step sequence for sive background to the technology, explaining terminology, operational
building full-range electrostatic speakers as well as acquaints the reader procedures, and design strategies and including useful pointers for those
with their basic operating principles. The book also describes the important considering investing in a system. The second part provides detailed
parameters of an electrostatic speaker and indicates how each affects information on the systems and is organized according to type. The data
performance. Intended for the audio amateur, musician, craftsman, or provided for the systems is in an easily comparable format and includes
anyone else who is not only interested in this type of speaker, but would target market(s), operational and technical specifications, anticipated
also 'ike to obtain the very best in sound reproduction. Chapters include: developments, and cost and supplier details for the USA and Europe.
How It Began; Electromagnetic Speakers; Speaker Measurements; Elec- United Kingdom, 1991, 72pp., 81/
4 x 11 3
4 ,
/ softbound.
trostatic Loudspeakers; Building a Full-Range Electrostatic Speaker;
Frames and Ribs; Preliminary Assembly; Preliminary Speaker Testing;
USING TIME CODE IN THE REEL WORLD II BKSR1
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original book is the Chapter 15 article by Malme.) Appendix with construc- maintaining the relationship between the sounc recorded on audio tape
tion info, Index, Bibliography. 1987, 1992, 244pp., 71 / x91/
2 2,softbound. and the image recorded separately on film or videotape. In addition, it
IN FRODUCTION; PLEASE CHECK AVAILABILITY. provides an initial reference point without clapstick slates; in fact, it
provides acontinuous reference inherently, without edge coding or other
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RADIO AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEER'S BKHN2 reader understand time code and know what standard to use for every
POCKET BOOK $27.95 possible application. Its level varies from elementary to somewhat ad-
Keith Brindley vanced, but it develops each subject area in a comprehensible manner,
This completely revised and enlarged seventeenth edition of the sometimes including a touch of humor. It is assumed that the reader
invaluable standby is agreat compendium of facts, figures, and formulae knows non-TC sound recording techniques and understands (somewhat)
indispensable to the designer, student, service engineer, and all those the operation of the Nagra IV-STC, Denecke TS-1 slate, and so forth.
interested in radio and electronics. The author's main criterion in choosing Index, Glossary, Bibliography. 1992, 110pp., 81 / x 11, Velo bound with
2
what to include was to ask himself, "What do /look up?" He thus has tried vinyl covers.
to include anything and everything of relevance to radio and electronics
referred to in literature. A considerable amount of new material relating
THE NEW STEREO SOUNDBOOK BKT23
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This book is a comprehensive, nontechnical guide to stereo sound
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This is a pocket book, in a very handy size. United Kingdom, 1987,
stereophonic perception, recording, and reproduction. The authors pro-
201 pp., 33
4 x7
/ 4 ,hardbound.
/
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vide easy-to-follow experiments and all the diagrams, tables, and photo-
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DIGITAL AUDIO AND BKHN3 system. Topics include the development of stereo from its earliest stages
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Edited by Luc Baert, Luc Theunissen, and Guido Vergult, this is the
optimal stereo listening; auditory spaciousness; multidimensional and
definitive book on CD players and technology and is essential reading for
surround sound systems; and much more. 1992, 296pp., 7 x 10, soft-
audio engineers, students, and hi-fi enthusiasts. All modern and proposed
bound.
sound transmission/storage systems use digital techniques, specifically
pulse code modulation (PCM). This is a clear and easy-to-follow intro-
duction which also includes atechnical description of DAT (digital audio DESIGN & BUILD ELECTRONIC POWER SUPPLIES BK724
tape). BKHN3 is produced by Sony, using all of their resources and
Irving M. Gottlieb $17.95
expertise as one of the forerunners in this field and co-inventor of the
Power supply technology has come a long way in the past few years,
compact disc digital audio system. Contents include: Principles of Digital
largely as a result of new techniques that allow higher switching rates
Signal Processing; Sampling; Quantization; AID Conversion Systems;
with no significant loss in performance. This practical guide to modern
Codes for Digital Magnetic Recording; Principles of Error Correction; The
power supply design and new construction techniques will bring the
Compact Disc; Compact Disc Encoding; Opto -Electronics and the Optical
reader up to date on today's most advalced power supply circuits,
Block; The Servo Circuits in CD Players; Signal Processing; Digital Audio
components, and measurement procedures. The author includes full
Recording Systems; PCM; Video 8; R-DAT; S-DAT; and DASH. United
coverage of the older 20kHz power switch standard, as well as describes
Kingdom, 1988, 253pp., 73 /
4 x 10, hardbound.
how new high frequency devices are reducing production costs and
dramatically improving power supply efficiency, reliability, compactness,
and volume. New advances covered include electronic and synchronous
rectification; resonant-mode switching; sine-wave power supplies; cur-
rent-mode control; IGBT power switch.7,s; MCT thyristors; and more.
1991, 163pp., 7 x10, softbound.

MORE NEW PRODUCTS!
DAT: THE COMPLETE BKT25

GUIDE TO DIGITAL AUDIO TAPE $12.95
DeIton T. Horn
Everything you need to know about the latest development in sound
reproduction-digital audio tape-is clearly explained in this easy-to-under-
stand book: what DAT is, how it works, and how it differs from competing
analog and compact disc technology. After a brief overview of basic
analog and digital recording concepts, the reader will find in-depth
coverage of DAT techniques and equipment, manufacturer's information
on available (and soon to be available) systems, and what the future holds
for DAT technology. 1991, 254pp. 7 x 10, softbound.
TROUBLESHOOTING AND REPAIRING BKT26

THE MODERN OSCILLATOR BKT27 ELECTRONIC MUSIC SYNTHESIZERS $16.95
CIRCUIT ENCYCLOPEDIA $12.95 De/ton T Horn
Rudolf F. Graf This illustrated manual is enjoying a growing audience among musi-
This valuable reference contains an assortment of more than 250 cians who want to save money on repairs, as well as among technicians
ready-to-use oscillator circuit designs representing the latest engineering and hobbyists who want to learn more about the new generation of
practices. Organized by application for easy reference, the circuits are in musical synthesis equipment. The author provides complete, step-by-
their original form to prevent transcription errors. Each entry includes a step instructions for servicing or replacing all synthesizer components
schematic and a brief explanation of how the circuit works. The author and circuitry, from that found in older analog devices to today's most
also lists the original source for each circuit in asection at the back of the advanced digital systems. Musicians will also find plenty of solid advice
book, making it easy for the reader to obtain additional information. Types on how to refurbish old or unusable equipment and how to modify and
covered include audio, burst, sine-wave, Miller, Colpitts, Wien-bridge, expand existing setups. Entire chapters are devoted to MIDI circuitry,
bias, multivibrator, crystal, RF, square-wave, Pierce, TTL, code, voltage- cabling, and other aspects of computer-controlled digital synthesis tech-
controlled, and function generators. 1992, 184pp., 7 x 10, softbound. nology. 1992, 206pp., 7 x 10, softbound.
OLD COLONY EASY ORDER FORM
QTY. ITEM NO. PRICE EACH TOTAL
NAME
COMPANY
STREET
CITY ST ZIP
DAYTIME TELEPHONE
SHIPPING PLEASE REMIT IN US DOLLARS ONLY. PAYMENT BY:

FREE CATALOG
CHECK / MONEY ORDER UMASTERCARD Ll VISA
TOTAL
MC OR VISA EXP.
PLEASE BE SURE TO ADD SHIPPING CHARGES: OLD COLONY

Shipping Charge According to SOUND LAB
Destination and Method Desired (S)
PO BOX 243, Department E92
United States Canada Other Peterborough, NH 03458-02M USA
Order Value Surface Air Surface Air Surface Air
24-Hour Lines
<$50.00 3.00 7.50 5.00 7.50 10.00 20.00
$50.00-99.99 4.00 15.00 7.50 15.00 20.00 30.00 Telephone: (603) 924-6371 or (603) 924-6526
$100.00-199.99 5.00 20.00 15.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 FAX: (603) 924-9467
>$200.00 6.00 30.00 25.00 30.00 40.00 50.00

MENTION YOU SAW IT IN ELEKTOR!
9
SENSATIONAL KITS! 134th SMPTE Technical Conference and Equipment Exhibit

(Including Media Integration)
•Easy To Assemble. November 10-13, 1992 — Metro Convention Centre
•Learn While You Build. Toronto, Canada
•Detailed, Stop-by-Step Instructions.
•All Parte and Attractive Case.
Supplied.
SEND FOR FREE CATALOG
11\1 Speech Devices,

all ula\ 11.110..:
Microprocessors, Test
TUTORIAL SEMINARS •HANDS-ON-WORKSHOPS
'WY
M
▪R SP
. .1•11.1.,
Instruments, Software,
and More!
TECHNOLOGIES TECHNICAL SESSIONS éEQUIPMENT EXHIBIT
20993 Foothill Blvd, Suite 307E, Hayward, CA 94541-1511
r All-Day
- Tutorial Seminars On Mon. Hands -On -Workshops
Reader Service 10104 November 9th November 10 -13th
-THE POST EXPERIENCE" Post -
Production "MULTIMEDIA PRODUCTION"
Micro Video Cameras

Techniques and "MULTIMEDIA WORLD" "TELETRAINING AND LEARNING"
The integration of video and computer "MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATIONS"
technologies. "INFORMATION ACCESS AND RETRIEVAL"
Small size 13/8" x11/4" x21/4" Light Weight 2.5 oz. Low Four Days of Technical Sessions EQUIPMENT EXHIBIT
November 10-13th November 10-13th
Power 7-14 volts. @ 80ma. Low Light @ 2Lux. Camera "IMAGES IN MOTION—THE SECOND Discover advanced motion imaging equipment,
CENTURY" Examine the advances and
comes complet in metal case with 3ft. plug & cable for video developments in motion picture and
prototypes, new product introductions and
meet the industry's leading manufacturers
television methodology.
out and power. Camera is presently in use in !WC airplanes, and innovators.
helicopters, cars, tanks and robots. Camera output is NTSC EXPERIENCE THE SMPTE DIFFERENCE!
or PAL ,240 line resolution with electronic iris. Full stock If you want to look beyond broadcasting and see the linking of motion imaging
on hand. VHS video available for $10. l and computer science, be sure to attend the 1992 SMPTE Conference and
euipment Exhibit. November 9-13 is the time, Toronto, Canada is the place.
Satification Guarenteed!
All Cameras Factory New. For product information

and ordering. Call 1(800) 473-0538 FAX (714) 545-8041 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engin cc r •
595 West Hartsdale Ave., White Plains, New York 10607. IS2
MICRO VIDEO PRODUCTS Call (914) 761-1100 Fax 19141761-3115
1334 So. Shawnee Dr. Santa Ana, California. tip 92704

Reader Service #120
Reader Service #177
HEAR EVERY SOUND

OVER 1 MILE AWAY!
Simply attach the VT-75 microtransmitter to any 3V
CELLULAR TELEPHONE
to 12V battery and you can hear every sound in an
entire house over 1 mile away! Super-sensitive cir-
cuit on a sine chip even picks up footsteps from
MODIFICATION HANDBOOK
across a large room. Tunable from 80 to 130 MHZ.
Hear everything on any FM radio or wideband scanner tuned to the "secret" fre-
quency you select. Unlimited uses for security, baby monitor, remote mic, etc.
Not a toy. The VT-75 meets many U.S. Gov't Military Specs and with
100mW RF output, it is the smallest, most powerful miniature transmitter you
can buy. Easily assembled even by a youngster in only 5 minutes and performs How are hackers making
so well that it is the only miniature transmitter available anywhere that comes
with afull unconditional moneyback guarantee! Complete kit includes
VT-75 microtransmitter chip, miniature microphone, 9V battery connector and cellular phone calls forfree?
instructions -$49.95+ $1.50 S&H or save- buy 2 for $45.00 each with free
S&H! Call toll free or send money order, Visa, or MC acc't number for im- •Techniques for decoding & changing
mediate shipping by U.S. Mail. COD's add $4. Checks allow 21 days.
cellular phones' NAMS & ESNS
DECO BOX 607
BEDFORD HILLS, NY
•Where to buy programming devices
INDUSTRIES' 10507
1-800-759-5553 (u.s. ONLY) ALL OTHER 914-232-3878 •The "roaming technique" scam!
Reader Service #52 •Chip supplier's phone numbers
12 INSTRUMENTS IN ONE TRUE RMS-LCR-Hz-dBm •Instructions on how to change phone numbers on all models
• DC VOLTMETER • AC VOLTMETER
•Cellular phone manufacturer's ESN codes
• AC CURRENT • DC CURRENT
• OHMMETER • DIODE TESTER
• AUDIBLE CONTINUITY TESTER
• dBm • CAPACITANCE METER Complete Manual only $79.95
• INDUCTANCE METER • LOGIC PROBE
• FREO COUNTER to 20MHz
0.1"0 ACCURACY UMBER M.O. or C.O.D. to
on DC Voltages
10M OHM IMPEDANCE, RELATIVE MODE &
DATA HOLD, MAX/MIN AVERAGE MEMORY
RECORD, 10A HIGH-ENERGY FUSE PROTECT,
SPY Supply
AUTO SLEEP & POWER OFF with Bypass
TRUE RMS nus Model 94
7Colby Court Suite 215
COMES WITH #990111
2YR WARRANTY Bedford, NH 03110
YELLOW HOLSTER, $19995
PROBES, BATTERY,
FUSE, STAND
(617) 327-7272
KELVIN (800) 645-9212 wc

EL E GTR N C S (516) 756-1750 VISA Sold for educational purposes only
10 HUB DRIVE, MELVILLE, NY 11747 (516) 756-1763/FAX
Reeder Service #97

WorldRadioHistory
MENTION ELEKTOR WIIEN ORDERING!
10
SATELLITE RECEPTION ELECTRONICS
• Design, operation and repair of

ELEKTOR World Sate lite TV
Scram')lie Methods
satellite receivers, modulators,
antennas, feeds & LNBs
BINDERS The Technicians' Handbook
-bd Edobirr- • Complete circuit diagrams of four
satellite TV receivers
Keep your valuable copies in perfect • Encryption & scrambling methods
TO ORDER -Send $40 plus $3 s/h to:
condition in these Elelctor Binders. Baylin Publications
Each binder holds 11 issues with wires 1905 Mariposa, Boulder, CO 80302
so you don't have to punch holes CREDIT CARD orders also accepted
356 pages, 8.5 x 11" 303-449-4551
in your magazines.
High quality, book binder cloth Request our FREE CATALOG of other
construction. The logo is stamped in gold books about Satellite & Private Cable TV
on adark green background.
MAKE CIRCUIT BOARDS THE NEW EASY WAY
each $12
three or more, $10 each
WITH TEC-200 FILM

Shipping: Postpaid in US. JUST 3 EASY STEPS:
Canada and Caribbean, please add $4 for one, $2 • Copy circuit on TEC-200 film using any
plain paper copier or laser printer
• Iron film on to copper clad board
• Peel off film and etch
for each additional binder.
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Overseas, please add $4 per binder. convenient 8V2 x 11 size
5-Sheets for $3.95 10-Sheets only $5.95
add $1.50 postage NY res, add sales tax
The MEADOWLAKE Corp.

Dept D, P.O. Box 497, Northport, NY 11768
A N NOUNCING 1
A II ELEKTOR
T long last, Elektor project builders on this
side of the Atlantic can use this special ITEM
software downloaded from the Dutch
Elektuur's internal files. WRITTEN IN
TRACER 1982-1991
DUTCH, EIT provides the manufacturer
(name only) for more than 2700 hard-to-find OCSL PART# $795
European parts used in Elektor projects
SOF-EIT2B5
during the ten years covered. Menu-
2 x 360K DS/DD ii POSTPAID
driven and including a short list of transla-
tions for key words and phrases, this
detailed index is cross-referenced by ten
different parameters, including part num-
LI YE S! PLEASE SEND ME EIT (s)
ber and article title, and requires 4MB of 0 $7.95 POSTPAID FOR A TOTAL OF$ .
hard drive memory. Despite the language
gap, EIT is fun to use and easily mastered
NAME
in less than an hour—to provide a lifetime
of reference value. STREET
TELEPHONES:
CITY ST ZIP
(603) 9246371
(603) 9246526
DAYTIME TELEPHONE TODAY'S DATE
FA X.
(603) 9249467
PAYMENT BY: D MC D VISA E CHK/MO Li
OLD COLONY SOUND LAB

MC/VISA EXP. DATE
PO Box 243
Peterborough, NH 03458-0243 _
WorldRadioHistory
AN OPEN LETTER TO YOU
Many of you have taken the trouble to write some very FAX number for easy access.
nice comments about Elektor. Others have written to Some of you write asking where you can find parts
say what they don't like. Ithank all of you who respond. before reading the ad pages or our Old Colony Service
Frankly, however, we're having problems finding out Department ads.
about what you need, or would like to find, to pursue Further, too many of you seem not yet to recognize
your electronics avocation. In the last issue we began that we live in "one world." First of all, electronics has
including reader service cards, aconvenient way to re- agenuine international "esperanto" in our electronic
quest information from advertisers. The cards also allow symbols. Some of you would comment, probably that
you to tell us about your needs and wants. We'd like in Elektor we use a set of symbols that are not tradi-
to find just the sort of product lines and supplies that tionally used in the United States. In our view that only
will help you build the wonderful projects crowding our makes us provincial. The rest of the world some while
pages month after month. ago recognized that aresistor was no longer alittle coil
We're not just serving luncheon in Elektor—we're of resistive wire on a porcelain tube that was repre-
serving agourmet banquet. sented by ajaggy wiggle. But have you noticed that you
Obviously, if you're really going to benefit and enjoy can pick up aGerman or Japanese electronics periodical
all these tasty offerings to the full, you'll need hardware, and understand quite abit about what the circuitry does,
parts, tools, and the like. just by reading the schematic?
Please ask our vendors for anything you need. Don't Ithink most of us have not yet realized the full impact
be bashful or hesitant—even if the part is "European." of the technologies we work with every day. It is atruism
Don't jump to the conclusion that the part is unavailable to say that we are "one world." But the barriers are fall-
just because it has astrange part number and isn't in ing and the distances are shrinking. Isuppose in our
your catalogs. It probably isn't there because no one has minds it is too risky to order parts from aplace to which
asked for it. we couldn't drive our cars if we wanted to.
We are going to great lengths to put advance infor- If Iorder from my old friend David Longland from
mation in vendor's hands (and any vendor may receive his wonderfully stocked establishment just south-east
such advance information just by calling our service of Heathrow airport in England, Iam not reaching all
department) via high-speed modem up to three months that much further afield than if I order from Los
ahead of publication. These reports include not only the Angeles. The credit card and the FAX machine have
parts mentioned within our construction projects, but literally shrunk the world insofar as electonic parts sup-
often sources of supply in Europe with telephone and plies are concerned.—E.T.D.
Published by Audio Amateur Publishing Group European Offices: HUNGARY PORTUGAL

Elektuur By Elektor Elektronikai folyoirat Ferreira & Bento Lda.
Editor/Publisher: Edward T. Dell, Jr.
Postbus 75 1015 Budapest R.D. Estef-83-ni, 32-1°
Editorial Offices:
6190 AB BEEK Batthyany U. 13. 1000 LISBOA
305 Union St., P.O. Box 876
The Netherlands Editor: Lakatos Andras Editor: Jeremias Sequeira
Peterborough, NH 03458-0876 USA
Telephone: 011 31 4638 9444
Telephone: 603-924-9464 (National) INDIA SPAIN
Telex: 56617 (elekt nI)
Elektor Electronics PVT Ltd Resistor Electronics Aplicada
or +1 (603) 924-9464 (International) FAX: 011 31 4637 0161
FAX: (603) 924-9467 (National) Chhotani Building Calle Maudes 15 Entio C.
Managing Director M.M.J. Landman
or +1 (603) 924-9467 (International) 52C, Proctor Road, Grant Road (E) 28003 MADRID
Advertising: Maureen E. McHugh BOMBAY 400 007 Editor: Agustin Gonzales Buelta
Overseas Editions Editor: Surendra lyer
Telephone: (603) 358-3756
FRANCE SWEDEN
FAX: (603) 358-0157 ISRAEL
Elektor sarl Electronic Press AB
Subscriptions: Katharine Gadwah Elektorcal
Les Trois Tilleuis Box 5505
Elektor Electronics USA P 0 Box 41096
B.P. 59; 59850 NIEPPE 14105 HUDDINGE
Post Office Box 876, TEL AVIV 61410
Editors: D.R.S. Meyer Editor: Bill Cedrum
Peterborough, New Hampshire 03458 Publisher: M. Avraham
G.C.P. Raedersdorf
Subscriptions to Elektor Electronics USA are UNITED KINGDOM
NETHERLANDS
available ONLY in the fifty United States, Elektor Electronics (Publishing)
GERMANY
Elektuur BV
Canada, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and P.O. Box 1414
Elektor Verlag GmbH Peter Treckpoelstraat 2-4
those Pacific territories administered by the Dorchester DT2 8YH
Susterfeld Strasse 25 6191 VK BEEK
United States of America. England
5100 AACHEN Editor: P.E.L. Kersemakers
International Advertising: Editor: E.J.A. Krempelsauer EditorlPublisher: Len Seymour
Uitgeversmaatschappij Elektuur by. PAKISTAN
P.O. Box 75 GREECE Electro-shop
6190 AB BEEK Elektor EPE 35 Naseem Plaza
Kariskaki 14 Lasbella Chawk Printed in the United States of America.
The Netherlands
Telephone: +31 46 38 94 44 16673 Voula—Athena KARACHI 5
FAX: +31 46 37 01 61 Editor: E. Xanthoulis Editor: Zain Ahmed ISSN 1051-5690
WorldRadioHistory
en
I ALEPH AMP ELECTRONICS SCENE I A NEW LOOK
Pass Laboratories' Aleph 0, ahigh power PC Boards' PCRoute ($99), the autorouter
Asymmetric Class A amplifier, is the first in for PC Boards Layout, now at version 4.0,
aseries of audio power amplifiers employ- uses two routing algorithms for typically 95%
ing single-ended or asymmetric Class A op- completion ratios. It has new graphics sup-
eration. Some of the Aleph 0's features in- port, including Super VGA. PCRoute also
clude minimal parts in the signal path, folded has an improved, almost seamless interface
cascode topology, full DC response, and a with its companion program SuperCAD Sche-
tiered regulated supply. matic. PCRoute 4.0 still includes the Appli-
It uses twice the energy of conventional conbravo to PCRoute netlist translation, so
push/pull Class A designs, but promises asu- it can be used with other schematic capture
perior musical characteristic and to deliver programs. Also included in this new version
more natural reproduction achievable. is via optimization. The program has acom-
Where push/pull Class A designs are biased pletely new look with all-new screens, in-
at V2 peak output current, Asymmetric Class cluding a pop-up window user interface,
I
A must be biased at peak ouput, which is making PCRoute 4.0 easier to use. Call for
why the amplifier runs hotter and has amore GET WITH THE PROGRAM an upgrade or further information. PCBoards,
modest power rating. While it will never Rigel Corporation introduced a training 2110 14th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL
leave Class A on apositive signal, an ordinary system for the 8031 family of microcon- 35205, (800) 473-PCBS, FAX (205) 933-2954.
Asymmetric Class A design would clip at trollers. Connected to an IBM PC or compati- Reader Service #268
negative currents beyond the bias point. To ble host, the R-31J/READS system allows
address this, Pass Labs developed a pro- writing, assembling, downloading, debuff-
prietary "pull" element that allows asmooth ing, and running applications software in the
transition to push/pull Class A operation at MCS-51 language. READS contains an edi-
negative peaks in excess of 128W. Pass states tor, a cross-assembler, and host-to-board
that this design is capable of peak currents communications in a user-friendly, menu-
well in excess of 100A on both positive and driven environment. Debugging functions in-
negative peaks, and will operate with com- clude breakpoints, single-stepping, source-
plete stability into impedances <1(2 with any level debugging, and inspecting and modify-
0-90 °phase angle of reactance. ing external memory, internal registers, and
For more information, contact Pass Lab- special function registers. The MCS-51 in-
oratories, 21555 Limestone, Foresthill, CA structions are included in the comprehensive
95631, (916) 367-3690, FAX (916) 367-2193. on-line help system. All READS functions
Reader Service #266 can be activated from the menus, or alter-
natively, by hot-key combinations. Software
may also be written in BASIC when the
R-31J is populated with Intel's 8052 BASIC
chip.
You may either purchase the R-31FREADS I AUDIO REFERENCE GENERATORS
complete for $130 or in kit form for $95 from Tobin Cinema Systems ITCS) announces
Rigel Corporation, PO Box 90040, Gaines- two Audio Reference Generators (ARG), the
ville, FL 32607 (904) 373-4629. TCS ARG-440 and ARG-1000, to generate
Reader Service #272 pure accurate crystal tone of 440Hz (A4 to
musicians) or lkHz. They also provide preci-
I
sion pink and white noise for audio tests or
PORTABLE TRANSCEIVER special uses. The ARG is useful for updating
An incorrect price appeared in aprevious run audio consoles in the video, film, and music
of the following announcement. Apologies go industries. Each model has an accuracy of
out to those inconvenienced by our error.—Eds. 10 parts per million (ppm) guaranteed; 3ppm
(0.0003%) typical.
I
MFJ Enterprises announces the Model Outputs are electronically balanced 600f1
HYBRID TRANSCEIVER A HIT MFJ-9020, a 5W 20-meter CW transceiver and deliver OdBm, or may be used untermi-
Ten-Tec of Sevierville, TN reports that the that covers 14.000-14.075MHz, has asuper- nated at +6dBu or unbalanced at OdBu, or
Omni-VI hybrid transceiver has sold out its hetrodyne receiver, RIT, audio-derived loaded for a signal level. The ARG set in-
first and second production runs. AGC, and abuilt-in earphone jack. This trans- cludes acalibrated circuit board, color-coded
The unit combines crystal mixing, amicro- ceiver, which fits easily in abriefcase, has detachable 16-wire cable, wall supply, and
processor featuring sophisticated software an eight-pole crystal filter with 500Hz band- mating DC power plug. The ARG may also
control, and automatic notch filter using dig- width, Vernier tuning, and operates from be operated from any source of +12- +35V
ital signal processing. 12-15V DC. DC. Each costs $150.
Contact Ten-Tec, Inc., 1185 Dolly Parton The Model MFJ-9020 costs $179.95. For To order, contact Tobin Cinema Systems,
Parkway, Sevierville, TN 37862-3710; (800) details, contact MFJ Enterprises, PO Box 494, 3227 49th Avenue SW, Seattle, WA 98116,
833-7373. Mississippi State, MS 39762, (800) 647-1800. (206) 932-7280.
Reader Service #291 Reader Service #243 Reader Service #263
WorldRadioHistory
I
I FREE REPORT ELECTRONICS SCENE I WHERE TO LOOK
Analog Devices' new 56-page 1992 Ampli-
Sonic Perceptions announces the availabil-
fier Products Cross Reference Guide can
ity of areport prepared by the staff of HEAD
help you locate the amplifier best suited to
acoustics GmbH titled Computer-Aided Clas-
I
your needs. Divided into five sections, the
sification of Sound Effects Taking into Account
PORTABLE REAL-TIME ANALYZER guide includes ordering information, ampli-
the Pyschoacoustic Characteristics of Human
Scantek's Norsonic Type 840 single or dual- fier product selection trees, acomplete cross
Hearing. In handbook style, it offers asum-
channel real-time analyzer is billed as apor- reference table, military amplifiers, and sales
mary of calculations used to generate quan-
table, laboratory-grade instrument. and distributor information.
titative information about psychoacoustic pa-
It features Type 1specifications, 80dB dy- The products selection trees offer five sep-
rameters of sound, increasingly important
namic range, 1Hz-20kHz frequency analy- arate amplifier product families (high speed,
for noise management from products and in
sis range in both channels, storage for 10,000 precision, low power, low noise, and instru-
the environment.
spectra, 3.5" floppy drive, external VGA out- mentation) and divides each type by perfor-
The report documents anew approach, de-
put, and selectable polarizing voltages. mance characteristics and features. The guide
scribes procedures and examples and dis-
For brochure and prices, contact Scantek, also includes a section that lists standard
cusses theory. For a complimentary copy,
Inc., 916 Gist Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20910; military drawings, JAN QPL Class B and
send your request on letterhead to Sonic
(301) 495-7738; FAX (301) 495-7739. JAN QPL Class Sproducts.
Perceptions, Inc., 28 Knight St., Norwalk, CT
Reader Service #275 For details, contact Analog Devices Liter-
06851, (203) 838-2650, FAX (203) 854-5702.
ature Center, 70 Shawmut Rd., Canton, MA
Reader Service #249
I
02021, FAX (617) 821-4273.
HERE AND BE HEARD Reader Service #230
I
ICOM introduces the new IC-728 HF all-
MONOLITHIC SOLUTION band transceiver with high performance fea-
Analog Devices offers the AD7306 trans- tures such as triple conversion, tunable mem-
ceiver, asingle-supply, multi-protocol which ories, receiver passband tuning, and a100W
supports both RS-232 and RS-422. It is in- transmitter with speech compressor. Triple
tended for systems which, when operating conversion improves incoming signal qual-
from a single +5V supply, must commu- ity and interference suppression. Passband
nicate with equipment using RS-232 and tuning improves an operator's ability to cap-
RS-422 protocols. This space-saving, 24-pin ture signals they may have otherwise missed
SOIC generates ±10V internally using a by cutting out nearby signals. The unit's
charge pump voltage converter, which is ef- speech compressor effectively increases the
ficient enough to operate using nonpolarized transmitter output signal strength, giving the
miniature 0.1F capacitors. extra punch needed to cut through heavy traf-
The AD7306 transceiver interfaces TTL/ fic. Direct digital synthesis, amicroprocessor-
CMOS signal levels and dual standard EIA boosted tuning circuit, provides the channel
RS-232/RS-422 signal levels. The RS-232 chan- selected instantly. DDS also improves carrier-
nels communicate at rates up to 100Kbits/ to-noise ratio by blocking interference, allow-
second and the RS-422 channels are suitable
for high-speed communications up to 5Mbits/
ing the fast switching times needed for packet
radio. Other features include 26 memory I JOIN PACKET ACTION
channels, three types of scanning, and plug- MFJ Enterprises announces the MFJ-1271,
second. It is specified over the 0-70°C com-
in CW filters. ajoin packet which plugs into your Com-
mercial temperature range. Pricing is $3.75
IC-728 HF Transceivers are available at modore 64/128's cassette port, and when
(1,000s).
Icom dealers for under $1,100. Call ICOM' s coupled with aVHF handheld or HF single-
Contact Applications Engineering, Analog
brochure hotline to obtain additional data: sideband transceiver, acts as ahigh perfor-
Devices, Inc., 181 Ballardville St., Wilming-
(800) 999-9877. ICOM America, PO Box mance modem/TNC with DCD circuit and
ton, MA 01887, (617) 937-1428, FAX (617)
C-90029, Bellevue, WA 98009-9029, (206) adjustable threshold control. It reduces noise
821-4273.
454-8155, FAX (206) 454-1509. susceptibility and increases your two-way
Reader Service #229
Reader Service #256 contact/connect success, especially on HF
bands. A DCD LED indicates when you are
receiving signals properly. Other functions
include remote packet operation, mailbox-
like message forwarding, and Net/ROM
emulation.
The MFJ-1271 costs $49.95; accompanied
by aone-year unconditional guarantee. Also
available for $5 is MFJ's Digicom/64 public
software available as MFJ-1293.
For details, contact MFJ Enterprises, Inc.,
PO Box 494, Mississippi State, MS 39762,
(601) 323-5869, FAX (601) 323-6551. To order
toll-free call (800) 647-1800.
Reader Service #242

14
EPROM EMULATOR II
This is a revamped version of an EPROM emulator we
MAIN SPECIFICATIONS
published about three years ago. This time we propose to build
the circuit with standard size components rather than SMA • Emulates EPROMs 2764
through 27512
(surface mount assembly) components, which some of you
• Connected to Centronics port
have found difficult to obtain as well as handle. The present • Auto-reset function
version of the emulator has a RAM of 64 KByte, and is capable • 8-, 16- or 32-bit configuration
• No driver software required;
of emulating 2764s up to and including 27512s. Also, by
use is made of existing system
parallel connection of Centronics cables, extensions to bus utilities (MS-DOS, Windows, ST
widths of 16 bits or 32 bits are easier than before. and Amiga)
Design by B.C. Zschocke and vantages are well-known: the contents of the The data transfer from the PC to the em-
N. Breidohr RAM can be overwritten as many times as ulator described here does not require spe-
you like, and the data transfer from the PC cial file formats like Intel-Hex, Tektronics or
(running an assembler) to the target system Motorola. Instead, standard system utilities
A N EPROM emulator replaces the is much faster. Errors in the object program can be used to output the previously pre-
EPROM in a computer system (for are thus easily and quickly corrected, be- pared binary file via the Centronics port.
which aprogram is to be developed) by a cause it is no longer necessary to remove the
RAM that behaves like an EPROM. The ad- EPROM, erase it, and reprogram it. Application range
The present emulator replaces the byte-or-
ganized EPROMs with a capacity of
8 KBytes (2764) to 64 KBytes (27512). The
now obsolete 2-KByte and 4-KByte EPROMs
Types 2716 and 2732 may also be emulated
with the aid of aspecially prepared adaptor
board. Up to four emulators may be con-
nected in parallel to 'attack' systems with a
bus width of 32 bits. The EPROM data may
be furnished by any computer system with a
Centronics port. The STROBE pulses sup-
plied by the computer have four functions:
(1) they indicate that the data is stable and
valid; (2) they enable the emulator; (3) they
clock three-state counters 10, IC8 and IC9;
and (4) they select aparticular emulator in
16-bit or 32-bit systems.
The counter outputs address two RAM
ICs with acapacity of 32 Kbyte each. The
data applied to the input of the emulator is
'acknowledged', and copied directly into
the RAM. The selection of the RAMs is ac-
complished via A15 of counter IC9, and one
half of IC12. After the last byte has been
stored in the RAM, the counter is switched
to high-impedance output mode ('three-
state'). The individual RAM addresses are
then available for selection through the ad-
dress buffer, and can be read via the data
output buffer. The addressing of the RAM at
this stage is accomplished by the host sys-
tem, i.e., the computer system or (more gen-
erally) application circuit whose EPROM is
emulated
Circuit description
Essentially, the circuit consists of three
blocks:
(1) A control section around ICio and ICI 1,

which serves to ensure the proper bus tim-
WorldRadioHistory
EPROM EMULATOR II
RAM WRITE
ADDR -COUNT
CLK
1C8/9
IC3/4
I—
ç
Address
srAO...A15
IC7/1C12 Byte Counter
register Driver
3
O0
O0 driver
Byte Selection 3-state
3-state
8bit O0
o O0
16 bit
RLOAD
32 bit
WR
to
e
:
Tr A 14
A°.
EPROM
o o
RAI 5 socket
00
; 1C1
CS
1C12b
E§ VI
RAM IC2 Multiplexer
32K 8
RAM
32K8
OE
OE
IC10/1C11
Bus timing load register Driver
Latch
control Emulate IC5 D
D a
0.ta
..D8
IC13
Load 3-state
+5V G1 4 OE
106
02 14
SI.
11
A A
VA CENTRONICS
+5V RESET
FRONT COVER 910082X-12
PROJE
Data
00...D8
Fig. 1. Block diagram of the EPROM emulator.
ing on the Centronics interface, and gener-

ate anumber of internal signals. This section
lot bea end byte
also supplies the RESET signal for the appli- lebt byte
cation circuit (Auto-RESET). All signals are moor/lint of ICICt/
taken to the 'outside world' via open-collec-

tor buffers/drivers contained in IC13. One
driver serves to generate the strobe signal.
ICI0b
(2) A byte selection circuit (IC7 and one half ettb
of IC12), which arranges the distribution of

the received 8-bit data between parallel em-
ZT<
.
r
ulators in 16-bit and 32-bit applications. This
circuit is required only if a16-bit or 32-bit ex- IC10a L
tension is envisaged.
BUSY
(3) A RAM address and load address gener-

-1
Cita
ator consisting of a counter (IC5 and IC9) r--J- — load data Into RAM
I.
that supplies the RAM addresses during
1 ---- advance nter by
loading, alatch (IC6) for intermediate stor-
IL— toed data Into retest«
I C6
age of Centronics databytes, and drivers bed counter state into output reggae,. of C 7_9
(IC3, IC4 and IC5) that interface to the Counter ei3/9

0 o oH
l
2
EPROM socket in the application circuit.

Depending on the mode of operation of the
Output-Register IC8/9 o
o o 910082,13
circuit (loading or emulating), either the

counter/latch combination or the EPROM
socket interface are in control of the EPROM
addresses and data.
WorldRadioHistory
16 COMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS
5V
104
5V
1J
D 9 4 1
T
K1 A
IC4 IC5 IC6
4/1_0 0 _29
? IT
OOn OOn
30_0 0 27
36_0 0 _M_
T
34--o o 33
32_0 0 31
30 0 0—29
—
26 0 0 27 IC13a
RESET 26 0 0 " 2<

20 0 0 23
22 0 0 21 CLK
CDO 19 ADO
DO 0
• 2° 0 "
CDI 3 18 ROI
6 11_1 ..0 0 17 CD7
CD2 IC6 17 802
CD6 02 02
le 0 0 15
CO3 16 RD3
14 0 3 CDS 03 03
CO4 15 1
1124
1
0 _12_0 11 O4 74 cm
0
CO0
•1°oo 9
COS HCT OS 14 ROS "
CD3
CD6 06 13 RD6
L0
574 6
9
7 CD2
CD7 12 807 \
CDI 7 07
6 0 0
4 0 0
COO OC
Lo o
5V
S1-4
51-5
5.
0-4
±_o
0-0
S1-1
L-0 0-0
5V
5 5V
26
15 14
RCegl Cext IC13b \RAO 10
O
3 \RAI 9
11 5 \RA2
IC10a CCLK OA A2
5 1 \RA3 7 11 ROO/
Cl 08 A3 DO
12 2 ICI
CLR \11A4 12 801
5
CCLKEN OC 4
5 01
1
3
1
CCLR OD ?_ \RAS
02
13 RD2
13 4 \RAO 4
1
4 RCLK 00 A6 RAM 03
15 803/
74 \RA7 3 16 RD4
OF A7 DO
HC \RAS 25 17 1105/
06 05
590 • 62256
\RAO 20 18 RD6
OH 9 oe
\ RA10 21 19 1107
RCO A10 07
\ RAI I 23
9 All
\ RA12 2
Al 2 20
\ RA13 26 CE
A13
5 RAO / \°614 A14

CCLK O
5V
1 RAI / 0 414
'CS OB
12 RA2 /
CCLKEN OC
87 10 RA3 /
CCLR OD
13 RA•/
RCLK OE 5V
s
74 RAS /
28
RESET HC RA6 /
5 590
'1_LAL/..
.
O AO
C7
\RAI 9
RCO
\ RA2
9 3300 9 A2
\ RA3 7 Il ROO
A3
\ RA0 IC2
DI
5V \RAS 13 1102
AS 02
\RAO 4 15 1103
Ag RAM 03
RA7 3 16 1404/
11 5 RAB A7 04
86 CCLK OA AS 25 7 RD5
RAS
IC9 OB 24 62256 8 RD6 /
12 RAIS Do
CCLKEN OC 21
C6 19 RO7
10 RAll A10 07
CCLR 0 23
13 RA12 All
RCLK OE 2
7 6 74 RA13 /112
26 CE
RCext Cot HC RA14 A13
IS 590 RA
RAIS *14
o o OH
IC10b OTE 41.
IC11b RCO
12
cul
CLK 5 —9
19
13
\ RA15 14
ICIO - 74HCTI23 13
IC11 - 74HCT74
IC12 - 74HCT139 9
IC13 - 7407
Fig. 3. Circuit diagram of the EPROM emulator.
WorldRadioHistory
EPROM EMULATOR II
Since 64-Kx8-bit RAMs are not easily ob-

tained at reasonable prices, the present em-
ulator is based on two 32-Kx8-bit RAMs.
These offer a total storage capacity of
64 KByte, and allow the emulator to mimic
EPROMs up to and including the 27512.
1 J) C
1 ' i l 4 When smaller EPROMs are used, address
115 116 113 (1-1) 117 1 112
lines A15 (27256), A15/A14 (27128) or
(1) (T)
n
ICIO IC11 IC12 IC13 IC1 IC:
IC7 IC8 IC9
Ton TOOn TOOn
A15/A14/A13 (2764) must be tied to
Ton Ton
ground via the appropriate jumpers (see

1 T
Table 1).
Operation in detail
IC 14
9V
The Centronics standard stipulates that data
must be stable for acertain time before and
after the STROBE pulse. This ensures free-
dom of using either the leading or the trail-
ing edge of the strobe signal to capture data
from the printer's Centronics input. In the
470 330n loon 100,
16V 16V
emulator, both edges are used.
At power-up, R7 and C7 provide a de-
fined state. Bistables ICii• and ICiib are set,
RAI 18
while bistables ICioa and IClob are reset.
--/ RA2 17 Ienb clears all counters, and switches the
/ RAI 16
2 A2
4
A9\
circuit to the emulate mode. With reference
/ RAS 15
/ RA8 14
03 Al
AR\ to the timing diagram of the 8-bit version
74 HCT
/ RA13 13
5 541 A
7 A13\ .
(Fig. 2), the negative edge of the STROBE
RA1412 8 AI4\
signal triggers IClob, and resets ICiia and
/
56 A
/ RA15 1 9 A15\
A
,/ IC1 lb. Next, 'Cub switches the circuit to load
02
ZZ=Z2Z mode, and actuates the RESET line. IClia ac-

tuates the Centronics BUSY line, and the
positive edge at its output causes the
\RA10 17
YO AO
counter state to be transferred to the counter
Y A
\RA3
52
IC4
A2
RII
register, and the Centronics databyte to be
RA4
3
74
A3 transferred to the latch. Data and address
\RAS
54
HCT
4
are allowed to stabilize at the respective
\RA6
5 541 5
\RA7
06
5
: 2 K2 *
RAM inputs while the STROBE pulse lasts.
\ RA12
Y7 A7 5V 1 0 A15/
The positive edge of the STROBE pulse trig-
3 Al2/
gers ICioa, and actuates the RAM WRITE
02 "\A4 0 0-0
4 ° 0
19 \A13 0 0L._0 0 5 Al/
Rl 82 ,1.\4.E..,3_,0 0 7 A6/ signal and the Centronics ACKNLG (ac-

\
s A
A 9
,i 110
2
0 0
AS/
knowledge) signal during the monotime of
84/
Alo 14
16
0
0
0
0
13 A3/ 1Cloa. The signal edge that marks the mono-
00
15 82/
time sets ICiia, and so clears the BUSY sig-
18 7 Al/
20
-00
19 AO /— nal. At the same time, the counter is
00
19 22 0 0 21 DO advanced one state. The first byte has been
RD3 2
01 02 24 0 0 23 DI
stored in RAM, and the circuit is ready to re-
AO Y0 26 00 25 D1
RD2 3
Al Y1 28 0 0 27 ceive the next byte. A byte received within
IC5
•
the monotime of IClob causes this mono-
RD4
02 72
ROI
03 Y3 31
stable to be triggered again. Otherwise, the
0
RD5 74
0 33
04 HCT Y4
ROO 7
AS 541 e above cycle starts again on detection of the
•AR
9
ROO
RD7 9
Y
negative edge of the STROBE pulse. If no
Al Y7
databyte is received during the monotime of

zzezi/z£,,,zzizzmi271-zrzzzmzzi/zz
ICiob, the circuit switches to emulate mode,
clears the RESET signal, switches the coun-
5V
ters to three-state, and resets them. At this

point, the RAM addressing is taken over by
or
the application circuit.
To prepare the circuit for use in 16-bit or
83
32-bit applications, 10 and one half of 102
IC13e divide the internal RAM WRITE and
counter output signals. Depending on the
jumper setting, either the each first, second,
RESET
Ø$R third or fourth byte is copied into the latch,
while the counters receive an appropriately
IC 131
reduced number of clock pulses. The RAMs
*see text are switched via their CS (chip select) lines,
910082 - II
with the aid of address line A15 and the
other half of IC12.
At first glance, the outputs of IClob and
ICrib behave identically. Why, then, are
—.0m1M119449.0-
4. Track layouts (mirror images) and component mounting plan of the PCB designed for the EPROM emulator.
COMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS

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000000000000010000000
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WorldRadioHistory
EPROM EMULATOR II
19
= — —
COMPONENTS LIST S1: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
8-bit on on
Resistors: on
16-bit on
6 101.(12 Rl;R2;R4;R5;
R8;R12 32-bit on on
1 470Q R3
1 1ron R6
R7;R9;R10; Byte-# 0 1 2 3
4 1001(Q
R11
2 7-way 101(1-
2SIL R13;R14
Power external on
Capacitors: Power from EPROM socket on

Pitch 0.2 inch (5 mm): on
1+5V on Centronics kaput
1 470µF 16V radial Cl
2 330nF C2;C7 BUSY on Centronics input I on
11 100nF C3;C8-C18 (Switch =OFF when not otherwise noted)
1 1nF C5
Pitch 0.1 inch (2.5 mm):
1 100µF 16V radial C4 EPROM type Jumper A13 Jumper A14 Jumper A15
1 211.F2 16V radial C6 2764 (8 KByte) off off off
27128 (16 KByte) on off off
Semiconductors:
1 LED, green, 3mm D1 27256 (32 KByte) on on off
2 62256 (<10Ons) IC1;1C2 27512 (64 KByte) on on on
3 74HCT541 1C3;1C4;IC5
1 74HCT574 IC6 Table 1. Jumper settings for emulator bus width and EPROM type.
3 74HC590 1C7;1C8:1C9
1 74HCT123 IC10 RESET line, and so re-starts the application 'other side' ot the emulator is connected to
1 74HCT74 IC11 the PC (which is still on) via a Centronics
circuit, which subsequently runs its new
1 74HCT139 IC12 cable. If this happens, the emulator is pow-
software contained in the emulator RAM.
1 7407 (74LS07) IC13 The emulator is powered either by the ered via the protection diodes in the
1 7805 IC14 Centronics interface of the PC. This results
application circuit (via S1-10), or by the on-
board stabilizer (via S1-9), whose input is in asupply voltage of about 3V, which is
Miscellaneous: connected to asmall mains adaptor with d.c. sufficient for the RAMs to retain their data,
1 12-way DIP switch block, but not for the TTL circuits to operate prop-
output. Whether or not an external power
or 24-way pin header block supply is required is, of course, dependent erly. If, in this condition, the application cir-
with jumpers Si on the capacity of the target system's power cuit is switched on, the emulator may go
1 40-way box header K1 supply. A power supply conflict may arise into an undefined state, which may be
1 34-way box header K2 when the emulator is powered by the appli- ended by pressing a button connected be-
1 40-way IDC socket cation circuit, and this is switched off, or tween point 'S' and ground. A better solu-
1 34-way IDC socket powered down during reset, while the tion, however, is to power the emulator
1 IDC Centronics socket
1 TO-220 style heatsink
1 Printed circuit board 910082
1 ABS enclosure; approx.
size 160x80x32mm
IC sockets
28-way DIL adaptor (see Fig. 5)
Approx. 50cm 36-way flatcable
both used? The timing diagram shows an

unexpected, rather unwelcome, quirk of the
monostable, ICiob. At the (relatively long)
monotime, the time between the triggering
instant and the output actuation instant is
not short enough. This caused problems in a
number of prototypes. The trigger signal
supplied by ICiob actuates ICilb instantly,
while ICilb is de-actuated again by the neg-
ative edge of IC -lob. Capacitor C6 may also
cause trouble if it can not be discharged
quickly enough by ICio. Increasing its value
must, therefore, be done with care.
LED Di lights when the computer feeds
data into the emulator. The (active low)
RESET signal is taken to the application cir-
cuit via connector K2. On completion of the
load activity, the emulator releases the Fig. 5. Illustrating the construction of the home-made EPROM adaptor.
WorldRadioHistory
20 CONIPli'VERS AND MICROPROCESSORS
type — a26-way type (for connection to a

sub-D plug) is, of course, also possible.
The 16-bit and 32-bit versions of the
EPROM emulator require two or four com-
plete circuits, respectively, which are driven
by a common line, for instance, via four
IDC-style Centronics plugs. The jumper set-
tings on each board may be found in Table 1.
The emulators are mutually synchronized
via the ACK line on the Centronics interface.
The BUSY line may be connected on one
board only (S1-12). In case the emulators are
to be powered by asingle, external, supply,
this is connected to one board only, from
where the supply voltage is distributed via
pin S1-11 on each board. On the board from
which the supply voltage is distributed, Si-
9must be closed. On all other boards, S1-9 is
open. S1-10 must be closed on all boards.
Software
,. . ‹. ,. :,. . ,. .,. ,
As already mentioned, special software is
••
o
•
4 ,-
...
9414r:1
-a
4.11-
/
-,
Ai N
.••. ....• * •-•' •••. i...
not strictly required. The emulator RAM can
be loaded with the aid of any system utility
capable of outputting binary files in binary
..i . .. ..». I. ...
form, via the Centronics port. This means
that the EPROM emulator can be used with
.. .. , ...........,
any computer sporting a Centronics-com-
,e, aplle 4er Me patible printer port.
lt, 012 RIGA Kla.04 Users of MS-DOS PCs may want to obtain
Se1741iCT541 t
4
version 2.0 of EPROMSIM, aprogram which
is available on disk through our Readers
Services as item E55129. EPROMSIM sup-
ports EPROMs up to 64 KByte, and is capa-
ble of handling the following 'intelligent'
file formats:
• Intel Intellec-8;
Fig. 6. Completed printed circuit board. • Tektronix hexadecimal;
• Motorola.
from an external source via IC1.4. The previ- the board, so keep an eye on the pitch of the
ously described power supply conflict may capacitors. Capacitor Cii is fitted at the sol-
Construction
also damage the emulator, because the cur- der side of the board, underneath ICI.
rent sent into the application circuit via the Pin header Kt is suitable for two types of When building the circuit, remember to re-
EPROM socket may become so high that the connection: its pinning is compatible with a move pins 4and 6of the Centronics socket,
driver ICs are destroyed. 25-way sub-D connector (allowing ready if used. To ensure ready access, the DIP
use of IDC-style connectors), as well as with switch array is best mounted on IC sockets.
Practical hardware a36-way Centronics socket. When the latter Alternatively, you may want to fit the
is used, make sure to remove pins 4and 6, or switches at the solder side of the board, and
The printed circuit board designed for the cut the relevant tracks. When a25-way sub- cut aclearance in the back panel of the en-
EPROM emulator is ahigh-density double- D connector is used, it is, unfortunately, not closure. The LED wires may be extended to
sided, through-plated type, which is best possible to create a loop-through' connec- enable the LED to be fitted in ahole in the
purchased ready-made through our tion for the supply voltage. To reduce cost, a cover panel. Further constructional points
Readers' Services. Space is pretty tight on 40-way IDC socket was used on the proto- that deserve your attention are the mount-
ing of the Centronics input socket, and the
strain relief on the flatcable to the EPROM
DOWNLOADNG TO THE EPROM EMULATOR adaptor.
The EPROM adaptor is home-made. As
PC/MS-DOS COPY <filename> LPT1:/B (/B for binary output) shown in Fig. 5, it consists of apiece of strip-
board, two lengths of IC pin strip, a box
Amiga COPY <filename> PAR: (PAR:, not PAT:) header and two 28-way IC sockets. The flat-
cable from the EPROM emulator is fitted
TOS On the ST it is sufficient to double-click on the filename with a28-way IDC socket. You may want to
shown on the desktop, and then output to 'printer'. It make one adaptor for each EPROM type,
should be noted, however, that the TOS appends a and wire jumpers A13, Al4 and Al5 appro-
CR/LF sequence to each file. This means that the last priately, direct on the socket. Wires 29 to 34
two bytes of a 32-Kbyte file can not be used. However of the flatcable are connected to the RESET
a simple printer manager that does not output the CR/LF generator on the emulator board, and may
sequence should not be too difficult to write in Pascal, also be taken to the adaptor socket to create
C or BASIC. aRESET connection for the application cir-
cuit.
WorldRadioHistory
EI.EKTOR Eli ("I'RONICS USA SEPTEMBER 1992
Eil
A.F. DIGITAL-TO-ANALOGUE CONVERTER
PART 2
Design by T. Giesberts
melds were carried out with an Audio Precision For clarity's sake, all figures illustrating the
B
FFORE the construction is discussed, it
was thought useful and interesting to System One analyser (with FFT option), while measurement results pertain to one channel
have alook at the test results from our two the signals were obtained from anumber of (the results of the other channel were, for all
prototypes. Note that both of them were K special measurement-CDs (CD-1 from CBS; practical purposes, identical).
versions using Type 5534A opamps in the out- Test Sample 3and Audio Signals Disc 1from The -0.1 dB figure at 20 Hz (see Fig. 8) re-
put filter and buffer section. The measure- Philips; and Digital Test from Pierre Verany). sults from the effect of the servo control,
Elektor DAC amplitude L.CHAN(dElr) vs FRE0(H2) 03 APR 92 08:53:30 Elektor DAC dist. at 0dB T111).N(%) vs FRE0(11z) 03 APR 92 10:15:36
1.0000 1
I Ap Ap
.80000 •
.60000
40000
0.1
20000
0.0
..2000
0.010
-.4000
-.8000
-1.000 0001
1k 10k 20k 20 00 1k 10,, 20k
10 100
1200.14.11
Fig. 8. Frequency characteristic. Fig. 9. THD+noise from 20 Hz to 20 kHz at full drive.
Elektor DAC linearity BANDPASS(dBr) vs LEVEL(dBr) 33 APR 92 11:34:19 Elektor DAC aspar. IR XTALKN1B) vs FREO(Hz) 03 APR 92 13:12:38
2.0000 -50.00
Ap Ap
-60.00
1.5000
-70.00
1.0000
1 -80.00
.50000
-90.00
0.0 -100.0
1 -110.0
-.5000 .-
-120.0
-1.000
-130.0
-1.500 -140.0
1 I
1 -150.0
-2.000
-100 -90.0 -800 -70.0 400 -50 0 -40 0 -30 0 -20.0 -10 0 0.0 28 100 1k 10k 20k
10M.1.1. 0200.1.1-14.
Fig. 10. Linearity deviation for signals to -100 dB. Fig. 11. Cross-talk over the audio range.
03 APR 92 09:40:47 Elektor DAC spectrum 0401tHe AKIP1(dBr) vs FRE0114) 03 APFI 92 10:26:01
Elektor DAC deemphasIs L-CF1AK 7E3 , FFIEG(114)
20000 0.0
Ap Ap
-20.00
00
-40.00
-2.000
40.00
.4.000
-80.00
-6.000
-100.0
41.000
-1200
.10.00
-140.0
-12.00
,
••
10k 20k 0.0 10.0k 200k 30 Ok 40.0k wok reek 70.0k 80 Ok
20
Mt»
Fig. 12. The measured de-emphasis characteristics. Fig. 13. Spectrum analysis of residual signals up to 80 kHz.
WorldRadioHistory
El AUDIO & HI-FI
which acts as ahigh-pass filter. The 0.25 dB below 1kHz, the distortion is identical to at 20 kHz and -135 dB at 100 Hz indicate
fall-off at 20 kHz is ensured by the analogue that specified by Burr-Brown for their K ver- that the curve is virtually the same as the
output filter. It would have been possible to sions: -96 dB. Above 1kHz, the distortion noise characteristic of the converter.
straighten the curve here, but that would increases very slightly, owing to the effect of The de-emphasis characteristic in Fig. 12
have meant ahigher cut-off frequency and, the number of samples per period and because does not show its accuracy with respect to
consequently, worse suppression of the sam- frequencies above 20 kHz are suppressed (a the theoretical curve, but the deviation be-
pling frequency and worse phase behaviour sharp cut-off filter as, for instance, recom- tween the two was measured at <0.15 dB
in the pass-band (since aCauer or Chebishev mended by Philips for measurements above over the 20 Hz to 20 kHz frequency range.
filter would then have to be used). The char- 20 kHz was not used). Figure 13 shows the spectrum analysis
acteristic in Fig. 8is virtually aButterworth The linearity deviation—see Fig. 10—was over the frequency range up to 80 kHz. The
curve with anear-constant time delay in the measured down to -100 dB (from -70 dB to 10 kHz test signal was effectively suppressed
pass-band up to 20 kHz. -100 dB with dithering). by aband filter, so that the residual products
The harmonic distortion (THD+noise) char- The cross-talk characteristic in Fig. 11 shows are clearly indicated. Note the 2nd and 4th har-
acteristic is shown in Fig. 9. At frequencies that the channel separation is excellent: -105 dB monics of the test signal and the mixing prod-
Fig. 14. The printed-circuit board for the power supply section.
WorldRadioHistory
A.F. DIGITAL-TO-ANALOGUE CONVERTER -PART 2 Ea
uct (78.2 kHz) of the test signal and twice market area, the difference between the first drive low-impedance loads (50 mA into
the CD sampling frequency (2x44.1 kHz), since and the -K version can be £10—£15. The dif- 50 S2) and is reasonably priced.
.
the analogue filter does not have an infinite ference between these versions lies in the ac- There is agood choice as far as the re-
roll-off. curacy (that is, without calibration). At 1kHz maining•opamps are concerned. According
and full drive, the -K version has aTHD+noise to our measurements, the most suitable are
figure of —96 dB; the -J version, —92 dB; and the NE5534A, the LT1115, the TLE2027 and
Construction
the cheapest version, —88 dB. the OPA627. Although the OPA627 is much
It is advisable to read carefully through this Type OP27 opamps are specified for the faster than the 'ordinary' 5534 and, moreover,
section before buying any components, be- IC10 and IC 18 positions because of their off- has FET inputs, we found, in our measure-
cause the design contains some fairly ex- set voltage and low noise. Faster opamps are ments, that there is very little difference be-
pensive ICs. As far as the YM3623B and not recommended in the servo control. tween the two. However, in listening tests, a
DF1700P are concerned, there is not much The AD844, used in the IC 6 and IC 14 po- number of people preferred the OPA627 in the
choice, because these devices are made in only sitions, has properties that make it particu- output section (the opamp in the filter has less
one version. The PCM63P, however, is avail- larly suitable for use in D-A converters: good influence on the sound quality). Bear in mind
able in three grades: that without suffix is bandwidth (60 MHz at unity gain); high slew that we are talking here of very small differ-
the cheapest, the PCM63p-J is next and the rate (2000 V/p.$) and short settling time (100 ns ences that become audible only on first class
PCM63P-K is the dearest. Depending on the to reach an accuracy of 0.1%). Moreover, it can audio installations.
Fig. 15. Printed-circuit mother board, shown here at 80% of true size.
WorldRadioHistory
24 AUDIO & HI-FI
PARTS LIST R15 =22MQ polystyrene (see text)

R16, RI7, R18, R35, R36, R37 =47 Q C44, C45, C77, C78 =2.2 µF, 160 V. MKP (=
R19, R20, R38, R39 =330 ka polypropylene)
Power supply board R21, R40 =1 Q C80 =220 pF, 6.3 V
Resistors: R22, R41 = 1.5 kO, 1%
RI =68Q R23, R42 = 1.07 La, 1% Semiconductors:
R2 = 1.51d2 R24, R43 =475 Q, 1% DI-D5 =3mm LED, high efficiency
R26, R45 =2.49 ki2, 1% D6, D8, DIO, D12 = 1N4148
Capacitors: R27, R46 =931 Q, 1% D7, D13 =BAT85
CI =2200pF,25 V R28, R29, R47, R48 =2.43 ILQ, 1% D9, D11 zener, 3V, 400 mW
C2, C4, C6, C8, C14, C16, C18, C20, C22, R30, R49 =2.74 la 1% T1 =BC546B
C24 = 100 nF R31, R50= 49.9 a 1% T2-T5 =BS170
C3, C7 = 10 pF, 10 V R32, R33, R51, R52 =6.81 Ica 1% T6 =BC517
C5 =220 pF, 25 V R34, R53 =4.99 ka, 1% ICI =74HCUO4
C9-C12, C25-C28 =47 nF, ceramic R54= 10Q IC2 =YM3623B (Yamaha)
C13,C19=2200pF,35 V R55 =471d2 IC3 =74HC239
C15, C17, C21, C23 = 10 µF.,25 V PI-P4 = 100 k.Q multi-turn preset, vertical IC4 =DF1700P (Burr Brown)
mounting (e.g., Bourns Type 3296Y) IC5, IC13 =PCM63P (Burr Brown)
Semiconductors: P5, P6 =47 kfl multi-turn preset, vertical IC6, IC14 =AD844AN (Analog Devices)
DI, D2= 1N4001 mounting (e.g., Bourns Type 3296Y) IC7, IC8, IC9, IC15, IC16, IC17 =NE5534A
BI, B2 =B80C1500 IC10, ICI8 =OP27
ICI =7805 Capacitors: 1C11,IC19 =7805
IC2 =7905 Cl = 10 nF, ceramic IC12, IC20 =7905
IC3, IC4 =7815 C2, C3, C19, C52, C79 = 100 nF
IC5, IC6 =7915 C4 =8.2 nF Miscellaneous:
C5, C6 = 10 pF JP I= 3-way header with jump link
Miscellaneous: C7, C10, C20, C53 =4.7 Le, 10 V, radial K1 =audio socket for PCB mounting (gold-
Mains transformer, 2x9 V, 830 mA C8, C11, C28, C30, C38, C39, C41, C43, plated contacts preferred)
Mains transformer, 2x15 V, 500 inA C6I, C63, C71, C72, C74, C76, C81-C84 = 2audio sockets with gold-plated contacts) for
Heat sinks for ICI, IC3-1C6 47 nF, ceramic analogue outputs
PCB Type 920063-1 (see Readers' services) C9 = 15 nF Rel-Re4 = 12 V miniature relay
C12= 100pF X1 =crystal, 16 MHz
Mother board C13, C14, C15, C46, C47, C48 =47 pF* PCB Type 920063-2 (see Readers' services)
Resistors: C16, C17, C18, C49, C50, C51 = 100 nF*
RI .75Q,1% C21, C22, C56, C58 = 10 µF, 10 V, radial *Surface mount type
R2 = 100Q C23, C25, C56, C58 = 10 µF, 10 V, radial
R3 = 101(Q C24, C26, C57, C59 = 100 nF, ceramic
R4 =4.7 Q C27, C29, C40, C42, C62, C62, C73, C75 =
R5 = 181d2 47 pF, 25 V, radial
R6 =270 Q C31, C64 =33 nF, polystyrene, I%
R7, R25, R44 = IMil C32, C34, C36, C65, C67, C69 = 1.5 nF,
R8, R14 =2.2 Q polystyrene, 1%
R9-R13 =470 Q C33, C35, C37, C66, C68, C70 =22 pF,
WorldRadioHistory
A.F. DIGITAL-TO-ANALOGUE CONVERTER -PART 2 Ea
When choosing opamps, pay particular at- together via not too long wires. Place jump When the mains is switched on, all should
tention to the stability in the analogue section. lead JP 1 as far as possible from connection be well.
If the chosen type is not stable at unity gain A. Solder some audio sockets to the digital If you wish to use the converter in this
(in our tests, that was only true of the 5534), input (between connection Band earth) and form and, feel that you will not need adig-
each IC must be provided with acompensat- the analogue outputs. The input can then ital selector, optical inputs and outputs,
ing capacitor: in case of the 5534, a22 pF be connected via acoaxial cable to the dig- and adigital tape output (which will be de-
polystyrene type between pins 5and 8. There ital output of, say, aCD player and the out- scribed in our next issue), you can install it
is provision for these on the PCB and they puts, via astereo cable, to the line inputs of in asuitable enclosure now. Otherwise, wait
are shown in the circuit diagram (Fig. 5). an amplifier (or pre-amplifier). and see the next and final instalment. •
Details of these capacitors, and where to
place them, can be found in the data sheets
of opamps not mentioned here.
Commence the construction with the power
supply board—see Fig. 14. The only thing that
needs to be noted here is that all regulators,
except IC 2,must be fitted on aheat sink.
The mother board—see Fig. 15— requires
rather more work. It has been designed to
ensure good separation of the analogue sec-
tions of the two channels. The top of the
board contains an earth plane for all ana-
logue components: this plane (for each chan-
nel) is connected to analogue earth in only one
place.
Remember that capacitors C33, C35, C37,
C66, C68, and C70 are only required if Type 5534
opamps are used.
In some case, surface-mount design (SMD)
capacitors are specified, because these types
can be soldered (as they should be) very close
to the associated IC pins.
If adistortion meter is not available, omit
P1-4 R2O, R38 and R39, because the MSBs of
the converters then cannot be calibrated.
Note that fitting these components and set-
ting the potmeters to the centre of their travel
may result in aworse performance than if
the components had been omitted.
Presets P5 and P6 are optional and only Technical Data
required if it is felt that the output levels of
the two channels should be absolutely equal.
Even when these components are omitted, the • Suitable for sampling frequencies of 32-48 kHz
output levels of the channels are within 0.25 dB • x8 oversampling
of each other, although they may not be ex-
• 20-bit D-A converters
actly, as preferred, 2.0 V r.m.s. The potmeters
can, of course, set the level to exactly 2.0 V • Integral de-emphasis circuit
(if so, a1kHz, 0dB, digital test signal must • No capacitors in signal paths
be used, not adigitized analogue signal: this
• Servo control of d.c. setting in audio section
is normally indicated on the test CD). Note
that 23.7 ki-2resistors instead of the potmeters • Pseudo-passive GIC filter for suppressing sampling frequency
will keep the output level very close to 2.0 V. • Separate power supplies for analogue and digital sections
The crystal should be insulated at its un-
derside before it is mounted on the board.
Dynamic range >100 dB
Circuits ICi-IC 4 may be fitted in an IC
holder, but IC 5 and IC 13 must be soldered di- Nominal input voltage, 500 mV into 75 S2
rectly to the board. This is not only to prevent (digital input)
bad contacts, but also because it ensures that
Nominal output voltage 2 V r.m.s.
these devices are as close to the earth plane
as possible. In our opinion, it is best to sol- Output impedance 50 SI
der all directly to the board; whence our ad- Frequency range 20 Hz-20 kHz (+0 dB; -0.25 dB)
vice at the beginning of this section. If you
Signal-to-noise ratio >115 dB
must (for experimental purposes), only
IC 7-IC9 and IC 15-IC17 should be fitted in THD+noise (0 dB: 1kHz) <0.002%
IC sockets, but these should be of prime qual- Intermodulation distortion <0.003%
ity (with gold-plated contacts). Note, how-
(60 Hz; 7 kHz; 0 dB)
ever, that even such sockets show rapidly
Linearity deviation <1 dB
deteriorating contacts when the ICs are re-
placed frequently. (signal levels to -100 dB)
Before connecting the power supply board Channel equalization Within 0.1 dB
to the mother board, connect it to the mains
Deemphasis deviation <0.15 dB
and check that all voltage levels are as spec-
ified. If they are, connect the two boards
26
8051/8032 ASSEMBLER COURSE

PART 6: ANALOGUE SIGNAL PROCESSING AND STACK
MANAGEMENT
By Dr. M. Ohsmann
The first subject in this month's instalment relatively simple to implement in software.
•
is processing analogue signals with the aid During the successive approximation,
2.55V
of our extension board. Next, we have a the bits of the value to be converted are de-
short discourse on stack management, termined one by one. This means that eight
which is quite important when it comes to steps are required to achieve 8-bit resolu-
dealing with subroutines. The two subjects tion. A register is used to determine which
form abasis for the next theme: interrupt bit is 'measured'. The individual bits of the
processing, which is also introduced in this analogue value that are already known are
instalment. As usual, the programs dis- also contained in aregister. The principle Uin
cussed are contained on the course diskette, of operation and acorresponding software
and can be tested straight away using the flow chart are given in Figs. 29 and 30, re- end ol
80C32 single-board computer and its ex- spectively. Initially, the approximation UDA
conversion
tension board (see part 3). value is set to 0, and the register that stores
the shift bit is set to 1000 00002.The ap- 0V
D-A conversion proximation starts with bit 7. A conversion Comp
cycle consists of the following steps: first, a o 1

Many microcontroller applications are new DAC output value is determined. This 910109.6.11
geared to processing and generating ana- value is the sum (here: logic OR) of the
logue signals. The SBC extension board shift bit and the approximation bit set up so Fig. 28. Ramp A-D conversion principle.
contains a D-A (digital-to-analogue) con- far. This value is output to the DAC, and
verter which is ideal for developing such compared to the input value with the aid of bit. If the input voltage is smaller than the
applications. This course instalment aims the comparator. If the input voltage is DAC voltage, the old approximation value
at showing you how this D-A converter can greater than the DAC voltage, the new ap- is retained, which means that it has a'0' at
be used, in conjunction with the compara- proximation value equals the previously the position of the shift bit. The above se-
tors on the extension board, to measure sent comparator value. This approximation quence determines the new bit in the ap-
analogue values. value has a '1' at the position of the shift proximation value. Next, the shift bit
Conversion principle
One way of converting an analogue voltage UDA
into acorresponding digital value is based
on the 'ramp' principle, which is illustrated 2.55 V
in Fig. 28. A ramp-shaped voltage is output
via aD-A converter, and increased until a DA Converter value
comparator output signals that the instanta- (shift bit underlined)
neous value of the ramp is greater than the
input voltage. The previous DAC output 10 0 0 0 0 0 0
value is then taken to equal the input volt- 0 10 0 0 0 0 0

age. The ramp voltage is simply generated 01 1 0 0 0 0 0
by increasing aregister value from 0, and 0 10 10 0 0 0
sending this value to aDAC. An example •
0 10 11000
of a program that does so is XAM-
n-010 10100
PLE14.A51 on your course diskette. Since
•
that is arelatively simple program, it will Ui n _v
not be discussed here.
•
The main disadvantage of the ramp
DAC principle is that it is relatively slow. end of AD
4-
In the worst case, at aresolution of 8bits, conversion
the ramp value must be increased (and
compared to the input voltage) no fewer
OV
than 255 times. Similarly, at aresolution of
12 bits, a maximum of 4,096 steps is re- Comp
quired. Furthermore, each step should
allow for the settling times of the DAC and it
o - I 1 F 1-
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
the comparators. All in all, the ramp princi-
ple is too slow for many applications. Ui n = 86 mV ;calibration: 255 = 255 mV
A faster DAC principle, which is also 910109-6-12
used in many DAC ICs, is called succes-
sive approximation. As shown below, it is Fig. 29. Successive approximation D-A conversion principle.
WorldRadioHistory
8051/8032 ASSEMBLER COURSE -6 ra
SARLPO
DACNV shift bit
approximation yes <

value :r0 RET
shift bit
100000006
iein
SARLP2
send shift bit +

approximation value
to DA converter
WAIT
JOIN THE COURSE!

yes: Lib, UDA What you need to follow this course:
comparator
=1 e an 8032/8052AH-BASIC single
board computer as described in
no:
Uin UDA Increase approximation

Elektor Electronics May 1991.
value and shift bit The preferred CPU is a 8051 or
80C32. Alternatively, any other
MCS52-based microcontroller
system (but read part 1of the
910109 -6-13
course);
• acourse diskette (IBM: order
Fig. 30. Flow diagram of XAMPLE15, the successive approximation D-A converter. code ESS 1661; Atari: order
code ESS 1681) containing
programming examples, hex file
LISTING of EASm51 (XAMPLE15)
LINE LOC OBJ T SOURCE conversion utilities, and an
1 0000 FILE XAMPLE15.A51
assembler;
2 0000
3 0000 P1 EQU 090H • a monitor EPROM (order code
4 0000
0000 ORO 4100H. ; start address of program ESS 6091);
START MOV R3,1000000018 ; mask channel 1
6
7
4100
4102
7B
31
01
20
(11
(2) ACALL DACNV ; call DA converter
• an IBM PC or compatible
4104 31 44 [2] ACALL BYTE ; send byte and null character operating under MS-DOS, or an
9 4106 31 4A (2) ACALL BLANK
10 4108 78 02 (1) MOV R3,t000000108 ; channel 2 Atari ST with a monochrome
11
12
410A
410C
31
31
20
44
(2)
[2]
ACALL
ACALL
DACNV
BYTE
display.
13 410E 31 4A [2] ACALL BLANK
14 4110 7B 04 [1] MOV R3,1000001008 ; channel 3
15 4112 31 20 [2] ACALL DACNV Appeared so far:
ACALL BYTE
16
17
4114
4116
31
74
44
OD
[2]
[1] MOV A,f13 ; line feed
Part 1: Introduction (February 1992)
18 4118 31 4C (2) ACALL CHR Part 2: First 8051 instructions (March
19 411A 74 OA (1) MOV A,1/10
20 411C 31 4C (2) ACALL CHR 1992)
; infinite loop
21 411E 80 EO (2) SJMP START
Part 3: Hardware extensions for
22 4120
23 4120 D2 91 (1) DACNV SETB P1.1 ; for oscilloscope 80C32 SBC (April 1992)
24 4122 7E 00 (1) MOV R6,410 ; approximation value
25 4124 74 80 [1] MOV A,1)0808 ; SHIFT-BIT Part 4: Flags, bit addressing, PSW,
26
27
4126
4128
80
EF
09 [2]
[1]
SJMP
SARLPO MOV
SARLP2
A, R7
;
;
jump into loop
get SHIFT-BIT
conditional jumps, logic
28 4129 C3 [1] CLR operators (June 1992)
29 412A 13 [1] RRC A ; shift right, fill with Os
30 412B 70 04 [2] JNZ SARLP2 ; continue when SHIFT-BIT<>0 Part 5: Arithmetic instructions (July
NOV A, R6 ; get result into A
31 412D EE [1]
CLR P1.1 ; show end of conversion on scope 1992)
32 412E C2 91 (1)
33 4130 22 (2) RET
34 4131 FF (1) SARLP2 MOV R7,A ; save SHIFT-BIT in R7
35 4132 4E [1] ORL A,R6 ; add to approximation value
36 4133 90 CO 00 (2) NOV DPTR,O0C000H
37 4136 FO [2] MOVX @DPTR,A ; send to DA converter
38 4137 FC [1] MOV R4,A ; mark sum for later position is shifted to the right, and the next
39 4138 7A 64 [1] NOV R2, #100 ; settling time
40 413A DA FE [2] SARWT DJNZ R2, SARWT ; wait conversion cycle is run, until all bits are de-
41 413C EO [2] MOVX AADPTR ;
;
fetch comparator output
select desired ROMP.
termined. In short, the bit to be determined
42 413D 58 (1) ANL A, R3
43 413E 60 E8 [2] JZ SARLPO ; Bit-0 if Uin<Udac, do not set bit is provisionally set, and compared to the
44 4140 EC [1] MOV A, R4 ; Bit-1 if Uin>Udac
45 4141 FE (1) MOV R6,A ; approximation value: -sum input voltage. If this causes the approxima-
46 4142 80 E4 (2) SJMP SARLPO
47 4144 •
tion value to become too high, the bit is
48 4144 • Monitor interface
COMMAND EQU
reset. If the approximation value is still too
49 4144
50 4144 MON
ccCHR
EQU
EQU
0200H
001H
low, the bit is left set.
51 4144
52 4144 ccBYTE EQU 00314
53 4144
54 4144 75 30 03 MOV
(2)
LJMP
BYTE
COMMAND,fccBYTE
MON
An A-D converter
55 4147 02 02 00 (2)
56
57
414A
414C
74
75
20
30 01
MOV
(1]
MOV
[2]
BLANK
CHRCOMMAND,fccCHR
program
58 414F 02 02 00 LJMP
[2] MON
59 4152 END The program we are about to describe
SYMBOLTABLE (13 symbols)
P1 :0090 START :4100 DACNV :4120 SARLPO :4128 (Fig. 31) outputs the values of three input
SARLP2 :4131 SARWT :413A COMMAND :0030 MON :0200
ccCHR :0001 coBYTE :0003 BYTE :4144 BLANK :414A
CHR :414C
Fig. 31. Listing of XAMPLE15.A51.

voltages in hexadecimal notation. D-to-A

conversion on all three channels is made
11-Nov-91
possible by a subroutine called DACNV, LeCroy
14:18:36
which reads the bit position of the relevant
comparator output from register R3.
DACNV returns the converted value in the Panel
accumulator. The main program begins at STATUS .4
label START, and is relatively simple. The Memory
bit corresponding to the channel number (1

Save
of 3) is set in register R3. Next, The con-
PANEL
version proper, DACNV, is called. A sub- Recall
1111 1f1 If +111 1111 11 1141 1141 41 1111
routine called BYTE arranges for the value
Auxiliary
supplied by DACNV to be output (in hexa-
Setups
decimal form) via the V24 interface. After
all three values have been sent to the termi-
nal, the program adds acarriage return/line
X-Y mode
feed (CR/LF) sequence, and anew conver-
sion cycle is started. Persistence
mode
The D-A conversion is abit more com-
plex. The approximation value is stored in Return EXT -0.95 V AC CHI .5 V =
CH2 20 mV
register R6. The shift bit is contained in
register R7, and also, occasionally, in the T/div 2 ms
accumulator. The sum of the shift bit and

the approximation value is stored in regis- Fig. 32. A-to-D conversion waveform measured with an oscilloscope. Note the signal settling
ter R4. The conversion proper starts at label times.
SARLP2, where the accumulator contains
the shift bit, and R6 the old approximation Stacking it up loaded with anew value right at the start of
value. First, the shift bit is saved in register the program. When a program contains
R7 (line 34). The sum of R6 and the accu- The stack pointer, SP (at SFR address 'nested' subroutines, each of these requires
mulator is formed in line 35, and subse- 081H), points at an address in the stack two bytes of the available stack memory
quently sent to the D-A converter. This range where the return addresses of subrou- (which is contained in internal RAM).
comparison value is contained in R4. A tines and interrupt routines are stored. The The situation becomes even more com-
wait loop, SRWT, is inserted to allow for stack pointer is contained in internal RAM, plex when interrupts are programmed.
the settling time of the DAC. The compara- and is increased by one whenever asubrou- Here, too, each return address calls for two
tor output states are copied into the accu- tine is called. Next, the first byte of the re- bytes of storage capacity. Additional mem-
mulator in line 41. Comparator output turn address is written to the address ory is required to hold saved SFRs, as well
selection is achieved by masking the accu- pointed at by the SP. Next, the SP is in- as all return addresses for subroutines
mulator contents with the bit in R3 creased by one, and the next address byte is called up by the interrupt program. The
(line 42). Depending on whether the se- stored. This little demonstration program message is clear: make sure that you have
lected comparator output supplies a'1' or a
'0', the corresponding new approximation LINE LOC OBJ SOURCE
value is formed in R6. The jump to label
SARLPO prepares for the next conversion 43 4118 12 41 23 [2] LCALL UPRO1
step. The shift bit is loaded into the accu- 44 411B 00 [1] NOP
mulator, and shifted to the right (lines 28
and 29). If the result is an accumulator con- 47 4123 12 4A BC [2] UPRO I LCALL UPRO2
tent of 0, the conversion is finished. If not, 48 4126 00 [1 NOP
the program continues at label SARLP2.
50 4ABC 85 08 44 [2] UPRO2 MOV 68,8
To enable us to trace the conversion
steps with the aid of an oscilloscope (or by
listening to the loudspeaker), port bit P1.1
is set during the conversion time. Figure 32
shows the signal reproduced by a digital results in the following stack values: sufficient stack room at all times! Users of
storage oscilloscope. On completion of the the 8052, 8032 or 80C32 may avail them-
D-A conversion, the value in RT6 is copied SP before line 43: 07H
selves of the additional 128 bytes of inter-
into the accumulator. Internal RAM address: 08 09 OA OB OC OD
nal RAM contained in these controllers.
Contents before line 43: FF FF FF FF FF FF
The advantages of the successive ap- You may do so by programming
(preloaded)
proximation principle are evident: only
Contents after line 50: IB 41 26 41 FF FF
eight loop iterations are required. A fast MOV SP,#080H ;upper RAM as
(2 addresses on
DAC, and equally fast comparators, enable stack) stack
an 8051 to achieve 8-bit conversion times SP after line 50: OBH
of 250 is fairly easily. The corresponding This gives a stack space of 128 bytes,
sampling rate, 4,000 samples s- 1,is rela- which should be enough for most applica-
tively high. After areset, the stack pointer contains the tions.
This program, like others discussed dur- value '7' (refer back to Figs. 5 and 8), so
ing this course, demonstrates the useful- that the stack begins at address '8' in the in- Saving data on to the
ness of subroutines. To understand how ternal RAM, and grows upwards. This
stack
these are managed, it is necessary to have a means that the stack overwrites register
look at the so-called stack, which is used by bank 1, and, possibly, other banks also. It often happens that acertain byte (SFR or
the 8051 to store certain data that serves to Register bank 1is therefore not available accumulator) is to be put away safely, and
keep track of subroutine return addresses. for general programming, unless the SP is retrieved alittle later. This is achieved by
WorldRadioHistory
8051/8032 ASSEMBLER COURSE -6
29
Interrupt
g01..
(MST!) $LSB)
EA IX E12 ES ETII Ext ETO 1EXO

Wi
Tr4
Symbol Position Function

EA 1E7 Skiable, en Interrupts. If EA — 0, no Pn4'tt
Interrupt will be acknowledged. If EA
— 1, each Interrupt source le
liFe4C(F2
Individually enabled or disabled by
setting or desiring Its enable bit Fig. 33. Interrupt detours' contained in the system monitor program, EMON51.
1E6 reserved
E12 IES enable, or disables Use Timer 2
overflow or capture Internet If ET2
— 0, the Timer 2Internet is disabled.
ES 5.4 enables or disables the Serial Port
Interrupt It ES — O. Use Serial Port
Interrupt le dieabled. (LSD)
(MEIN
Eli 1E3 enables or disables the Timer 1
Overflow Interrupt If Eli 0, Use IF 1 I TRI I TFO j TAO I 1E1 1 IT1 1 1E0 ITO
Timer 1Interrupt is disabled.

DO 1E2 enables or disables External Internet
1. If EX1 — 0, External Internet 1le
Symbol Position Herne end Signincence Symbol Position Name end Significance
disabled.
TF 1 TCON.7 Timer 1overflow Flag Set by 1E1 TCON.3 Interrupt 1Edge neg. Set by hardware
ETO 1E1 enabtet or disables the Timer 0
hardware on Tkner/Counter overflow. when seems! Internet edge
Overflow Interrupt 11 ETO w O. Use
Cleared by hardware when processor detected. Cleated siMen interrupt
Th-nex 0interrupt te doubled.
vectors to Interrupt routine. processed.
EXO 1E0 @nest« or disables External interrupt
0. 11 EXO O. External 'ritornelli Is TRI ICONS Tinier 1Run control bit. Set/cleared IT I TCON.2 Internet 1Type control bit. SeV
deal:red. by software to turn IlrneriCounter on/ cleared by software to efsscify felting
off. edge/loor level triggered external
910109-6-17 Interrupts.
TFO TCON.5 Timer 0overflow Fleg. Set by
hardware on Timer/Counter overflow. 1E0 TCON. I Interrupt 0Edge flag S4I by hardware
Cleared by hardware when processor when external Internet edge
vector. to Internet routine. detected. Clewed when interrupt
processed.
TRO TCON.4 Timer 0Run control bit Set/cleared
Fig. 34. Functions of individual bits in the in by «ringers to turn Timer/Counter on/ ITO TCON.0 Internet 0Type control bit Set/
oft cleared by soffivar •to specify letting
terrupt enable register, 1E. edge/low level Idggered external
interrupts.
910109-6-18
(LISB) (LSD) Fig. 35. Bits in the Timer Control register, TCON.
xix PT2 IPS 1FT1 1PX1 PTO 1PX0 1
Symbol Position Function structions are often used within subroutines sible to external events. Such an event
- IP.7 reserved
to rescue SFRs, which are then available might be the arrival of a measurement
- IP.6 reserved
PT2 IP.S defines the Tuner 2 Interrupt priority again unchanged at the end of asubroutine. value that is to be processed as fast as pos-
level. PT2 w 1 programs It to tne
sible.
higher priority trivet
Interrupts from various sources can
PS IP.4 defines the Serial Port
priority level PS w 1 proçrarns It to
Interrupt
Interrupts
re higher prionty level.
occur at any time during the program exe-
PT1 IP.3 defines to Timer 1 Interrupt Malty Interrupts are used whenever it is necessary cution, which makes their programming
Pli w 1 progress. It to the
higher pretty levet
for aprogram to respond as quickly as pos- and debugging complex, if not problem-
PX1 IP.2 define, Use External Internet 1
priority level. PX1 w 1programs it to
Use higher priority level.
PTO IP.1 defines Use Timer 0 Interrupt priority
level. PTO e. 1 programs N to the
higher priority level.
HIGH PRIORITY
PXO IP.0 defines the External Interrupt 0
INTERRUPT
priority kreet PXO — 1program, it to IE REGISTER IP REGISTER
the higher priority level.
o
910109-6-19 1E0 o"o-cy."o
o
INIIRRUPT
Fig. 36. Bits in the Interrupt Priority register, POLLING
SEQUENCE
IP.
the instructions
PUSH ACC ;save accu on to o

stack
--b
;instructions in
between
RI
POP ACC ;fetch accu from 11-07 0-0Y 0
TI
stack
The PUSH instruction stores the indicated TF2 4:2>

br-0"0-04"0
EXF2 (15052 ONLY)
byte (direct addressing) on to the stack.
Subsequently, the SP is automatically in-
INDIVIDUAL LOW PRIORITY
GLOBAL
creased by one. The POP instruction ENABLES DISABLE
IN
fetches ('pops') the last PUSHed byte from

the stack. Since storing (PUSHing) con- 910109-6-20
sumes stack space, the PUSH instruction
should be used with care, since only limited
space is available. The PUSH and POP in- Fig. 37. 8051 interrupt control system structure.
WorldRadioHistory
atic. Beginners are, therefore, well warned

against the many pitfalls that lurk in inter- (MS8) (L S8)
rupt-controlled microcontroller systems. GATE cil' MI 0.40 GATE c/T MI MO
The interrupt capabilities of the 8051

Thnerl YfIrirb
family are briefly discussed below.
Gemdcl. .74.neansetTimewiCnurdart`a"...0441 MI MO Opereten Mode
External interrupts are applied via IC input ON,
/*Mt iFITT, " pin bIgh and "TR. - control pen MCS-48 Timer "TUC serves as 6-tril prescaler.
pins INTO and INT1 (pins 12 and 13). On sat %Men Cellred Trner -rs" 1 •nabled wbenever 16-bh Trner/Cpnter 'Tie and -Re we
-TRa" control Is set cascaded; there 4 no prescaler.
the 80C32 SBC, these two pins receive in- Ce Tow or Ccurner Selector cleared for rarer operabon PI auto reload tmar /Coulter Ila" holda a
verted signals that arrive via connector (input horn Interne system clock) Eat fp Counter value *filch lo be reloaded Into - Tla" each
operation (Input from -Ts - Input pin).
pins c3 and c5, and IC12. The user can se- time fl overflows.
(Timer 0) RO e an 8-belTrrrer/Counter
lect the interrupt mode beforehand: an in- controlled by Ito slarxtard Tuner 0control bits.
terrupt occurs (1) on a signal edge only THO Is an 8-En en« only corttrolled by Tr... I
control bits.
(positive edge on INTO), or (2) when INTO (T1mer 1) Tenor/Ceara« 1stopped.
= '1' (static logic level).
Further interrupt sources are Timer 910109 -6-21
Flag0 and Timer Flag 1 (TFO and TF1),
Receiver Interrupt (RI) and Transmitter Fig. 38. Bits in the Timer-Mode register, TMOD.
Interrupt (TI). The 8052 and 8032 con-
trollers have two more interrupt sources:
Timer2 and external interrupt line EXF2.
When an interrupt occurs, the processor ex-
ecutes akind of LCALL instruction, which
results in ajump to the address associated
with the interrupt. Interrupt sources and as-
sociated addresses are listed in Fig. 33.
It will be noted that the interrupt ad-
dresses are normally in the memory re-
served for EPROMs, and, therefore, not
easily changed. Fortunately, the monitor
EPROM (EMON51) provides so-called
links, which are described in the file
EMON5I.DOC. The links allow interrupts
to be called and relocated as required. For
instance, the monitor causes interrupt 1E0 Fig. 39. Timer operation in Mode O.
to jump to address 4003H of the program
memory, which is RAM. After areset, the
monitor loads this address with ajump to
an internal interrupt routine. By calling the
monitor subroutine LINK, you can change
the jump address to point to your own in-
terrupt. All that is required to set up this
'detour' is to have your interrupt address
ready in the DPTR, and the index in the ac-
cumulator, before calling LINK. It should
now be clear why we start our course pro-
grams at 4100H instead of 4000H: the
lower page, 4000H to 4OFFH, is used by
the monitor.
The organization of the interrupts is Fig. 40. Timer operation in Mode 2.
arranged by the SFRs IE (interrupt enable;
address 0A8H) and IP (interrupt priority;
address OB8H). Interrupts can be enabled
or disabled selectively by setting or reset-
ting the appropriate bits in IE, as shown in
Fig. 34. Bits ITO and IT1 (see Fig. 35) de-
termine whether the external interrupts are INTERRUPT
level-triggered (bit='0') or edge-triggered

(level='I'). Both bits are contained in the
timer-control SFR, TCON, at address 088H
(ITO = TCON.0; IT I = TCON.2). For a
quick test, use the following little program
GATE
(not on your course disk):
ifiT6 PIN
IE EQU 08AH ;new: interrupt
enable SFR 1/12 sc 1HO
(1 bde) TFI 1--4. INTERRUPT
ORG 4100H ;program start TRI

coNinoL
address
MOV IE,#OFFH ;all interrupts 910109-6-24
on
FREVR SJMP FREVR
END Fig. 41. Timer operation in Mode 3.
WorldRadioHistory
8051/8032 ASSEMBLER COURSE -6 En
To return from an interrupt to the main

program, simply program
INTTO jj E START ) RETI ;return from interrupt
Contrary to the RET instruction, RETI

every 250ps
clears the bits that have triggered the inter-
chain INT
rupt. A practical example of interrupt pro-
decrease gramming is discussed together with the
COUNT1 function of the timers.
Counters and timers

no initialize timer
The 8051 has two counters that can be used
to count events. When clocked with an in-
ternal signal, these counters may also be
yes
4— every 250 x 100us used as timers. Each timer is capable of
COUNT1: = 100
COUNT2 := 40
working in different modes. The timer
mode is programmed with the aid of an ap-
CO UNT 1:=100 propriate bit pattern in the associated SFR.
Counter contents (states) can be read and
preset via SFRs.
POST := The SFR for timer mode control is
called TMOD (SFR at 089H; not bit-ad-
decrease
COUNT2 dressable), while the SFR for timer control
is called TCON (SFR at 088H, bit address-
start TIMER able). The function of the individual bits in
enable interrupts these SFRs is shown in Figs. 35 and 38.
no The lower-order byte of
IRET Timer/Counter 1is addressable under the
NEW
name TL1 at address 08BH. The higher-
v
yes order byte is called TH I, and is found at ad-
every 250 x 100 x40ps = 1sec
dress 08DH. The general mode of
send operation is determined by mode bits
TMOD.4 and TMOD.5. When both are '0',
COUNT2: = 40 the counter operates as a 13-bit counter.
WAIT
The interaction between the various bits
and the external signals is shown in Fig. 39.
The C/T bit allows you select between an
no internal timer clock (C/T =0) and an exter-
POST := 1
nal timer clock (C/T = 1).
The logic levels of the bits TRI, GATE,
and the level at the INT1 pin, control when
POST: = the counter ia actually operating. TRI, for
IRET ) instance, allows the counter to be switched
on and off (provided GATE = 0). The TF1
910109 .6 -25 flag is set whenever the counter changes
from its maximum count to 0; in other
words, when an overflow occurs. This flag
Fig. 42. Flow diagram of the seconds pulse generator program. can be interrogated by software, for in-
stance, to trigger an interrupt. Note, how-
Assemble and run this program, and see jumps to the routine that belongs with the ever, that this requires bit 3 (IE3) in the
what happens if you generate an interrupt interrupt. To make sure that the 'inter- interrupt register to be set.
by applying a+5 V pulse to connector pin rupted' main program can continue without When C/T = 0, the counter counts the
c3 or c5. Can you explain what happens? problems when the interrupt routine is fin- quartz frequency divided by 12, i.e., 1MHz
The 8051 has alow and ahigh interrupt ished, the interrupt routine must not con- in our case. In mode 1 (TCON.4 = 1;
priority level. An high-priority interrupt tain instructions that change the registers TCON.5 =0), the counter counts exactly as
can interrupt the routine of a low-priority used by the main program. This is usually in mode 0, but with awidth of 16 bits.
interrupt. Interrupts can be assigned apri- ensured by PUSHing the SFRs right at the In mode 2, the counter works as an 8-bit
ority level by setting the appropriate bits in start of the interrupt service routine, and counter (the count value is contained in
the interrupt priority SFR — see Fig. 36. POPping them back again on return to the SFR TL1), which, on overflow, is reloaded
Figure 37 shows an overview of the inter- main program. To protect registers RO to with the value contained in TH1. (8-bit
rupt control system. It also shows the se- R7, the register bank is swapped. This re- auto reload). This mode is illustrated in
quence followed to finish interrupt quires aclear-cut subdivision to be defined Fig. 40. In mode 3, the counter is simply
routines, when requests are received simul- of the register banks with the associated halted.
taneously (polling sequence). program levels, at the earliest stage of pro- In the system monitor, EMON51,
gram development. Add to that the possible Timer 1is used as abaud rate generator. It
complications caused by the register banks can not be used for other purposes, unless
Interrupt routines you have no need for the serial interface.
and the stack, and it is readily seen that er-
When an interrupt occurs, and the 8051 is rors may creep in at any stage, and not come Timer/Counter 0 operates largely like
programmed to respond to it, the program to light after agood deal of debugging. Timer/Counter 1; only the bits and SFRs

El COMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS
are different. The main difference is, how-

ever, that Timer 0 can also be used in
mode 3(TCON.0 = I; TCON.0 = 1). In this
mode it operates as two independent 8-bit
counters/timers, as illustrated in Fig. 14.
Note that the second 8-bit timer uses acou- LISTING of EASM51 (XAMPLE11)
LINE LOC OBJ SOURCE
ple of bits that actually belong to Timer 1. 1 0000 FILE XAMPLE11.A51
2 0000
This means that these bits can not be used 3 0000 IE EQU 0A814
for Timer 1when Timer 0 is programmed 4

5
0000
0000
ACC
PSW
EQU
EQU
OEOH
ODOH
to operate in mode 3. Finally, the 8032 and 6
7
0000
0000
TCON EQU 08814 ; new : Timer/Counter Control
TMOD EQU 08914
8052 processors have a further timer: 8 0000 TLO EQU 08AH
9 0000 TWO EQU 08CH
Timer 2. 10 0000 ; 250.100.40 microsec - 1 sec
11 0000 TOvalu EQU 250 ; 250 microsec for TIMER 0
After this fairly large chunk of theory, 12 0000 TIME1 EQU 100 ; no. Of loops for COUNT1
we feel that it is time to turn to practice 13 0000

14 0000
TIME2 EQU 40 ; no. of loops for COUNT2
again. We have in mind asimple clock that 15 0000 ORG 050H via MONITOR RAM
16 0050 COUNT1 DS 1 Software COUNTer 1
operates under interrupt control, and leaves 17 0051 COUNT2 DS 1 COUNTer 2
18 0052 POST DS 1 1 means 1 sec has lapsed, else o
a signal for the main program every sec- 19 0053
20 0053 ORG 4100H
ond. The main program waits for this sig- 21 4100 90 41 34 [2] START MOV DPTR,41INTTO ; chain interrupt routine
nal to transmit an asterisk (*) via the serial 22 4103 74 02
23 4105 75 30 40 [2]
MOV
MOV
A,f2
COMMAND,fccLINK
interface. The program may be used as a 24 4108 12 02 00 [2] LCALL MON
25 4108 75 8C 06 [21 MOV THO,f256-TOvalu ; every 250 microseconds
basis to develop a digital clock that con- 26 410E75 8A 06 [2] NOV TL0,11256-TOvalu ; one interrupt from TIMERO
27 4111 75 89 22 (2) MOV TMOD,f022H ; both COUNTers MODE2 2
trols time-related functions (such as sound- 28 4114 75 51 28 [2) MOV COUNT2,1ITIME2 ; preset software COUNTer
29 4117 75 50 64 (2) MOV COUNT1,fTIME1
ing amelody on your birthday). 30 411A 75 52 00 [2] MOV POST,f0 no post
31 411D D2 8C [1] SETB TCON.4 start TIMERO
32 411F 02 A9 (11 SETB IE.1 switch TIMERO interrupt on
33 4121 02 AF [1] SETB IE.7 interrupts on
Interrupt-controlled clock 34 4123 74 2A [1) NEW MOV A,f'.' send asterisk
35 4125 75 30 01 [2] MOV COMMAND,fccCHR
36 4128 12 02 00 [2] LCALL MON
We will first discuss the interrupt routine 37 4128 E5 52 [1] WAIT MOV A, POST wait
38 4120 60 FC [2] JZ WAIT
proper. The flow chart is given in Fig. 42, 39 412F 75 52 00 [2] NOV POST, #0
for POST
get POST
and the assembly code listing in Fig. 43 40 4132 80 EF
41 4134
[2] SJMP NEW repeat
(program XAMPLE11 on your course 42 4134 CO DO

43 4136 CO EO
[2] INTTO
[2]
PUSH
PUSH
PSW
ACC
; save
diskette). The routine starts at label INTTO. 44 4138 05 50 OC [2] DJNZ COUNT1, IRET1 ; decrement software counter 1
45 4138 75 50 64 (2) NOV COUNT1,0TIME1 ; reload when 0 is reached
Unfortunately, it is not possible to generate 46 413E D5 51 06 (2) DJNZ COUNT2, IRET1 ; and decrement software counter 2
47 4141 75 51 28 [21 MOV COUNT2,11TIME2 ; reload when 0 is reached
a one-second clock signal with a single 48 4144 75 52 01 (2) NOV POST, #1 ; and leave POST
timer. Even when we divide the internal 49 4147 DO EO
50 4149 DO DO
[2] IRET1
(2)
POP
POP
ACC
PSW
; after storage
clock with a I 6-bit counter, the maximum 51 414B 32

52 414C
[2] RETI ; end of interrupt
MONITOR INTERFACE
time between two overflows is 65,536 jis, 53 414C COMMAND EQU 030H ; MONITOR command memory location
54 414C MON EQU 0200H ; MONITOR jump address
or about 0.065 s. We therefore adopt adif- 55 414C ccLINK EQU 040H ; Interrupt chaining
56 414C ccCHR EQU 001H ; send character
ferent approach. 57 414C END
We use an interrupt rate of 4kHz, which SYMBOLTABLE (22 symbols)

IE :00A8 ACC :00E0 PSW :00D0 TCON :0088
means that 250 p.s elapse between two in- TMOD :0089
TIME1 :0064
TLO :008A TWO :008C TOvalu :00FA
TIME2 :0028 COUNT1 :0050 COUNT2 :0051
terrupts. This is simple to achieve by set- POST :0052 START :4100 NEW :4123 WAIT :412B
INTTO :4134 IRET1 :4147 COMMAND :0030 MON :0200
ting Timer 0to auto-reload mode (mode 2), ccLINK :0040 ccCHR :0001
using 256-250 =6as the reload value. The

flow chart shows that the interrupt routine
counts up to 40x100 =4000 with the aid of
two sequentially arranged count bytes Fig. 43. Listing of the seconds pulse generator program, XAMPLE11.
(COUNTI and COUNT2). The variable
COUNT! counts down starting at 100. ial interface. Next, it waits for POST in the Next time
When it reaches 0, COUNT2 (which starts loop that starts at label WAIT. The pres-
at 40) starts to count down. When ence of the seconds pulse is signalled by The next course instalment will tackle the
COUNT2 reaches 0, atotal of 250x4000 Ps the variable POST being unequal to 0. serial port of the 8051. The application will
has elapsed, and the subroutine leaves When the POST is fetched, the variable is be software for asimple MIDI sequencer.
'POST' in the mailbox of the main pro- reset to 0before looping back to the start of In addition, we will show you how to con-
gram. The presence of POST is signalled the main program. nect an LC display to the 80C32 SBC. EJ
by abit.
Assignments
Main program
An interesting assignment to work on after PREVIEW
The most difficult task of the main pro- studying the material presented here would
Audio Amateur
gram is the correct initialization of the be to design aprogram that reads the input
SFRs for the counter and interrupt control. voltages at all three analogue inputs of the
First, the counter mode is loaded, and the extension board, and outputs the digitized Issue 3, 1992
mode-2 reload value is set (lines 25, 26 and values via the serial port, say, every
•Philips 960 Digital Processor
27). Note that Timer 1must be left to oper- minute. If you find that too easy, have ago Modification, Part II
ate in mode 2to enable it to function as the at outputting decimal values multiplied by •Balanced Line Design
baud rate generator. Next, the counter vari- certain correction factors.
ables are set up. In lines 31, 32 and 33, the •MOSFET Modification:
Another idea is to program a software The Dyna ST-120
counter is started, and the interrupts are en- window comparator that sends an 'OK'
•Building Techniques
abled. The rest of the main program is a message to the terminal when the voltage
simple loop. Starting at label NEW, the •Product Reviews:
at analogue input 2of the extension board
AK100 Sound Retrieval System
program first sends an asterisk via the ser- is between the voltages at inputs 1and 3.
EI,EKTOR ELECTRONICS USA SEPTEMBER 1992 WorldRadioHistory

23-CM FM TRANSCEIVER
This transceiver was
designed in response to a
need for a simple, easy to
build, self-contained radio
for use through the local
23-cm (1.3-GHz) repeater,
as either a mobile or a
fixed station. The design
draws heavily on circuitry
and techniques employed
in 900-MHz portable
phones, modified to suit
amateur needs. It is hoped
that this design will prove
of interest to others and
create more activity on this
largely underused band.
By T. Forrester G4WIM
Unit operation
As the design is primarily intended for
mobile working, the controls have been kept
to aminimum whilst maintaining features cal filter (FL3) to heavily attenuate the image mute function (Fig. 3).
required for efficient operation. response 90 MHz below the receive fre- Referring to Fig. 5, on transmit, TR1 is
The prototype combined the transceiver quency. Following the helical filter is alow turned on, so that the relevant transmitter
on/off with the channel select switch in noise MMIC (IC17) providing afurther 13 dB sections are powered, and the simplex or re-
order to save front panel space. The design of gain and 50-e output impedance to drive peater transmit offsets are added in to ICI
permits diode programming of up to 5chan- the SBL1-X diode ring mixer (Ds). This mixer through to IC3: see the notes on program-
nels; this number could obviously be in- is operated slightly above its maximum fre- ming below for further details.
creased by using a larger diode matrix or quency rating, but experience has shown The output signal at the collector of TRI is
some form of memory. A toggle switch se- that the conversion loss increases only used to operate the PIN diode switch within
lects either simplex or repeater working. For slightly and is amply compensated for by the the VCO, so routeing the signal from the re-
the latter function atone burst button is pro- preceding low-noise amplifiers. ceive mixer to the RF power amplifier mo-
vided which also keys up the transmitter. The local oscillator signal, which is dule (PAO. It also powers the microphone
There are conventional volume and 45 MHz below the desired receive fre- stages (TR4 and TR5), activates the varactor
squelch controls and sockets for external quency, is supplied by a synthesizer, see diode used for FM transmit (D15) and turns
microphone and speaker, as required. The below. on TR6, so operating RIA which in turn pro-
prototype was slightly modified to be com- The output of the mixer is passed to the vides bias for PAI via TR7. The receiver front
patible with the ICOM HS51 mobile headset. first IF amplifier (TR12). This stage is alow- end is powered down as TR8 is turned off.
Details of this modification are available on noise grounded gate FET amplifier whose By selecting a jumper between either
request from the author. input impedance is approximately 50 f, so pins 1and 2 or pins 2 and 3 on PL6, it is
providing the diode ring mixer with area- possible to run the final stage of the power
sonable load. amplifier from either 8V or 13.8 V. The latter
Circuit operation The drain load of TR12 is tuned and supply level generates 2watts of RF output
Figure 1shows the simplified overall block loaded to match the following 45-MHz crys- as opposed to 1watt.
diagram, high-lighting the most important tal filter. Likewise, the second IF amplifier The heart of the frequency synthesizer
areas of the design. Figure 2shows the detail (T1213) has atuned and loaded input circuit uses aMotorola MC145152P2 (Fig. 4) and a
of the receiver circuitry. The incoming signal to match the output of the filter. The 45-MHz 64/65 prescaler combined with some simple
passes through the aerial change-over relay IF signal is now at asufficiently high level to logic to provide 25-kHz channel spacing, 6-
which is a960-MHz strip line type having be further processed by IC6. MHz down shift for repeater access and a45-
good isolation and an insertion loss of less The 45-MHz signal applied to pin 18 of MHz offset required for the receiver local
than 0.5 dB at 1.3 GHz. The RF pre-amplifier IC6 is mixed down tcf an IF frequency of oscillator.
(TR9) is alow-noise Avantek GaAs FET, so 455 kHz, where it is demodulated and fil- The VCO and buffers make extensive use
ensuring excellent sensitivity. The pre-am- tered before being passed on to the audio of surface mount parts to create acompact
plifier feeds aready-made three- stage heli- power amplifier (IC5). IC6 also provides the VCO which is very rugged and practically
WorldRadioHistory
34 RADIO AND TELEVISION
Protection
MIC
Diode
To Ro
Limiter -1- Main 8V
Regulator
13V8
Input
DEV
Power \ /
F
Tone Burs V Select
Generatort 1
?T
ory" 8V 8V SV
Reg Reg Reg
TONE
ACCESS
Binary
Loop
Filter
Mod
Input
-1
- -1
- --1
-1
Channel 12 Synth VCO + Buffers Synth Pre-scaler
Select Adders Lines
Modulus control To Drive

VCO + Buffers Output
Pre-scaled OP Pre -:caler

4
RF Power
Module
AX Lo
A Output
Reference
T Tx RPTR OSC
73.2MHz
Offset Offset Aerial
Change Over
Relay
1 3GHz
4551,1-1z 45MHz Helical
Low Noise Low Noise
<
FET FET MMIC FET
Diode
Ring
l— NuTE
e
2nd Lo
44 545MHz
A.F. Power
Amp
LSP
/ 1—VOL 920053 -11
Fig. 1. Block diagram of the transceiver.
immune to vibration. ICi 1. At 1.3 GHz, stable frequency gener- peater, the data presented to ICii has to be
The pre-scaler (103) is adual-modulus ation is amust for reliable communication. modified according to the mode in use.
÷64/÷65 type controlled by the modulus During the transition from receive to Assuming that the unit is receiving on
control output of ICI 1. ICii is run at 8V to transmit, the synthesizer is unlocked for ap- 1297.125 MHz, the LO must be on
ensure reliable operation, while IC13 needs proximately 100 ms until it settles on its new 1297.125 MHz-45 MHz i.e., 1252.125 MHz.
to run off 5V. Level shifting between these operating frequency. As there is no circuitry Also, since we are working with achannel
two ICs is provided by R83, C45 and Ds. This to detect synthesizer unlock and disable the spacing 25 kHz, the LO frequency must be
combination also minimizes overall mo- RF power amplifier, acarrier momentarily scaled down (i.e., divided) by a factor
dulus control delay between the two ICs, a sweeps on to frequency. While this situation 1252.125 MHz/25 kHz =50085.
critical factor when using dual-modulus is not ideal, it was thought that the extra cir- This factor of 50085 needs to be further re-
prescaling at these very high frequencies. cuitry involved did not merit being included duced before it is programmed into the 'A'
The loop filter around ICto needs little given the low power output and level of and 'N' counters of ICi 1. Since we are using
comment, and is designed to the Motorola band occupancy. a divide-by-64 prescaler, the 'N' count for
data sheet, attenuating the 25-kHz reference If any constructor wishes to disable the ICH is the integer 50085/64 i.e., 782, the re-
frequency to below —55 dBc. This level of at- RF power amplifier while the synthesizer is mainder of 37 is used for the 'A' count.
tenuation, while not perfect, is more than unlocked, the author can supply the necess- So, to operate on 1297.125 MHz the 'N'
adequate for alow-power radio such as this. ary details. count is 782 and the 'A' count is 37. Because
ICio is powered from the main 13.8 V sup- Finally, IC4 provides a simple 1750-Hz we only need to cover the 1297 MHz to
ply, filtered by R21 and C53, so providing tone access for repeater working. 1298 MHz section on the band on receive, it
maximum available output swing. is possible to hard-wire some of the higher-
The reference for the synthesizer is gener- order control lines of ICi 1. A close check on
ated by XL' and TR3. An external reference
Programming
all the required codes reveals that binary
oscillator was employed as it was possible to Since the synthesizer has to generate three weights 512 and 256 can be permanently
design a oscillator with abetter frequency possible frequencies for each channel, i.e., re- held true. This means that from acontrol as-
stability than using the internal circuits of ceive LO, transmit simplex and transmit re- pect 'N' of 782 is reduced by 768 to 14,
WorldRadioHistory
ino-a HAA133SNIVIII 1A1.4
9
WorldRadioHistory
Circuit diagram of transmit power amplifier, and receiver. Note: SMA = surface mount assembly.
Channel 5: 1297.500MHz (SM20)
Fitting no diodes at all would cause the radio

to operate on 1296.200 MHz, and could be
useful for monitoring SSB activity.
To make the radio more flexible, asmall
add-on PCB is being designed which will re-
place ICi, IC2 and IC3. This circuitry will
allow any repeater shift to be programmed,
listen on input, and will also permit the use
of thumbwheel or similar switches. The pro-
gramming data will be held in an EPROM
mounted on the PCB.
Construction
It is easiest to fit all the surface mount parts
first (on the track side of the PCB). A steady
hand, apair of tweezers and some patience
are very necessary to make sound joints.
Fig. 3. Block diagram of MC3359 low-power narrowband FM IF (courtesy Motorola). Take time to make sure that the VCO section
in particular is well put together as event-
thereby reducing the number of lines that and hence diodes — required for a given ually it will be covered by ametal box mak-
need to be manipulated. The actual number channel: ing subsequent repair less easy. A close-up
range becomes 13, 14 or 15 when covering of the VCO area is shown in Fig. 8.
1296 MHz to 1298 MHz, and is accounted for 1. Calculate the RX local oscillator (LO) fre- Note that C93 and C94 are mounted
automatically in the adders (IC2, IC3 and quency (Fstg -45 MHz). through the PCB after their holes have been
IC4). 2. Scale down this frequency by afactor (RX cleared out with a1.5-mm drill (to remove
To operate at 1291.125 MHz 'transmit' LO Freq./25 kHz). the through hole plate). This ensures that the
(repeater input for 1297.125 MHz), the syn- 3. Convert to 'N' plus 'A' ('N' over- source leads of TR9 are effectively by-passed
thesizer has to be shifted up by 39 MHz i.e., all/64='N'; remainder='A'). to the ground plane.
the count has to increase by 4. Subtract 768 from 'N'. This result should After all the surface mount parts have
39 MHz/25 kHz=1560. Converting this to be either 13, 14 or 15 when programming re- been fitted, proceed with the remaining re-
'N' plus 'A' format gives 'N'=24 and 'A'.24. ceive frequencies between 1296 and sistors and capacitors, followed by the rest of
If, instead, transmit on 1297.125 MHz 1298 MHz. the ICs. Take care not to make any shorts be-
was required, then 45 MHz would need to be 5. Convert 'A' (remainder from 3. above) to tween component leads and the ground
added, i.e., the count has to increase by binary, i.e., 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32. plane.
45 MHz/25 kHz=1800. Converting this to 6. Insert diodes from the selected channel Finally, fit the Molex connectors, relay,
'N' plus aformat gives 'N'.28 and 'A'=8. number to the binary weights required to crystals and ICi6 bolted to agood heatsink.
By comparing the above bit patterns reprogram the given 'A' and hence the desired Do not at this stage fit the RF power ampli-
quired for these two offsets, it becomes ap- frequency. When fitting the diodes, ensure fier.
parent that, on transmit, only the '4' weight that they all 'point' towards R3. Before applying power for the first time
needs to be changed in the 'N' count, and the The lines on the silk screen around the diode check that the board has been correctly as-
'16' weight in the 'A' count, to select either matrix area show where diodes need to be sembled and that there are no obvious wir-
simplex or repeater transmit. All other inserted to program the following frequen- ing faults.
weights are required regardless of which cies to the associated channel.
transmit mode is chosen.
The addition of either of these two offsets
Testing and alignment
Channel 1: 1297. 125MHz (RM5)
to the receive base numbers is easily accom- Channel 2: 1297. 000MHz (RMO) The transceiver is built on one high-quality
plished by binary adders ICi, IC2 and IC_3. Channel 3: 1297. 075MHz (RM3) through-plated, silk screened, solder re-
So, to recap, to calculate the numbers — Channel 4: 1297. 150MHz (RM6) sisted PCB of about 127 mm x 185 mm,
BLOCK DIAGRAM
PIN ASSIGNMENT
RA 12 x 8 ROM Reference LI
RA
09Cout RA -11.
- 4 Decoder 1 = fi n
2 C VSS
27 Lock 28 I-u20
3
'
D'tE
=
== :2
2'2 4:
8
6'
12-13t - R Counter LD 0°
SC :
S 044 4 25
Detect : : VA
RDOD A .=
9 Modulus 5 ILZ! RAI

Control
6 = RA2
7 = OR
p
Control Phase eu
Logic Detector 7 isR B = Ov
rikk
9 = Mod Control N
A91 101
fin
V00- Pin 3 ,7
1 E N
AOS N8 =19
VSS = Pin 2
8-Bit A Counter 10-B1 - N Counter N6
7 1
187
13= N
N2N
1 N5 = 16
10 24 21 23 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 zo Note NO through N9. AO through A5 and 14= N3 N4 = 15
RAO through RA2 have pullup resistors
A5 A3 A2 AO NO N2 N4 N5 N7 N9 not shown
920053-15
Fig. 4. Block diagram and pinout of MC145152P synthesizer IC (courtesy Motorola).
WorldRadioHistory
c3 .
(xi
.4.8V on To
fig. 2
IC9 C77 IC70 185
78L08
a.
13V8® r> e 479 147p :179
186
8V"A" IC7 IC8
ca C64 C66 C101
973
78L08 78L05 Mal MIIM 479
o
3 PL1 82
e 7p 77p a
r
16V
678 (175
16
011
190
o 16 BA585
in
o 10 C46 I C44 C43 012 Col Ax Lo 0/P
117p
Al
TR1
41L
"
6
AO CO
MOM
47,,
16V 16V 16V
11-04
47p
467 80 BA585
co
IC1 13 • .1 L7
985
Al
cn
BC477 4
81 02
12 C48
C67 1180 979 C71 C72 e 10,.141
8 si 82
on A2 82 e IC15
4008 1100n
o o 10 .1â69 168 47p 47p 479
52
z .2_ 63
881
M S A0304 986
o. 7 100p ln
11 B3 013 C88
2 aim
C47 Fe I,
3 6
VDO 100n BA585 '7 P To Drive 0/P
o IC13 014
o. FIN
I- rt R76 874 BA585
983
470(1 470
8V"A" MB501L
262 MSA0304
TRIO
C45 877 C89
77p
o 1 2 3 4
N5 05
10
1.44 20 5 . 1:1 . C73 982 El
4 IC11 C63
3 5
f
?
e
AI CO 643
N2 MC145152
4V7 7170p ▪▪
10p
BCW33
IC2 13
AO Nl 79,1*
E 47., C53 921 13V8 960 1167 017
4 12 11
BI 52 NO 16V BAS19
3 11 10 100 18011 82
A2 S1 AS R69 , 172 933 R29
C82 C65 C74 010 1N4148 C54
o 4008 10 2 34 *
82 4 C49 I22n R65 MOM
24 15k BFR92
63 A3 C52 47. 16V Ip 47,., 16V
22 922 R25 Op6 962
7
3 A2
7 18k 2 1k
co 2 18 470n
C80 968 185
23 923 924 932 R31
3 AO 8 3 2p2
o 18k 18 935 82k 12
4
R61 C79 C81 959 C10 2 C57
„.
OSC1N 926 TL081 10k 10k
o 81/"A" C50 22n 963 C58
100n 4n7
0 œ 016 015
8V"A" C78 L9
CD C51 C55 C76 964 C75 C84 C83 R30
7
21 3 4 6 2 17 18 *
16V
•
o
M A3 CO • • • 194
470n 479 47,, 16V 479 R7
— C23 00n7179
819
C C56
IC3 13 BB811 BB811
62 958
68p
r
25 2 12 10k 770p
B2 52 BC107
8V"B" * SMA
11 884 C24 C25
Al Si 94 C59
HAAMSNVILL WA 1,113-£Z
4008 10 • see text
50
A 1
. IC4 n 4011
4n7 r47„
7 183 100n
16V
IC4 02
Bo CI IC4a Cl R 7
1N4148 IC4d IC4c IC4b PL8 3 R89
3 12 5 R6 2k2
BC 5k
SIL 11
Diode 3.2MH. 330p 109 PL2 13 & 6 & 22 262 4,7
16V
2
Matrix
5
916 C62 910
C61 817 C22 C3 C2
e C19 MIM
836 D19 018
R28
680p 1k
22n C60
-0
818
22 229
o, 2k
8V"A"
1N4148 47, 16V
e
2x 1N4148
920053 14
co
t,F WorldRadioHistory
which is designed to fit inside astandard die

cast box or similar case. The PCB and anum-
ber of components to build the transceiver
are available from the author.
It is possible to align and test most of the
PCB without installing it in its case. Only
when the RF power amplifier is to be tested
does the unit need to be installed in its case.
It is assumed that the unit has been diode
programmed to the desired set of frequen-
cies.
Make all the connections as shown in
Fig. 6, and turn the unit on. The supply cur-
rent should be circa 250 mA with the re-
ceiver muted. If the current is vastly more or
less, there is probably afault.
Adjust C78 for avoltage of between 4V
and 5Von pin 6of ICio. If necessary, slightly
adjust the height of L9.
Turn off the power, and place the VCO
cover on the PCB. Mark where the signal
tracks would short to the cover. File these
areas slightly (0.5-mm clearance is plenty).
Carefully place the VCO cover box on the
PCB and turn on the power. The voltage on
S4
MIC
I.L.411°:
17
MIC PWR
MC GAIN
-
C1 TR
SIMPLEX
R.
o
S3 TT o 02 23cm FM TX/R)
SIMP o t
I-Tx
Tx C VIWIM 1991
REPEATEI
°711 -—Tx ROTR o
o
o
o
o
S2
o
33
•••••
CHANNEL
SELECT
tC7
IC13 1C9
IC SEMI
RIGID
COAX
DC/5 CRI
1:1M- [L
R83 OS C,
- i]
038 CA
Si - (=F.
RI
I RI LO I/P
TONE BURST TO8C

e QS)
PS
reco .. Y "" 2
8 U 9 E3C32 nce ,et. H:
TR2
- CD- - CD- - C39' 1 [I
T1
R‘ 07 - 1[ITI 053
P1.5
--(=>-
r- 10 9
cI FC 12 1C6 TR 3
- EC> RA8 El
[
1L12 "I Cll du k M.-Ca C"Ej C"C 1)1*
. C36 11
PL 1:11) 94113- nIi.t 441 I

TOU -0-- 091 R49
09 S
RS0 -961 -
.4113-
R87
Nor ITÏED
'REV B'
PCB LAYOUT
SPKR
920053 - 16
VOLUME MUTE
Fig. 6. Extern& connections diagram.
WorldRadioHistory
23-( FM TRANSCEIVER
39
COMPONENTS LIST
C21 = 330pF L9 = see below

*means surface mounted part. C22 = 680pF L10 =0.47µH SC30
!means Cirkit part number. C23 =68pF
C24;C29-C35 =4.7nF L5 and L9 are pieces of 22 SWG tinned cop-
C27 = 10pF per wire soldered 1.5-mm above the PCB on
Resistors:
the track side between the relevant pads.
5% 0.25-W NK3 Type unless otherwise C28;C61 = 12pF
stated. C39;040;C102 =100nF chip
•=Chip resistor 5% RCO1 type. C42 = 1000µF 16 V axial Miscellaneous:
C51;C52 = 470rtF 0.2" XL1 =quartz crystal 3.2 MHz
XL2 = quartz crystal 44 545 MHz
R1;R2;R35;R37= 41(527 C55 = 100nF 02"
FL1 = filter 455D2
R3 = 47'k.Q SIL C56 =470pF
C57 =4.7nF FL2= filter 45M15A
R4 = 100k12
FL3 =filter 17-12109!
R5136;F114;R20;R27;R29R40; C62 =25pF trrnmer
R48;F183 =21(122 PL1 = 10-way Molex
C63 =470pF chip *
R7 = lka5 C64;C66;C67:C70;C71;C72;C74- PL2;PL3 =2-way Molex
R6;R13;R16 = 221(12 C77;C83;C85-C90;C92-C97 =47pF chip • PL4 = 5-way Molex
R9= 271(Q C68 = 1nF chip " PL5 =SMA coax socket
R10;R121345;R59;R61 = 101(12 C69 = 100pF chip PL6;PL7;PL8 =3-way Molex

R11:R30:R47 =330k12 C73 = 10pF chip' RL1 = 175-051 (Farnell)
R15 = 331<12 C78;C91 = 2pF trimmer Si =single pole momentary action
R17;R28;R33;R62 = C79:C81 = 1pF chip • S2 =single pole 5way
R18 =21(12 preset C80 = 2.2pF chip * S3 =single pole change over
R19;R21;R43 = loon C82 =0.6pF chip' S4 = Fff (usually part of microphone
R22;R23F124;R25 = 181(12 C98,C99;C100 = 33pF chip * assembly)
Semi-rigid coax for for RX LO and TX dnve
R26;F134;R84 = 151(1-2
Note: C93 ard C94 are fitted through the connections.
R31 = 12k12
R32 = 821d2 PCB after the holes have been drilled out by
a 1.5-mm drill. Necessary to remove the Note: S2 could be 2-pole 6-way, the second
R36;R89 = 51(0 preset
through hole plating. pole being used as the power switch, as per
R38 =2252
prototype.
R39;R54 =120r2
Sockets as required for external microphone,
R41; R51 =5652 Semiconductors:
speaker and power connectors.
R42;R72;R85;R86 = 2k12.2 chip " TR1;TR2;TR7 = BC477
TR3;TR5;TR8 = BC109
R44 =680Q Hardware:
TR4;TR6 = BC107
R46 =47012 4off Tapped 8mm high pillars.
TR9 = ATF13484
R49;R50 = 561(12 1oft RF power amplifier mounting block
R52 =2712 TRIO = BCW33
50x15x6mm aluminium.
TR11 = BFR92 *
R53 = 2700. 1off Diecast box 220x150x55mm m!nimum
R55;R57 =41(127 TR12 =J31G
size.
TR13 = 3N201
R56 =6812 VCO cover 70x53x6mm (internal dimen-
1C1;1C2;IC3 =CD4008
R58 = 10kQ preset sions) made from 0.5-mm brass or similar.
IC4 =CD4011
R60 = 18on
IC5 = ULN3718M
R63 = Wet chip Cirkit PLO are at Park Lane, BroxboJrne
R64 = 41(127 chip IC6 = MC3359 Herts EN10 7NQ. England. Telephone:
R65;R6B;R77 = 101(Q chip • 1C7;1C9;IC12 = 78L08 (0992) 444111. Fax: (0992) 441306.
IC8 = 78L05
R66 = lot filed
R67;R75;R78;R79-
,R80 = 8212 chip " IC10 =TL081 For PCBs and component sets, contact
IC11 = MC145152P2 the author:
R69;R73 = 11(12 chip *
IC13 = MB501 L Mr. T. Forrester 12 Lime Close, Hartwell,
R70 = 101(12 log. pot
IC14;1C15 =MSA0304 Northants NN7 2PS, England
R71 = 330S/chip •
R74;R76 =47012 chip * IC16 = 7808
IC17 = MSA0635 * Latest issue PCBs are Rev. C'. On these,
R81;R82 =2212 chip *
PA1 =M67715 (Mitsubishi) R62, R60, R61 and R59 become surface-
R88 = 101(12 lin. pot
D1-D4;D6;D7;D17;D18;D19 = 1N4148 mount assembly (SMA) parts. This PCB also
D5 =4.7V zener has provision for a PIN diode antenna
Capacitors: changeover, and DC FM for 9,600 baud
pF ch.p capacitors are 0805 size, D8 =SBL1-X
Packet Radio.
nF chip *capacitors are 1206 size. D9 = 1N5408
All capacitors are subminiature, 0.1" radial fit- DIO = BAS19
ting types unless otherwise noted. D11-D14 = BA585 PIN'
D15;D16= BB811 •
Cl :C11 =4.7µF 16 V D20 =5.6V zener
C2;C3;C49;C50 = 22nF D21 = 3.9V zener
C4;C5;C25;C26;C43;C44;C46;C53;C54;C58: Prograrrrning diodes 1N4148 types as re-
C60;C65;C84;C101 = 47µF 16 V quired.
C6 = 100µF 16 V
C7;C9;C10;C16;C17 C18;C20;C36;C37;C41; Inductors:
C47;C48;C59 = 100nF L1 =35-01842!
C8;C13;C14;C38;C45 = inF L2;L3;L4 = 35-00291 !
C12 = 150pF L5 =see below
C15 = 22pF L6 = 0.22µH SC30
C19 = 22nF 02' L7;L8 =0.1µH
WorldRadioHistory
Set the microphone gain (R89) midway.

Next, using adeviation meter or off-air sig-
Note:
Cut -
Outs are required in this area Keep this gap to 1 mm max.
nal report, adjust R58 for apeak deviation of
of copper to match those on the
ground place of the PCS
about 5-kHz.
RF Power Amplifier Module
Set R.36 initially midway, then press the
—Module Leads tone button and adjust R18 for 1750 Hz. Re-
adjust R36 for approximately 3-kHz peak
tone deviation.
If all is well the radio is now ready for use
—3 mm Nut
and should give very good mobile perfor-•
mance when used with a suitable aerial,
typically an Alford slot as most repeaters
4-- Copper Tape
and base stations use horizontal polarisa-
Clamped between module tion.
and heatsink block
8 mm High
Tapped Pillar
6 mm Block Alloy Conclusion
Supporting Module
Fastened to case with 2 The prototype has been in use by the author
off 3mm CSK screws
for some time now and has proved to be ade-
/////// quate for both base station use and mobile
operation. Obviously, owing to the unit's
Bottom of Case relatively low power and higher propaga-
Side View
920053-17 tion losses at 1.3 GHz when compared to,
say, 432 MHz, the range attainable is less
than that available on lower frequencies.
Fig. 7. Suggested mountirg of RF power amplifier module. Do not use heat-sink compound However, as ageneral guide it seems that
on module or copper tape. when a23-cm repeater is co-sited with a70-
cm repeater (for instance, GB3NH and
pin 6of IC11) will have increased by about If everything is operating all right so far, GB3CN), the 23-cm repeater is accessible by
1V. This is normal. Turn off the power and solder the VCO cover firmly in place, to fur- amobile from locations where the 70-cm re-
tack solder the cover in place every 10 mm or ther reduce any residual microphonic ef- peater is accessible on ahandheld. This as-
so for the time being. fects. sumes that the 23-cm mobile is using ahalf
Turn on the power and set the reference Referring to Fig. 7, install the PCB in its sized Alford slot aerial providing circa 5-dBi
oscillator to 3.2 MHz using C62. case on 8-mm pillars. Next, solder the RF of aerial gain.
Lift the receiver mute and align the re- power amplifier to the PCB ensuring that Another interesting aspect of 23-cm
ceiver by tuning to astrong local signal. Peak copper tape is used to bond the base of the mobile working is the reduction in mobile
C91 and FL3, followed by L4, L3 and L2. Tune module to the ground plane of the PCB (see 'flutter' when moving even at fairly slow
Li for best recovered audio. Check that the drawing in Fig. 7). Make sure that the power speeds, compared to 'flutter' observed on the
mute action is smooth and positive. module and IC16 are well 'heatsinked' to the lower frequencies.
If asignal generator is available, the mute case. Insert alink on PL6 to select either high Generally, 23-cm repeaters are always in
should lift at less than 0.15 µV and have a or low power. Connect an RF power meter to beacon mode when not actually in use as a
SINAD of 12 dB or better. PL5, and select transmit. The current should repeater. This means that the receiver mute
If necessary, adjust the reference oscilla- be circa 1.1 A for 2W output on high power, would be permanently lifted when monitor-
tor using C62 to ensure that the receive signal and about 800 mA for 1W output on low ing arepeater/beacon leading to unnecess-
is correctly tuned. power. ary idents and noise being received. To
overcome this drawback, some repeaters are
fitted with asub-audible tone which is only
superimposed on the repeater transmit car-
rier when the repeater is accessed, and the
mute is lifted on its receiver. Typically, the
tone would be between 60 Hz and 250 Hz at
a deviation of less than 1kHz. A receiver
monitoring the repeater which has a tone
mute set to the same frequency (123 Hz for
GB3CN) would now only respond to voice
traffic passing through the repeater, so ig-
noring unwanted AFSK idents. If there is
enough interest, acompatible tone mute cir-
cuit may be developed for this design.
The author can supply high quality PCB's
(plated through, solder resist, and silk
screened), plus parts or kits of parts as re-
quired. (Exact prices yet to be determined
and dependent upon demand).
If required it is proposed to supply the
VCO and synthesizer sections assembled
and tested, leaving only receiver and ancil-
lary parts to the constructor. This approach
may be more attractive to those amateurs
who feel that surface mount techniques are
Fig. 8. Close-up of the VCO area of the PCB. This part of the circuit is normally enclosed perhaps beyond them! •
by a metal cover.
WorldRadioHistory
41
KERBER KLOCK IV
Musical grandfather clocks
are still very popular in many
households. This article
describes how electronics
have been applied to build a
microprocessor-based digital
clock with twelve different
melodies which are selected
by the user.
By R. J. 'Bob' Kerber
T
HE construction of the enclosure can be
at the discretion of the user. For those in-
terested in woodworking projects, the elec-
tronics could be housed in amantle clock or
carriage clock made of solid walnut, cherry,
or whatever. Other materials could be
metal, plywood, paneling, or anything else
that comes to mind. This article describes
the author's enclosure, which uses clear
plastic. A clear enclosure is not only an in-
teresting conversation piece but is aunique
method of displaying one's handiwork. The
enclosure is 7.5 inch wide, 5.5 inch high and whose timing signal is gated through to the Address D000 from pin 10 enables the
4inch deep (approx. 191 x140 x102 mm). NMI\ (non-maskable interrupt) pin of the 6840 PTM (programmable timer module).
The Kerber clock plays amelody on the 6802. The NMI\ is used for timing the digi- The PTM is designed to provide variable
quarter hour, similar to agrandfather clock. tal clock and the length of the tones in the time intervals. It has three 16-bit binary
There are 12 preprogrammed melodies, melodies. counters, three corresponding control regis-
which are user selected by arotary switch The IRQ \ (interrupt request) line of the ters, and astatus register. These counters are
on the front panel. At 15 minutes past the CPU is used for multiplexing the 7-segment under software control, and are used to gen-
hour, aquarter of the melody will be played. LED displays. A 74HC14 gate functions as erate frequencies for the melodies, the
At half past the hour, half the melody will be an oscillator operating at about 2.8 kHz. alarm, and a60-Hz frequency used to keep
played, and so on, until the entire melody is A 2532, 2732 or 2764 EPROM stores the the clock going when on battery backup.
played on the full hour. Almost any melody machine language program that tells the Address C000 (pin 11 )is not used.
can be preprogrammed into the clock at the processor what to do. If a 2532 is used, a Address B000 from 741,5138 (pin 12) is
request of the user — contact the Kerber jumper wire is required from El to E2, and used to interrogate the switches inputting to
Klock Ko. for details. one from E3 to E4. If a2732 or 2764 is used, the 74LS244-2, while address A000 from
ajumper wire is required from E2 to E3, and pin 13 interrogates the switches inputting to
one from E4 to E5. The jumpers are required the 74LS244-1. Switch interrogation occurs
Circuit description
owing to these devices having different pins 60 times asecond (i.e., every 16.67 ms). The
At the heart of the circuit (Fig. 1) is a for the same signals. When a2764 is used, a 5.6-ka resistors pull the inputs of both
Motorola 6802 microprocessor. The 6802 has 28-pin socket is required. The 2532 and 2732 74LS244s logic high unless a particular
its own internal clock and driver, requiring devices can use either a24 or 28-pin socket. switch pulls that input low. When the
only an external crystal. It also has 128 bytes When a28-pin socket is used, the 24-pin de- processor addresses a switch decoder, it
of on-chip RAM, which is nice as long as no vice is inserted in the bottom set of holes (the reads the information supplied by the de-
more RAM is needed because it does not re- top is pin 1), as shown on the component lo- coder via data lines D7 through DO. The bit
quire external RAM with additional address cation diagram. combination read back determines what
decoding circuitry. Address decoding starts with the happens. For instance, if switch Sa is in the
A 51 -ka resistor and a4.7-uF capacitor 74LS138. Valid memory address (VMA) and CAL position, data line D1 instructs the
provide apower-on RESET to pin 40 of the the E clock are 'ANDed' through a74LSOO processor to display the date.
CPU. A 4-MHz crystal oscillator is used to gate at pin 3to provide alogic low signal Address 9000 from 74LS138 pin 14 is
provide an external clock frequency to run VMA*E\. Address line Al5 and VMA*E\ used to determine which of the six display
the processor. The 60 Hz (or 50 Hz) mains enables the 74LS138 to recognize A14, Al3 digits, the AM LED or the ACO solid-state
frequency is shaped by a74HC14 inverting and Al2, which causes the appropriate out- relay (SSR) is to be selected. When pin 14
Schmitt trigger gate. This frequency is used put to go low when true. For example, when goes low, it causes the data on the data bus
to run the clock when there is mains power. signals A15, A14, Al3 and Al2 are all high, (D7 through DO) to be latched into the
A 1.2-ka resistor monitors the transformer pin 7(F000) goes low, enabling the EPROM. 74LS374-2 octal D-type flip-flop, and to ap-
secondary voltage for apower failure. If the Address E000 from address decoder pear at its output. The ULN2001 is ahigh-
mains power fails, the clock switches to an- pin 9is not used. The letters 'N.C.' in the cir- voltage, high-current, Darlington transistor
other 60 Hz (or 50 Hz) source: the 6840, cuit diagram indicate 'no connection'. array. An alternative part, the ULN2003,
WorldRadioHistory
42 GENERAL INTEREST
VS Vp V
LOSS OF
R8
POWER
C12
DETECTOR MIM
:100n
IC3a
35 8
VSB HALT AO
MR RE 7 DO
Al DO
0 9 AS A2 6
D
10 D
'1C/V1 02
IC2 D
11 13 03
A2 A4 D
NMI 12 04
A.1 AS 04
2 05
4
13 iiii AS
Al EPROM
2732/ op
05
06
IC1
6
15 \•• 8—2 AB 2532 7 17 07
o
7
. ,%;
.
-\.Q./7 A9
17
A8 A10
A9
8 VPP All
00
:00n
//- 19 A10 " /111 a
co A10
IC3t 20 All 21 18 Il
22 Al2 2 E4
:On Al2 Vp
DO 3 23 A13
A13
60Hz (50Hz) 32 24 Al4 El E3 E5
A14
WHEN ON 2732-4.
D2 31 25 A11 1-- 2"2
BATTERIES D2 A15
6802
/ D3 30
03 IC4d
/D4 2
VMA
2 7
05
,D6 27 34
RAT,
D7 26 40 Vp
D7 ffl
21
VMA .E
EXTAL XTAL
IC3d
39 XI 138
C11 CIO C4
4MH
33p 33p
5
Fl
c-2 DX
\Al2 7
\ A13 • IG
3 °
7 6
\ 814 10
2 5
IC5 4
74LS138 .12
(.) \ A15 6 (13
.15V 2
14
15
0
D000
03 D2
Cl
Vp
IC12 e
,Yee
01.. D5
12.6VCT 7805 -r 16 15
ACO @IA
1N4001 CS1 cso
DO 2
DO wra Vp
DI 24
DI 7
D2 2
co 02
D3 22 03
Vp D3
100n 03
100 fee,t,,reee DO 2
04
MIM 05 O IC6
06 4
113 BI 06 51
IC3 IC4 IC13 IC14 IC5

07 18
07 6840 (551
2 _
I ? ? Teen 02
Need \A° 10
RSO
7V5
\Al 11
60 AA RS1
\ 82 12
RS2 ct
13
IC3 74HC14 arTtr al
17 27
IC4 74LSOO E 01
R5
14
RESET
IC3e
80 lo 120694
-0- Edge Card Connector
ca
-D- Board-to-Board Connector

On
Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of the Kerber Klock.
WorldRadioHistory
KERBER KLOCK IV 43
Vs
Cl 4 50041W 44 50OrnW
74LS374(-1)
RIO 922
1111
T .T .R25
1 TRUE
T -1
71213 110
DDO 3 2 a
10
6 b 14
12 c
19 0
9 • 12 o
16 I 9 2 13 6
5 g
Ic9 vo
75491
DDO (-2)
DOI DP
\ D2 1302\ LD1...LD6 e Common Cathode 13 2 6
D3 3\ Vs
LEDs, 40 AC2091,1
Vs C e b VS CP g
04 004
\D5 1305\
A.M.
1171
06 0D6 LD1 LD2 ... LD3 LD4 .. LD5 LD6
XC556111:
1171 Z -b. g 0111117111
, ,
\07 00\
7
1g 0
L11Lll «,..u,=,uu,ll.
..
= =.
...Lffi#
.
n fi n 1
7
IC8 TM 41.1 15 US
74LS374(-2)
CI
EN
maim
1 -TRUE
16 15 14 3 12 11 1,
\131313 3 2 929 7
ID
CEEB Vs
\001 4 5 1130 6 v.a 9
162
\CM 13 IC11
162 CI9
\DD3 17 4 ULN2001A
162
\01)4 7 933 (ULN2003A)
162
\C1135 14
162 ONO
\01)6 8
162
\007 18
vp
t Use jumper wire for ULN20034 Vs
IC13
74LS244(-1)
9
às] fi pñññ
ENI
4000
EN2
6000
\D7 12 G.
a 101
8
\DE 14 6
\CM 18 2
\134 16 4
\133 5
DIG DIG SNZ LA
1%02 3 17 SEL SET
\DI 9 11
\DO 7 13
\ele
oc»
ce 4
BAT
IC14 OFF sio

74LS244(-2) SID
It' ENI
19
EN2 riri
ri 2 ji1 „ 1[)
\07 16 V < ioi 011110

\06 16 4 10111 101101
\CM 14 6 11011 110011
\CM 12 a 111011 011011
1,03 9 11 111101 101110
\ D2 7 13 111110 10 110
VI 3 17
\DO 5 15
4
ACO
-Meeemip
Ste Sid
I2HR 12446
7-12
920099 -11 NEL 1-6

SEL
WorldRadioHistory
44 GENERAL INTEREST
may be used, provided the seven 1.2-1d2 the clock time equals the preset alarm time, will freeze the date on the display
input resistors are replaced with #22 AWG and the ALA switch is up, the alarm will (MM:DD:YY). Put SEL DIG in the up posi-
solid wire. sound. The alarm will sound for one minute tion. A lit decimal point indicates the digit
Address 8000 from 74LS138 pin 15 deter- unless it is terminated by putting the ALA that is ready to be changed. Put the SET DIG
mines which display segments including switch down, or by pushing the SNZ button (set digit) toggle switch in the up position.
the decimal point (DP) are to be tuned on. A (which will turn the alarm off for 10 min- The digit with its decimal point lit will start
low level on pin 15 causes data to be latched utes). The SNZ button may be pushed as to increase at a2-Hz rate. Put the SET DIG
into the 74LS374-1, and to appear at the out- many times as desired, until the alarm is dis- switch down when the desired number is
puts. The 75491-1 and 75491-2 are quad LED abled by the ALA switch. The alarm volume displayed. Put the SEL DIG switch down
segment drivers. The eight ,14-watt resistors can be set by pushing the SNZ button with and back up to move to the next digit. Set
limit the current through the LED segments, the ALA switch up. the desired number using SET DIG as done
thus determining the brightness level. Too The AC outlet (ACO) on the right side of before. Do this for the other digits, and ro-
large aresistor will make the displays dim, the case is an accessories outlet which can tate Sa to RUN position. Note that the time
while too small aresistor could burn them control small appliances rated up to 3 A of day was not affected while setting the
out. (300 W) maximum. It can be used to turn off date.
a radio and/or a light automatically after
you go to sleep, and turn them on in the Setting the alarm (ALA)
Power supply
morning when the alarm comes on. There is Rotate Sa to the ALA position. The proce-
The rectifier circuit is a full-wavé bridge a99-hour and 59-minute counter which can dure for setting the alarm time is the same as
type using four 1N4001 diodes to rectify the be set in one-minute increments. The ACO that for setting the time of day. If in the 12-
12.6-V a.c. secondary voltage of the mains is adown counter, and will stay on for the hour mode, be sure the AM LED is on for
transformer. A 2200-µF capacitor, CI, is preset time period as long as the ACO AM alarm setting. Rotate Sa to RUN posi-
used to smooth the rectified voltage, which switch is up. The ACO will turn on at the tion after the alarm time is set correctly.
is about 15 V d.c. The rectified voltage is fed alarm time if the ACO and ALA switches To set the alarm, put the ALA switch in
to the 5-V regulator, the loudspeaker driver, are up. Putting the ALA switch down will the up position. Note that the decimal point
and the NiCd rechargeable batteries. The turn off the alarm but not the ACO. of the digit above the ALA switch will come
centre tap of the transformer provides asec- The melodies are selected by combining on. This allows the user to tell, in the dark,
ondary voltage, which is filtered by a an- the left-hand rotary switch, Sc, with the that the alarm has been set. Set the ALA
other 2200-µF capacitor, C2. MEL SEL toggle switch. With MEL SEL in VOL as desired while pushing the SNZ but-
A 20-Q, 3-watt resistor is inserted in the 7805 the up position (1-6), melodies one through ton. When the time of day is the same as the
input voltage line to take some of the heat six are selected by Sc. With MEL SEL in the alarm setting, the alarm tone will sound for
away from the regulator, and provide cur- down position (7-12), melodies seven one minute unless the ALA switch is put
rent limiting to trickle-charge the NiCd bat- through twelve are selected by Sc. Any down, or the SNZ button is pushed. The
teries. Diode 1N4001 (CR5) prevents battery melody can be played on demand by push- SNZ button turns the alarm tone off for
current from flowing back through the 20-Q ing the SNZ button with the ALA switch 10 minutes.
resistor on power failure. The Vp voltage is down. The standard version of the Kerber
backed up by NiCd batteries. On battery Klock IV is preprogrammed to play the fol- Setting the AC outlet (ACO)
back-up, the displays will go dark, but the lowing melodies: Rotate Sa to ACO position. The procedure
internal circuitry will keep track of the cor- for setting the counter is the same as that for
rect time, so that when AC power returns, 1. Westminster Chimes setting the time of day, except the hours can
the correct time will be displayed. The Vs 2. London Bridge be set to 99. Putting the ACO switch up will
voltage is not required upon loss of power. 3. Somewhere My Love turn on the SSR, which puts mains voltage
4. The Way We Were on the AC outlet on the right side panel of
Features and functions 5. Love Me Tender the clock, and start the counter counting
6. Strangers In The Night downward. When the ACO counter reaches
The Kerber Klock has two display modes: 7. More 00:00:00, the AC outlet will turn off. The dec-
12-hour (12:00:00) or 24-hour (00:00:00). 8. The High And The Mighty imal point above the ACO switch will be lit.
Either option is selected by the switch 9. Misty
marked 12 HR/ 24 HR. When in the 12-hour 10. Jingle Bells
Construction
mode, an LED below the tens-of-hours digit 11. Oh! Susanna
will turn on, indicating the time is AM. 12. Everybody Loves Somebody The construction of the clock is set out in
Switching between 12 HR and 24 HR posi- great detail in the manual supplied by the
tion changes the display instantly. Setting the time (CLK) Kerber Klock Ko. The manual also contains
The calendar is displayed for two sec- Rotate the right-hand rotary switch (Sa) to the component mounting plans of the two
onds every ten seconds. The date is dis- the CLK position. This will freeze the clock printed circuit boards, adetailed parts list,
played in the form MM:DD:YY, where MM time on the display (HH:MM:SS). Put the and a components source list. Prices of a
is the month, DD is the day and YY is the SEL DIG (select digit) toggle switch in the number of items used to build the clock, as
year. The correct number of days is dis- up position. A lit decimal point indicates the well as parts kits, EPROM listings, prepro-
played for any particular month. Leap year digit that is ready to be changed. Put the grammed EPROMs, etc., are indicated on
is calculated by dividing the year by four. If SET DIG (set digit) toggle switch in the up the order form which you can obtain from
it divides evenly, 29 days are displayed for position. The digit with its decimal point lit
February, if not, 28 days are displayed. will start to increment at a 2-Hz rate. Kerber Klock Kompany
To disable displaying the date, turn the Seconds will be reset to 00. Put the SET DIG R. J. 'Bob' Kerber
right-hand rotary switch to the CAL posi- switch down when the desired number is 36117 Hillcrest Drive
tion, and push the SNZ (snooze) button. displayed. Put the SEL DIG switch down Eastlake, OH 44095
When the rotary switch is turned back to and back up to move to the next digit. Set U.S.A.
RUN position, the date will not be dis- the desired number using SET DIG as done Telephone (216) 946-3898
played. To return to displaying the date, re- before. Do this for the other digits.
peat the procedure. A reboot of the system Finally, make sure to state 50 Hz mains or
will also cause the date to be displayed. Setting the calendar (CAL) 60 Hz mains when ordering or asking for
The alarm is atrue 24-hour alarm. When Rotate switch Sa to the CAL position. This details.
WorldRadioHistory
45
ANALOGUE OPAMP INTEGRATOR

CIRCUITS
HOW THEY WORK, HOW TO DESIGN THEM AND WHAT MISTAKES
ARE MADE
By Joseph J. Carr
INTEGRATION is the mathematical The operation of the integrator is de- although only at the expense of severe
process of finding the area under a pendent upon the time constant of the R-C signal amplitude loss.
curve. While the mathematics of integra- network (i.e. RxC). In most cases, we
tion are beyond the scope of this article, want the integrator time constant to be Active op-amp integrator
the underlying concept is not. If you want long (i.e., >10x) compared with the period
circuits
to find the area under atime varying volt- of the signal being integrated. We can cas-
age, then you might apply the mathemat- cade several integrators in order to en- The operational amplifier makes it a lot
ics of integral calculus to arrive at a hance the effect, and also increase the easier to build active integrator circuits.
number. slope of the frequency response fall-off, Fig. 3shows the standard operational am-
Alternatively, you might use an ana-
logue integrator circuit. The same circuit
can also be used to find the time average
of avarying voltage.
In Fig. Iatime-varying voltage signal
represents apressure transducer output. In
this particular case, the signal is the out-
put of a human arterial blood pressure
transducer used in medical electronics
(any other example would also suffice).
Notice that the pressure/voltage varies
with time from alow non-zero value ('di-
astolic' )to ahigh peak value ('systolic')
between times T1and 12 (which repre-
sents one cardiac cycle). If we want to
know the mean arterial pressure (MAP),
we would want to find the area under the
curve, as shown by the formula in Fig. I.
Before discussing the circuit, let us
first mention the math notation. The 5
symbol indicates that the integration
process will be applied on the pressure
signal, P, over the time interval TI to T2.
The 'd t' indicates that the integration
takes place with respect to time. The mean
arterial pressure over the T2-T1 interval,
also denoted by P-bar, is the integral of
the voltage signal representing the pres-
sure. From this illustration we can see that
the integrator serves to find the time-aver-
age 'mean' value of an analogue voltage
waveform — it does not have to be a
blood pressure signal.
Passive R-C integrator cir-

cuits
Perhaps the simplest form of integrator
and differentiator circuits are made from
simple resistor (R) and capacitor (C) ele-
ments, as shown in Fig. 2. You may rec-
ognize this circuit as a passive low-pass
filter. The R-C low-pass filter (integrator)
has a —6 dB/octave falling characteristic
frequency response. Fig. 1. Blood pressure vs. time curve. P is atime varying voltage from a pressure transducer.
WorldRadioHistory
46 GENERAL INTEREST
Ui n 1.1 0
920086-12
Fig. 2. Passive resistor-capacitor (R-C) inte-

grator circuit.
plifier version of the Miller integrator cir-

cuit. An IC operational amplifier is the ac-
tive element; a resistor is in series with
the inverting input and a capacitor is in
the feedback loop. The output voltage of
the integrator circuit is dependent upon
the input signal amplitude and the R-C
time constant. The transfer equation for
the Miller integrator is:
= rU.I
t n dt+ K (I)
RC
o
Fig. 4. Practical Miller opamp integrator circuit.
Where:
U0 and U0,are in the same units (volts,
millivolts, etc.); Practical Miller integrator can mean. The voltage gain (Ay) of this
R is in ohms (SI); circuits circuit is given by the term -l/RC (I) so
C is in farads (F); what is the gain with a0.01-1.1F capacitor
tis in seconds (s); The circuit shown in Fig. 3is classic, and (certainly not a 'large' capacitor in con-
K is aconstant in volts (same units as U0 appears in textbooks and magazine arti- ventional wisdom) and a 10,000-ohm re-
and Ui n). cles. Unfortunately, it also does not work sistor (note: 0.01-g is 10-8 farads)? The
very well (or at all in some cases) because gain is calculated as follows:
The expression of Eq. III is away of say- of the offset voltage problem (a demon
ing that the output voltage is equal to the K!). These circuits are too simplistic be- A=-11RC
time-average of the input signal, plus cause they depend upon ideal input sig- Av = -1/(104 ohms)(10 -8 farads)
some constant K which is the voltage that nals that are symmetrical about zero volts, Av = -1/10-4
may have been stored in the capacitor and the properties of 'ideal' operational Av = -104 =-10,000
from some previous operation (often amplifiers. Unfortunately, the real kind-
zero). Alternatively, K may represent an you-can-go-buy opamps fall far short of With again of -10,000, a+1-volt DC sig-
offset error voltage in either the input sig- the ideal device that was in the mind of nal applied to the input will try to produce
nal or the operational amplifier itself — the textbook writer. In real circuits we a-10,000 volt output. Unfortunately, the
and therein is found aproblem with text- find that integrators saturate very shortly operational amplifier's negative output
book integrator circuits. after turn-on. potential is limited to arange of -5 to -20
The problem with the opamp integra- volts, depending upon the device selected
tors was driven home to me when I and the applied V- power supply voltage.
worked in a medical school/hospital bio- For this case, the operational amplifier
electronics lab, and had to build an elec- will slew to saturation very rapidly! If we
tronic integrator for one of the customers want to keep the output voltage from satu-
of our electronics laboratory. When Iused rating, then we must either keep the R-C
aType 741 operational amplifier, the out- time constant under control, or prevent the
put voltage saturated within milliseconds input signal from rising too high (not
after turn-on. In fact, saturation came so good!). If the maximum output voltage al-
fast that I initially thought the opamps lowable is 10 V, then the maximum input
were bad. The problem was that the input signal is 10 V/10,000, or 1 mV.
bias currents of the opamp (which are zero Obviously, the best solution is to keep the
in ideal devices) create ahigh enough out- R-C time constant within bounds.
put voltage to fully charge the capacitor in When Ibuilt my first analogue integra-
the feedback loop very rapidly. tor, and found that 741 devices were not
There is another problem with this kind suitable, I turned to high-cost premium
of circuit, and it magnifies the problem of grade opamp devices. At that time, apre-
saturation. This circuit has a very high mium 725 device cost $15, and it suffered
gain with certain values of R and C. Let us the same problems as the 741. The only
Fig. 3. Miller opamp integrator circuit. pick an example and see what this gain difference between the $15 premium
WorldRadioHistory
ANALOGUE OPAMP INTEGRATOR CIRCUITS 47
opamp and the $0.50 741 device is that on There may still be aminor drift problem,
the $15 opamp the output saturated slowly so potentiometer Pi is sometimes added to
enough for me to watch it on an oscillo- the circuit to cancel it. This component contact «St
PRODUCTS TO SERVICE ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
scope or voltmeter — about four seconds adds asmall countercurrent to the invert-
— instead of nearly instantaneously. ing input through resistor R5. To adjust
Unfortunately, this was still not accept- this circuit, set Pi initially to mid-range.
able. The potentiometer is adjusted by shorting
Applying a waveform to the input of the Vin input to ground (or setting %i n =
even the premium op-amp integrator al- 0), and then measuring the output voltage.
lowed me to see the output waveform rise Press Si to discharge Ci, and note the out-
up the screen of the oscilloscope and dis- put voltage should go to zero and stay
appear off the top of the screen! there. If it does not, then turn Pi in the di-
rection that counters the change of V„
after each time Siis pressed. Keep press- lilreak) 111
How to solve the problem
ing Si and then making small changes in
Fortunately, there are some practical de- Pi until you find that the output voltage
sign tactics that will allow us to keep the stays very nearly zero, and remains con-
integration capability, while getting rid of stant, after Si is pressed (there will be
the problems. A practical integrator is some long-term drift normally). FREE CATALOG
shown in Fig. 4. The heart of this circuit is If drift becomes important, and the output TEST INSTRUMENTS &
a BiMOS operational amplifier, Type voltage range can be limited to less than HARD-TO-FIND TOOLS
CA3140, or its equivalent BiFET type ±5 V, it is possible to make the CA3140 Packed with over 10,000 quality products for testing,
(the CA3130 or CA3160 will also work; operate in a low-noise mode. Remember repairing, and assembling electronicequipment. Afull
selection of test instruments, power protection equip-
Type CA3240 is adual CA3140 with the to use the 8-pin metal can package type, ment, precision hand tools, tool kits, soldering sup-
same pin-outs as an LM1458). The reason rather than the more common 8-pin plies, and much more. Products are shown in full color
that this device works so well is that it has miniDIP, and place aexpandable heatsink with detailed descriptions and pricing. AU products
come with a 100% satisfaction guarantee. SAME-
a low input bias current (having a MOS- (the kind made for TO-5 metal transistor DAY shipment program.
FET input circuit with a 1.5x10 12 -S2 input packages) on it. Limit the DC power sup-
In a hurry to receive your catalog?
impedance). When I tested close to a plies to ±5 V.
Call (800) 225-5370
dozen different opamps for the circuit the
In Massachusetts call (508) 632-2000
CA3140, which cost only about two dol-
Conclusion Contact East, Inc., Dept. R496
lars, they out-performed devices costing
335 Willow St., No. Andover, MA 01845
ten times as much. The Miller integrator circuit is based on
Capacitor CIand resistor Ri in Fig. 4 the operational amplifier. With proper se- Reader Service #76
form the integration elements, and are lection of the opamp, and acouple circuit
used in the transfer equation. Resistor R2 precautions, the Miller integrator will
is used both to discharge CIto prevent DC work well in signals processing circuits U
offsets from either the input signal or the
opamp itself from saturating the device;
its value should be 10 to 20 MS2. Resistor Notes ¡tech. ed.):
R2 also limits the gain at low frequencies. 1. Strictly speaking, the gain is given by the term -1/coRC,
(Project Pro)
The 'RESET' switch is used to set the ca- where co= 2Tf. However, since we are dealing with near-
pacitor voltage back to zero (to prevent a DC signals here, co will be very small, which allows the
Call For FREE Catalog
'K' factor offset) before the circuit is simpler term to be used with impunity.
used. In some measurement applications, 2. If the signal source is AC-coupled: Im ps of the Call (800) 800-3321 or (216) 425-8888
the circuit initializes by closing Si (or a CA3140 is about 50 pA, so that an offset of 0.5mV is in-
Project Pro brings a complete line
relay equivalent) momentarily. troduced with Rc =10MD. This offset, in turn, causes a
of electronic enclosures, hardware,
Because of R2 in the circuit we must noise voltage of about 400nVR/Hz.
place aconstraint on the transfer equation: and tools to both the professional
the equation is valid only for frequencies project engineer and the hobbiest.
greater than or equal to F in Eq. 111: Everything you need to bring ANY
project from development to
finished product.
(2)
I:— 2 rtl•Z ('
Where: PREVIEW
F is the cut-off frequency in hertz (Hz);
R2 is in ohms (S2); Speaker Builder
C is in microfarads (g).
Issue 5, 1992
There is acompensation resistor, Rc, be-

•Brother Jon Part II:
tween the non-inverting input of the oper- Construction
ational amplifier and ground. This resistor
•The Simplex Speaker Electronic
cancels the effects of input bias current factosurcz Custom Service &ate=
•Non-Optimum Box
and improves thermal drift performance Design Spreadsheet
•Aluminum • Fabricating Nickel Plated
•Steel •Screening Black Zinc
(2). It has a value equal to the parallel
•Acoustic Resistance Tuned •Plastic (ABS) •72 hour-turnaround
combination of Ri and R2: Itark.1 Chassis Luis
•The Danielle Part II:
R R, •An Electronic Counter 1710 Enterprise Pky. Twinsburg, Ohio 44087
R (3) for Coil Winding
+R, Reader Service k73
WorldRadioHistory
48
AUDIO-VIDEO PROCESSOR
TYPE AVP300 PART 4
An ELV design
T HE audio-video processor is constructed • Resistor R626 is normally awire link. In

on four printed circuit boards: potmeter some cases, however, it may be required The size of ametric bolt or screw is de-
board, measuring 314.5x159.5 mm (Fig. 9), to keep the regulating speed of the phase- fined by the letter M followed by anum-
mother board, measuring 330x198 mm (Fig. 10), locked loop (PLL) to which R626 belongs ber corresponding to the overall diameter
intermediate board, 232x198 mm and the down. This is so if, for instance, the proof the thread in mm, the xsign and the
switches board, 145x35 mm (both in Fig. 11). cessor is used purely as amulti-standard length of the bolt or screw, also in mm. For
There are no special comments regarding decoder. In that case, R626 should be 8201(11 instance, an M4x6 bolt has athread diam-
the components, but the following points If the processor is used in conjunction eter of 4mm and alength of 6mm. The over-
should be borne in mind. with avideo recorder, it is advisable, how- all diameter of the thread in the BA sizes
• All ceramic capacitors, the four SCART ever, to use the higher speed of the PLL. is: 0 BA = 6.12 mm; 2 BA = 4.78 mm;
connectors, the ten shift potmeters and the • The terminal wires of all components should 4 BA = 3.68 mm; 6 BA = 2.85 mm;
four push-button switches must be mounted be cut as short as feasible. 8BA =2.25 mm.
as close to the board as possible. • In anumber of locations, the MKT capac-
• The 15 LEDs must be mounted so that itors are very close together; take care that Wiring
their tops protrude 23 mm through the the non-insulated ends of these compo-
board. nents do not touch each other. Wiring is in many instances perhaps the wrong
• Soldering pins ST303 and ST304 and head- word: often two boards are soldered together
ers STL A' and STL B' must be soldered The mother board of the audio-video pro- without any wires. For instance, the switches
at the track side of the intermediate board. cessor built in the Elektor Electronics labora- board is pushed upright over the SCART
If the pins of the headers just do not pro- tory was found to have no earth connections connectors into the recesses in the mother
trude through the board, there is just enough for anumber of components since it had been board. Corresponding tracks of the two boards
room to solder them. forgotten to drill the relevant holes. This de- are then simply soldered together. It is ad-
• The mains transformer must be fastened ficiency is easily overcome by scratching visable to start by connecting the outer two
with four M4x6 nuts and bolts before its away the solder mask in these locations and tracks first in such away that the switches
connections are soldered. solder the relevant component terminal di- board sticks out about 1.5 mm over the mother
• Voltage regulators IC501 and IC 502 must rectly to the earth plane at the component side board.
be fitted to acommon heat sink, which is of the board. Acable containing three individually screened
then fitted lying down on to the board. When all components have been mounted wires should be used to connect terminals
Here again, bolt the heat sink down be- and soldered, check carefully that there are no W, Band Gon the mother and switches boards.
fore soldering any connections. bits of solder across tracks. The three screens should be soldered to sol-
Fig. 9. Component layout of the potmeter board.

WorldRadioHistory
AUDIO-VIDEO PROCESSOR TYPE AVP300 - PART 4 49
der pin A. On the switches board, connect long, 32-way piece of flatcable: they are eas- then set it to the centre of the range over
the wires directly to the relevant terminals ily separated with apair of scissors. Four of which stability is obtained. The edges of the
of switch S201. the 'cables' are terminated into aconnector picture are determined by the flyback pulse.
The boards are interconnected by lengths at only one end; their free ends should be Adjust the width of this pulse with R621 until
of flatcable between terminals points A-F as soldered to the track side of the potmeter the picture is centred on the screen. If you have
shown below. board. The connectors are press-on types an oscilloscope, this pulse may be measured
that can be fitted to the 'cables' by clamping at pin 6of IC 602 :ideally, it should be 12
A 5cm long, 13-way; 2connectors. them on to the cable in avise. At the same time, check the shape of the
5cm long, 16-way; 2connectors. The connections SI'203-ST303 and ST204-ST304 sandcastle pulse at pin 7of IC 601 .
C,D 10 cm long, 13-way; 1connector. can be made with lengths of circuit wire about If all is well, the screen should now show
E 10 cm long, 17-way; 1connector. 35 mm long. This is best done when the boards agood black-and-white picture; if not, there
10 cm long, 14-way; 1connector. are already interconnected by flatcable and is afault that must be rectified before further
the intermediate board is 'hinged' upwards work can be done.
The six lengths can be made from a25 cm as shown in Fig. 12. The chroma filter is best calibrated with a
SECAM signal (4.286 MHz), because its Q fac-
tor is then optimum. Connect pin 27 of IC 101
Initial tests
COMPONENTS LIST to the +12 V line (which sets the decoder to
Figure 12 shows the preferred positioning of SECAM) and apply aSECAM signal to one
Potmeter board the boards for the first test and adjustments. of the inputs. Adjust L202 for optimum colour
Flatcables E and Fcannot yet be connected. reproduction (if amonitor with acomposite
Resistors: Make sure that that the 'hinged upwards' video input is used, adjust L202 for optimum
R101, R240, R505 =560 n intermediate board cannot touch the switches quality). If an oscilloscope is available, ad-
R11 = 10 1(12 preset board. just L202 for minimum amplitude of the sig-
R116, R117, R122, R126, R130, R131 = When the power is switched on, the rele- nal at pin 15 of IC 101 .If only aPAL signal is
10 l(S2 shift potmeter, mono, linear vant LED should light. With avoltmeter, available, connect pin 28 of IC 101 to the +12V
R119 =100 k12 check the output voltage of the voltage reg- line and carry out the procedure as described.
R120 =271(12 ulator: negative to heat sink and positive to Continuing with the SECAM signal, ad-
R121 =68 k12 the pin furthest away from the transformer. just L101 until the red and blue in the picture
R123 =8201(1. 2 If the measured voltage differs more than have the same brightness. Then adjust the
R124 =220k12 5% from the specified one, there is afault some- receiver for ablack-and-white picture and
R125 =6801(12 where, which must be rectified before fur- set the grey of the picture as desired with R102.
R127= 180k12 ther work can be done. If an oscilloscope is available, adjust L101
R128 = 15 kS2 Next, replace the mains fuse by an ammeter until the level of the black signal at pin 3of
R129, R230 =561(.12 set to the 1A a.c. range. With power on, the IC 101 is the same as that of the sync signal.
R229, R432-R435, R466, R467 =47 k1) meter should read 600-800 mA. If the cur- Lastly, adjust R102 until the level of the black
R231 = 100 S2 rent is appreciably higher, check the correct signal at pin 1of IC 101 is the same as that of
R232 = 10 K2 operation of T931. the sync signal.
R241, R242 = 1.2k12 Correct reaction of the LEDs to the elec- Remove the +12 Vline from pin 27 of IC 101
R262-R264, R418, R419, R453, R454 = tronic switches indicates that the control sig- and connect it to pin 28 of this IC. Also, strap
11(12 nals to these switches are all right. The LEDs ST 101 to ST 102 .Connect an oscilloscope to
R415, R430, R431 =47 kf2, shift pot that indicate the video standard behave like pin 1or pin 3of IC 101 ,apply aPAL signal to
meter, stereo,linear arunning light: as long as no standard is rec- one of the inputs (not S-VHS), and adjust
R416, R451 = 1MS2 ognized, the decoder continues scanning. C116 until the drifting of the colours is amin-
R417, R452 = 100 kr2 imum.

R438 =471(12 shift potmeter, mono, Then, replace the PAL signal by an NTSC
Adjustment
linear 3.58 MHz (also called NTSC/M) signal, shift
R439-R441, R456, R457 =47 K2 preset Although no special test equipment is re- the +12 V line from pin 27 to pin 26 of IC 101
R503, R504 = 1001(12 quired if operation on only one television stan- and adjust C117 until the drifting of the colours
dard is required (the test card received on a is aminimum.
Capacitors: TV receiver or video recorder is then suffi- If an RGB receiver or monitor is used, the
C142, C506, C508, C509, C513 = cient), atest pattern generator is required screen should now show afaultless colour pic-
100 nF, ceramic for multi-standard operation. This genera- ture. If aCVBS signal had to be used, this
C143-C146, C221 =2.2 p,F, 16 V tor should provide PAL, SECAM and NTSC may not be so, because the encoder has not
C415, C447, C502 = 10 nF 3.58 MHz signals. NTSC 4.43 MHz requires yet been calibrated.
C416, C448 = 100 nF no adjustment, since that is included in the Remove the link between ST 101 and ST 102
C427-C430, C503 = 1µF, 16 V PAL calibration. and the +12 V line from pin 26 of IC 101 ,and
Connect aTV receiver with video input, set the RGB out switch to CVBS. Apply a
Semiconductors: or, preferably, RGB inputs, to one of the out- PAL signal to one of the inputs and set C316
D101-0104, D201-0204, D207, D208, puts of the audio-video processor and apply to the centre of the range over which the pic-
0401-0404, D505 =LED, 5mm, red the test signal to one of the inputs, but not to ture is in colour. Then, set the 4.43/3.58 MHz
0205, 0206 = 1N4148 an S-VHS one. switch to 3.58 MHz, apply an NTSC/M sig-
IC102, IC503 =4049 Set all potmeters in the video section on nal to one of the inputs and set C319 to the
IC202 =4040 the potmeter board to the centre of their travel. centre of the range over which the picture is
IC203 =4011 Set the switch at the extreme left of the in colour. Note that the band filters in the
IC403, IC407 =4001 switches board (RGB out) in accordance with encoder have already been calibrated dur-
IC408 =4053 the input of the used TV receiver (left =RGB; ing manufacture.
right =CVBS). Set the other switches, start- Finally, adjust L203 and L204 (band-stop
Miscellaneous ing with the one adjacent to the RGB out filters) for minimum cross-luminance inter-
switch as follows: right, left, right, right, left. ference. If an oscilloscope is available, connect
TA201, TA401, TA402, TA501 =push- If all is well, the receiver should show it across R206 and adjust these inductors until
button switch some sort of test pattern. Adjust R616 (line syn- the residue of the colour subcarrier on the
chronization) until the picture is stable and luminance signal is aminimum.
WorldRadioHistory
50 RADIO, TELEVISION AND COMMUNICATIONS
n n n I
- 1
ST 02 pr
0 0 60405 5.4104 Bu403 Bu402 9, i„i ?
BU203
e 0205
0 0204
Bu201
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I IC603 IC602
(/': ri n,- m .
re. C226
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CI34
mbili \
s„.„,_
B1101 0 C113 2à
CP'lLe.11 119 11-• C6I2
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pl AF... -II.- CI22 L. U12 T303
.i.
41 241 , 11. 414
C804.jill 4 • .2.1 C318 - •94.1 1
CIII C125
.74"r iel le 'I '34. re®C319
F.
cioi N _
511 11... I ' I mot 0300
14: 111 ' 410 2 I c4,5 1306
1601 10,7 C607 i ,
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EM
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8
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e 9
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k
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MI
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Mí. trt V .
l I
Fig. 10. Component layout of the mother board.
Fig. 11. Component layout of the switches board (left) and intermediate board.
WorldRadioHistory
AUDIO-VIDEO PROCESSOR TYPE AVP300 - PART 4
Assembly meter board. Make sure that no parts of the M4 bolts in the appropriate holes in the front
enclosure touch any components on the board. of the enclosure; do not tighten these too
Commence with assembling the upper part Fasten the board to the upper half of the case much. Finally, fasten the front panel to the
of the enclosure, the front panel and the pot- with six self-tapping screws. Next, fit two board with seven insulated screws and one
COMPONENTS LIST C116, C117, C316, C319 =2-40 pF STL A, STL C, STL D = 13-way header for
trimmer PCB mounting
Mother board C118, C119, C202, C207-C209, C304, STL1, STL B = 16-way header for PCB
C610, C612 = 1nF mounting
Resistors: C120 =47 nF Mains transformer 240 V to 15 V, 12 VA,
R103 = 680 51 C124, C301, C306, C317, C322, C323, with integral mains cable
R104, R220, R223, R259, R501 =4.7 kf1 C505, C511 = 10 µF, 16 V Flatcable and connectors (see text)
R105, R106, R219, R224, R256, R261, C125 =22 nF, ceramic Heat sinks (2) for IC501 and IC502
R308, R333, R334, R338-R340, R425, C135, C222-C226, C230 =22 !IF, 16 V
R601, R613, R615, R617-R620, R622 C140, C606 =4.7 µF, 16 V Intermediate board
=10 kll C201, C203-C205, C601 =47 µF, 16 V
R107, R110 =3.31(12 C210 =2.2 pF Resistors:
R108, R210, R213, R301 = 18 kft C211, C320 =33 pF R206 =75 11
R109, R243 =6.8 k.51 C228 = 68 pF R321 = 82 ça
R112= 1MO C229 = 120 pF R401-R403, R408-R410 =47 k.Q
R113-R115, R201-R205, R239, R247, C231 =2.2 µF, 16 V R404, R411 = 3.3 ILQ
R305, R313, R317-R320 =75 51 C303, C310-C313 =470 µF, 16 V R405, R412 = 100 IcS2
R118, R255, R610 = 1.2 na C315, C318 = 10 pF R406, R413 = 12 IcQ
R132, R257, R322, R323, R328, R329, C321, C517 = 100 µF, 16 V R407, R414, R427, R428, R443-R445,
R331, R332, R335-R337, R344, R612 C329, C604 = 100 pF R447-R449 = 10 IcS2
= 1IcQ C501 =2200 !IF, 40 V R420-R423. R436, R437, R458, R459
R207, R208, R211, R212, R214, R215, C602 =470 nF =10 kQ
R251, R324, R326, R345 =471(52 C603, C608 =220 nF R442 =2.2 Id2
R209, R216, R260, R605 =270 Q C605 = 680 nF R446, R450 =47 Id/
R217, R218 =39 kl2 C609 = 3.9 nF R460, R461 = 56 ki2
R221, R222 =330 S -2 C611 =8.2 nF R462, R463, R468, R469 =470 K2
R225-R228, R233, R234, R244, R248, R464, R465 = 120 Q
R253 =22 kl/ Semiconductors:
R235, R237, R254, R502 =270 Q D209-D217 = 1N4148 Capacitors:
R236, R606 =2.7 kQ D501-D504, D506-D509 = 1N4001 C206 =47 µF, 16 V
R245, R246, R249, R250, R302 =56 kQ ZD501 = zener, 5.6 V, 400 mW C401, C404, C407, C408, C411, C414,
R252, R330 =27 ki2 ZD502 =zener. 6.8 V, 400 mW C454, C455 = 1µF, 16 V
R258, R307, R311, R325, R327, R346, T501 = BC327 C402, C406, C409, C413 = 100 pF
R347 = 15 l(S.
2 T201-T212, T302-T304, T307, 1308, C403. C410, C449-C453, C458, C459
R303, R304, R309, R312 =220 Q T401, 1601 = BC548 =10 µF, 16 V
R306 =47 Q T301, 1305, T306 = BC558 C405, C412, C456, C457 =22 pF
R310, R625 =8.21(11 IC101 =TDA4650 C431, C432 = 2.2 µF, 16 V
R314-R316, R341-R343 = 1.8 k.Q IC103 =TDA4660 C433, C434, C437, C438 =56 nF
R424, R611 = 100 na IC104 =TDA3505 C435, C436 = 15 nF
R602 = 1.5 k.51 IC201, IC404 =4052 C439 = 100 µF, 16 V
R603 =820 Q IC301 =TPE1378A C440, C516 = 100 nF, ceramic
R604 = 150 Q IC302 =4053 C441, C442 =4.7 µF, 16 V
R607 =2.2 MQ IC501 =7812 C443-C446 = 100 nF
R608 =1.5 MQ IC502 = 7805
R609, R623 =3.91(12 IC601 =TDA1180P Semiconductors:
R614 = 82 k.Q IC602, IC603 =4528 BU205 = 8-way DIN socket
R624 =470 kQ IC604 =4070 BU301, BU302 = SCART socket for PCB
R626 =820 IcQ mounting
R102 =470 Q preset Miscellaneous: BU303 = S-VHS socket
R616, R621 =25 k0 preset L101, L202-L204 = 10 µH BU401, BU410 =3.5 mm stereo
L201 =51 pifi jack socket
Capacitors: 0101 =crystal 8.85724 MHz BU406-BU409 =audio socket
C101, C147-C149, C234, C314, C504, 0102 =crystal 7.15909 MHz STL A' = 13-way header for PCB mounting
C507, C510, C512, C514, C515, C518, 0301 =crystal 4.43 MHz STL B' = 16-way header for PCB mounting
C613 = 100 nF, ceramic 0302 =crystal 3.58 MHz STL E' = 17-way header for PCB mounting
C102, C106 = 15 pF BFP301 =3.58 MHz band-pass filter STL F' = 14-way header for PCB mounting
C103-C105, C212, C213, C227, C302 BFP302 =4.43 MHz band-pass filter
= 150 pF VZ101 =330 ns delay line Switches board
C107, C108, C122, C138, C307-C309, VZ301 = 180 ns delay line
C324-C328, C614 = 100 nF BU201, BU202 = SCART socket for PCB Resistors:
C109, C110, C220 =220 pF mounting R238 =82 11
C111, C112, C123, C607 =10 nF BU203 = S-VHS socket
C113, C121, C126, C127, C134 = 330 nF BU204 = BNC socket Miscellaneous:
C114, C115, C128-C133, C136, C137, BU402-BU405 =audio socket S201, S202, S301-S304 =slide switch,
C139, C141 =22 nF SI501 =fuse holder and 800 mA fuse 1change-over contact
WorldRadioHistory
El RADIO TELEVISION & COMMUNICATIONS
metal one (for earth connection). If the board

bends even slightly, the M4 bolts are too
tight.
Fit the intermediate board to the mother
board with four bolts and spacers. Fit an
M4x30 bolt and a25 mm spacer to the centre
front of the mother board; an M4x35 bolt
and 30 mm spacer to the centre right of this
board; and two M4x40 bolts and 35 rnm spacers
right at the back of the board. The remaining
holes in the board can be ignored here: they
are intended for apossible extension con-
nected to STL I.Fit the BNC socket to the
back panel and connect this to ST 201 and
ST 202 (earth) via two short lengths of circuit
wire.
Invert the enclosure so that its top rests
on the workbench and insert acentring rod
into each of the four fixing holes at the cor-
ners of the underside. Fit the assembled mother
board, intermediate board and rear panel to
the bottom of the enclosure with M5 bolts,
nuts, washers and 60 mm and 15 mm spacers
(as appropriate)—see Fig. 13. As soon as the
length of the flatcables allows, connect them
to the relevant board.
Next, fit the front panel—after removing
the ring nuts from the jack sockets. When
the front panel is seated firmly, fasten the
ring nuts back on to the sockets. Then, fit the
knobs to the potentiometers.
Finally, fasten the bottom of the enclosure
on to the four M5 bolts with suitable wash-
ers and nuts, and fit four anti-slip feet. •
Fig. 12. With the prints hinged away from each other, all calibrat or points are easily
accessible.
Fig. 13. The completed audio-video processor less front panel and most of the enclosure.
WorldRadioHistory
m
DESIGN IDEAS
The contents of this article are based solely on information supplied by the author
and do not imply practical experience by Elektor Electronics
REPLACE YOUR PAGING SYSTEM WITH A HIGH POWERED

INTERCOM
By Charles Kitchin (Analog Devices Inc., USA)
A cursory look through an electronics supplier's catalog quickly

reveals that, although there are many commercially available paging
systems, high power paging systems which also function as
intercoms are virtually non existent. Businesses, factories, noisy
industrial environments, and summer camps are just afew examples
of where just such a system is needed. The ability to page over a
wide area, using a large number of remote speakers, while also
having the ability to listen to any one (or all) of the areas covered by
these speakers, makes this type of system extremely useful.
U NLIKE the common paging system, an out as much noise as possible. stations; the 'talk' section for public address
intercom provides two-way communi- Equally important is the type of public to page through all the remotes, or to talk to
cations — through its master station it can address speakers used. The physical size of them individually. A third subsection func-
both 'talk' and 'listen' to individual remote the speaker horn directly affects the sensitiv- tions to select, via relays and switches, which
stations or zones of stations. The master can ity of the system: the larger the horn, the speakers will be connected to the system at
keep in touch with many different work sta- greater the speaker output both as aspeaker any given time. Finally, the power supply
tions widely isolated from one another, thus and when used as amicrophone. Public ad- section supplies the correct voltages to
allowing centralized control and communi- dress speakers with 12" diameter or larger power the various active devices.
cation over large areas. This can be more horns are well suited for intercom work;
than simply amatter of convenience. Since smaller speakers, such as the common 5" 'Listen' or monitoring section
the master station can be readily called in an horn variety work well as paging speakers The 'listen' section consists of only two am-
emergency, lives may be saved. but are generally poor when used as micro- plifiers: an AD524 instrumentation amplifier
In the 'talk' mode, an intercom provides phones in the listen mode. The 12" speakers, (IA) and a 'bullet-proof' 10-watt power
the usual paging function. In the 'listen' with their larger horns, provide agreat deal opamp, the LM675. The AD524 IA cancels
mode, it can monitor any or all of the stat- of acoustical gain when used as micro- any signals which are common-mode (i.e.,
ions. With amulti-station intercom system, phones. Note that, regardless of type, the the same on both speaker wires), yet am-
normal standby mode has the master station metal frames of the speakers need to be plifies signals which are differential (i.e., not
(or office) listening to all the stations, any of grounded to minimize noise pickup. the same on both speaker wires). Since noise
which can then call the office individually if is random, it is mostly conunon mode and
necessary. Once aremote station has alerted will be cancelled; the signal, however, is ap-
Circuit operation
the master station (by yelling at the loud- plied across the wires (differentially) and
speaker), the master can switch over and Figure lisa schematic of the main portion of will be amplified. Since the common mode
communicate with that one station alone. apractical high powered intercom system. rejection of this amplifier is around 80 dB,
With any intercom system, special atten- This particular intercom has survived over the noise (theoretically) should be reduced
tion is needed to ensure that the system can three years use, controlling the operations of 10,000 times. In reality, though, not all noise
adequately monitor the remote stations a200-acre summer camp. It still functions is common-mode, yet the improvement in
under conditions of strong electrical noise. In perfectly despite being operated 18 hours a signal to noise is still dramatic. Note that
general, the larger the total number of sta- day during periods of blistering heat and oc- grounding either of the speaker lines (not the
tions in the system and the greater their dis- casional thunder and lightning storms. Note shield but the lines) removes all common-
tance from the master station, the weaker the that, unlike some intercoms, no power or mode cancellation. Therefore, care should be
signal level and the greater the difficulty in electronic circuitry is required to operate the taken when adding new speakers and lines
discerning a signal out of the background remote units, they are simply public address that they be connected properly. The AD524
noise. It is usually necessary to use shielded horn loudspeakers which function both as has two resistors between each of its inputs
interconnect wiring between stations and to speaker and microphone. and ground, which provide aDC ground re-
employ an instrumentation amplifier in the The system has four main subsections: turn in the event that all speaker switches are
listen circuitry of the master station to cancel the 'listen' section for monitoring the remote shut off. The two capacitors connected in
WorldRadioHistory
54 DESIGN IDEAS
Microphone Microphone Preamp

Input
Cl luF +15V IC1
7 6 AD743
60012
49.9k12
4 R4
R3 -15V 49.9k12
R6 R7
60012 R2 84ki2 25.51(12 1051(12
Music
Inputs R8
0.001uF
47k12 1/2
Output
AD712
C2 Driver 6 To Speaker
7
Mixer IC2b Switches
501(12
R9 (Figure 3 )
Amplifier
47k12 1/2 Talk Ri 0
IC2a
AD712 Volume 1 Me2 -15V
All
150V
MOV
10S2
15V Regulator Talk/
C3 R14 Listen
500p.F Push Talk
+25V +15V Lamp 2 Relay
To
1
C4&C5 Talk — —
Music Talk
0.1u pf
11
C6 15V Regulator
500uF Normal 8
-25V -15V
— —
C7&C8 10 Listen
0.1p.F +12V
0.1uF
2A Fast
6.3 VAC
T3 CT Power
NC Amplifier* 3.3
10 7
R15 Dll -D18 ku
1(12 2A Fast
3VAC
D3 -D6 -25V Output
-15V Level Ml
Power +12V +15V . Meter
6.3 VAC Noise à a i
1A On/Off Cancellation a 7
Slow C9 Amplifier(IA) 8 C3 5k12 C11 &
2,000
R20 o AD524 C12
48VAC 9,1
¡IF
CT 0.01 C10 1(31(1 12
200V
V 2
MOV
Gain=10
18512 20k12 R22

Ti D7 -D10 Listen
Amplifier
0.330 2 LM675
300V 300V R18 0.3312 C16
R19 15µF 15µF
"Listen"
MOV MOV C15 50
+ + Speaker
C13 & C14 + 1(12 C18 & C19
R23 R24
R25
Listen 1M12
.01 .01 4
c r7,000µF 1
s. 7 7,0004F
Volume -15V
1012
C17
-25V +15V 0.22uF
+25V
120 VAC
920087-11
Fig. 1. Intercom main schematic diagram. When using a power amplifier with a single-ended output (such as the simple 20-watt amplifier),
ground pin 7 of the listen/talk key.
WorldRadioHistory
EI,EKTOR ELECTRONICS USA SEPTEMBER 1992
A HIGH-POWER INTERCOM SYSTEM
proximately 1V. Mixer amplifier IC2a allows

either the amplified microphone output or a
high level (0.5 V to 1V) music input to be
broadcast over the system. Output driver
amplifier IC2b provides additional gain so
that there is ample voltage to drive the
power amplifier to its full output level, if
desired. Note that all three of these oper-
ational amplifiers are used only for the pag-
ing or 'Talk' function.
The power amplifier

In this design, the power amplifier, which
drives the intercom speakers located
throughout the system, may be any physi-
cally small amplifier capable of delivering 20
watts or more. One alternative to building
the power amplifier would be to use a40-
C3 watt VMOS power module. Using the mo-
+Vs Pin 7 +Vs pi n 5
dule will greatly simplify construction, but
0.01µF 10µF 0.1µF will add about $50.00 to the total circuit cost.
Corn Corn I I Two 'home brew' power amplifiers will be
01µF 0.1µF
discussed next.
-Vs Pin 4 -Vs"e Ica 0. Pin 3 The performance of a monolithic IC
AD711 Bypassing at the chip LM1875 Bypassing at the chip power amplifier may be greatly improved
920087-12 by placing it within the feedback loop of an
operational amplifier (opamp). This compo-
site amplifier will then have both the low dis-
Fig. 2a. Schematic of the simple 20-watt power amplifier. tortion, low offset performance of the
precision op-amp and the high current driv-
ing capability of the IC power amplifier.
The simple composite amplifier circuit of
Fig. 2a delivers 20 watts r.m.s. into an 8-a
•15V—Lt—iow Pin 7 load with atotal harmonic distortion (THD)
0.0IpF
(*gem I of less than 0.003% and amaximum offset
100pF 11 Overall
0.010
3
RI
.
Gain 60 voltage of 1mV or less. In this circuit, an
Pin 4
AD711 Bypassing for Each chip 52

101,12
LM1875 power opamp is connected inside
3320
..25V-1—im. Pin S
the feedback loop of an AD711 precision
—I'I
2 150pF
1041pF 0.1pF V BiFET.
Corn I
ICI
100µF 0.1pF V 4.021S0 IC5 Since they are operating within the same
2.5V—I—T—law Pin 3 6 Y '
4 14
39 loop, aphase lead network, consisting of ca-
C7 O Output
LMIB75 Bypassing for 22612 pacitor Ci and resistors R3 and R4, provides
Each chip
the necessary compensation to stabilize the
N. n Inverting Power IMU
Input Composite Amplifier response of the AD711 and the LM1875.
o 0.47µF
502756
. (4 The 1-a, 0.2-uF R-C damper network
Amp -I shown between the LM1875's output and
R7* 10k0
32460 ground is necessary if the amplifier is driv-
3 ing an inductive load such as aloudspeaker.
Amp "13"
\• 1C4 For simple resistive loads, the network may
\N- - - - - - 0.27
— I C6II • I
A.
Cs be omitted.
C2
IMPF 0.47µF Note that if a power amplifier with a
1C3
single-ended output is used (in this case
,
imnen 14
Bridge
I..5S2 either the simple 20-watt amp or the com-
3
Inserter
226QR 4 4
0 Output mercial VMOS module), pin 7 of the
Amp "I)" talk/listen relay should be grounded and
,
F AAN
IC6
I
3320
V only one output fuse and fuse holder are
Non nverting Power I
Composite Amplifier
needed.
92008,13 A second circuit, that of Fig. 2b, operates
at an overall gain of 60 and provides 35 watts
r.m.s.into 8Q with less than 0.0035% THD at
Fig. 2b. Schematic of the 35-watt power amplifier. 1kHz. The circuit consists of two non-invert-
ing composite amplifiers, 'A' and 'B', in a
parallel with the resistors serve to roll-off small (4") 'listen' speaker. The LM675 has no bridge or differential output connection.
some of the high frequency noise and also extra protection, other than through its sup- Amplifier 'C' is a d.c. servo amplifier that
make the system far less susceptible to radio plies, since it is widely considered to be a nulls-out any d.c. voltage appearing across
frequency (RF) interference. The low pass fil- 'burn-out-proof' amplifier. the load by making the d.c. offset of the two
ter at the output of the AD524 serves the amplifiers equal.
same purpose. The 'talk' or paging section Amplifier 'D' inverts the input signal 180
The output of the in-amp connects to a In the 'talk' section, ICI, an AD743 low noise times so that the output of amplifier 'B' is
'listen' volume control and from there to an opamp operating at again of 140, serves as non-inverting with respect to the circuit's
LM675 power opamp. The output of the the microphone preamplifier. This raises the input. The low input impedance of ahigh
LM675 connects through a capacitor to a 5-10 mV microphone output level to ap- gain inverting composite amplifier makes it
WorldRadioHistory
El DESIGN IDEAS
fier. Each 25-V power supply also has its

1of 10
Diodes
own 15-V supply system consisting of a
1N4004 series 15-V regulator. The ±15-V outputs
power the opamps, the in-amp, the LM675
listen amplifier, and the opamps in the com-
Speaker "On"
Lamp 12V
posite power amplifier.
A second bridge rectifier (this time ac-
tually operating as abridge) is fed by two
100S2* series-connected 6.3-V filament transformers
To P.A. (only one half of the second transformer is
Speakers 1of 10 Speaker On Lamps used). Their 9-V a.c. output feeds asecond
A bridge rectifier whose output is filtered by a
1Of 10 2,000 µF capacitor. Because its value is sub-
Speaker stantially less than that of the main filter ca-
Switches .'%11‘.. Si -S10 pacitors, there is no need for a surge
— 5switches Speaker On/Off
in Each Zone, protection resistor. The 12-V output powers
Switches — 1of 10
2 Different all the speaker line lamps and the 12-V
Zones. talk/listen relay.
+12V
Intercom operation
This intercom system has been specifically
designed to be as 'fail safe' as possible. The
front panel switching uses standard toggle
1of 2
Zone
switches rather than the usual (and unre-
o liable) ganged push button switches. The
Switches
S11 & S12 system is divided into two different 'zones'.
This was done for two reasons: two zones
allow paging half the stations rather than the
entire system at one time. Also, the cost and
Output From Figure 1
complexity of an 'all speakers' on/off switch
was prohibitive. Note that, in all cases, indi-
+12V cator lamps show which speakers are being
920087.14 listened to (or being talked to).
Figure 4shows the location and function
Fig. 3. Speaker and zone switch diagram. The 100-Q resistor in series with the speaker 'on'
of the intercom's controls. On the top panel
lamp reduces the operating voltage to about 6 V, which increases the life span of the lamp there are two knobs, an output meter, and
8,000 times. The zone switch contacts are connected in parallel with the speaker switch the main power switch. The left control sets
contacts in each zone. Since there are two speaker switching poles in each speaker switch, the 'listen' volume; this should be set at a
switching all five speakers in each zone requires ten poles as shown. One of the two comfortable listening level. When different
remaining poles is used to switch on all the speaker lamps in each zone. speakers are selected, this control will need
to be moved up or down somewhat to main-
difficult to drive. This is why two non-invert- extensively protected by MOVs (metal oxide tain the same volume. Note that, unlike the
ing composites were used, with one of them varistors). previous system, the listen control does not
driven with asimple op-amp inverter. affect the 'talk' volume in any way.
An analog VU meter monitors the output Remote station speaker switches The knob to the right of the 'listen' control
level delivered by the power amplifier. A Figure 3 shows how the remote speaker is the 'talk' volume control. This sets the out-
potentiometer located on the back top panel switches are wired. Note that the contacts of put level applied to the speakers when the
of the intercom sets the meter sensitivity. the zone switches are wired in parallel with push-to-talk button is pushed — the output
Eight diodes and one resistor protect the the contacts of the individual speaker swit- level meter to the right of the control indi-
meter from overloads and from the power- ches. The zone switches are highly reliable cates this level. When 'talking', the talk level
down surge of the power amplifier. 12-pole relay switches whose construction is control should be set about mid-position,
similar to that of atelephone lever switch. and the operator of the intercom should
'Talk/Listen' function selection watch the output level meter when speak-
As shown in the schematic of Fig. 1, a12-V Power supply section ing. The operator should adjust his (or her)
relay switches the intercom from its normal The final section is the power supply. To distance from the microphone (or talk softer
'listen' function to its 'talk' mode. Note that (help) protect against lightning, the a.c. or louder) to keep the average output level
contacts 8, 11 and 9select whether or not the power line is both fuse (1 Amp slow) and about mid-scale on the meter. Note that if the
input to the power amplifier is to be driven MOV protected. Two power transformers level is too high (i.e., the meter reading is
or grounded. Contacts 5, 6, 7, 4, 1 and 3 are used: amulti-winding transformer and mostly in the red zone on the right side of the
switch the speakers from the input of the one with asingle winding. A 48-V center- meter) the speaker volume will be too loud
'listen' section (the IA) to the output of the tapped winding on the multi-winding trans- and probably will be distorted as well.
'talk' section (the power amplifier). The relay former connects to a large (10-A/1000-V) Speaking too softly (very little or no indica-
allows two switches to be used: a'push to bridge rectifier. The + and - outputs of the tion on the meter) means that your trans-
talk' and a'music normal'. Of course, both bridge, which here is functioning as two full mission will not be heard. The power on/off
switches perform exactly the same function wave rectifiers, are applied to filter capaci- switch turns on or shuts off all power to the
but one of them is a momentary contact, tors through small series resistors (these re- intercom.
while the other is a normal toggle switch. sistors limit the initial turn-on current
Apart from the convenience of allowing through the capacitors and thus protect the Remote station selection
music to be played, having two switches bridge rectifier). The next area to explain concerns the swit-
which serve the same function greatly in- ches and lights located on the sloping front
creases system reliability. The switches are The ±25-V outputs power the power ampli- panel. As Fig. 3shows, in this system, there
WorldRadioHistory
A HIGH-POWER INTERCOM SYSTEM III
wise, switching on zone switch 'B' is exactly

the same as turning on speaker line switches
6through 10. Switching on both zone swit-
ches will turn on all the speaker switches in
the system.
A nice feature of this system is that when
azone switch is turned on, all the speaker in-
dicator lights in that zone will go on as well,
indicating that it has switched on these
speakers. Note that, because they switch on
the same speakers, the zone switches may be
used if one or more of the speaker line swit-
ches fails. Or, if 1of the zone switches fails to
work, the five speaker line switches can be
turned on simultaneously to perform the
same function.
Through the use of arelay, the push to
talk switch 'rewires' or changes the intercom
from alistening station to ahigh power pub-
lic address (PA) system. The red talk light in-
dicates that you are now paging one or more
speakers at atime. Just as with listening, the
speaker line switches (and zone switches) se-
lect which speakers have been selected. The
normal/music switch is electrically identical
to the push to talk switch except that it is the
type of switch that stays on or off — this
allows you to play music over the intercom
(you could sit there holding your finger on
the push to talk switch, but most people have
better things to do with their time).
Again, if the push to talk switch fails, the
normal music switch may be used in its place
Fig. 4. Intercom front panel controls. until repairs are made.
Note that each speaker is (and must be)
are 10 speaker switches numbered 1to 10, speakers connected to it. The speaker indica- equipped with a '25-volt' line transformer;
two 'zone' switches labeled 'zone A' and tor lights show which speaker lines have this increases the speaker's 84. 2impedance
'zone B', apush to talk switch, and anor- been switched on. Note that there are five to around 159 LI (depending on which trans-
mal/music switch. There are also 10 speaker switches on the top row (switch numbers 1 former tap is used). Note, however, that if
indicator lights and one large, red "talk" through 5) and another five on the bottom even one speaker is connected without a
light. row (switches 6through 10). Switching on transformer, the whole system will fail to
Each speaker switch controls one speaker zone switch 'A' is exactly the same as turning work (because almost all the power will go
line which may have one, or several, on speaker line switches 1through 5; like- into that one 842 speaker).
On the back panel

Figure 5 shows the recommended back
Power Meter
panel connections to the intercom. Note that
Fuse Sensitivity
Microphone shielded wire is recommended for connect-
•
I
0 Input Jack ing the remote speakers to the master station;
Heatsink for
Music Input the shielding helps to reduce hum and noise
Power Amplifier
Jacks when the intercom is used in the 'listen'
mode. a
Output
Ground
uses 0
ME
F
0 e---
leeLio 000000000000 01
Each of the 10
remote station
lines is
connected to PREVIEW
the back terminal Each remote station uses two
strip as shown. terminals and acommon ground Glass Audio
connection.
Issue 4, 1992
Shielded Wires •Designing 40W Class-A Triode

(2 per speaker) 920087-16 •65W OTL Power Amp
•Low Dropout Filament
Voltage Regulator
•Tubes vs. Transistors
Fig. 5. Intercom back panel connections.
WorldRadioHistory
58
CORRECTIONS 8751 emulator (March 1991)
Plant warmer (June 1992)

LETTERS The features list in the first column on page
53 should read:
Resistor R, was omitted from Fig. 2. The -download, modify, and upload 8751 pro-
correct diagram is shown below. grams without having to erase and program
an 8751.
Inductance-capacitance meter (March 1992) -put breakpoints in programs.
The value of R 16and R /7should be 390, not -display register and memory contents.
300 as shown in the parts list.
etc.
Video enhancer (July 1992)
Vb
Preset Py is best adjusted for asignal level of FM tuner—Part 3 (May 1992)
2Vpp at the collector of Ty. Output transistor In the PSU parts list on page 54, R30 1 should
T3 may run fairly hot: this is normal. be 1500, 1%, not 150kg, 1%.
The third paragraph of the text on page 73
920050 -12 should read: The frequency characteristic of Mark 2QTC 80/40 loop antenna (July 1992)
the signal at the base of T3 is shaped by P1, The frequency "3800kHz" mentioned twice
Audible fluid level indicator (July 1992) R6 and Cg, and is, therefore, to acertain ex- under 2.40-metre band (page 90) should
Owing to aprinting error, the diagram in this tent under the control of the user (with P1). have read "7300kHz".
article is incorrect. The right diagram is
shown below.
INDEX OF ADVERTISERS
All Electronics Corporation 4 Software 61
Baylin Publications 10 Project Pro 47
BG Micro CV III SMPTE 9
Contact East 47 Spy Supply 9
Deco Industries 9 Tanner Electronics 5
Kelvin Electronics 9 Tapto Corporation CV II
LNS Technologies 9 TECI 4
MBI CV IV
Meadowlake Corporation 10 ELECTRONICS SCENE/NEW PRODUCTS
Micro Video Products 9 Analog Devices, Inc. 13
Mouser Electronics 4 ICOM America 13
National Scanning Report 5 MFJ Enterprises, Inc 12, 13
OLD COLONY SOUND LAB Pass Laboratories 12
Books 61, 62 PC Boards 12
EIT Elektor Item Tracer 10 Rigel Corporation 12
EPROMs, etc 61 Scantek, Inc. 13
Front Panel Foils 61 Sonic Perceptions, Inc. 13
New Products 6-8 Ten-Tec, Inc. 12
Printed Circuit Boards 61 Tobin Cinema 12
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These Elektor Electronics USA back issues are still available.
Oct 90 Medium Power AF Amp • Dubbing Mixer • Shunt Regulator • Automatic Battery Charger I•
DON'T SWEAT IT!
Guitar Tuner •Microprocessor Controlled Telephone Ex.
change •Speed Control for 3-Phase AC Motors •Digital
Super Voltage Regulator •Automatic Battery Charger II •
Video Digitizer •S-Meter for Short-Wave Rectifiers •Syn.
THE LATEST ISSUE OF
Car Engine Lock/Alarm • Sound Generator an ELV chronization Separator • Field Strength Meter • Remote
E
IEKTOR
Design •Phase Meter •400W Laboratory Power Supply Temperature Module for Digital Multimeters • Precision
• S-VHS/CVBS-to-RGB Converter Pt 1•Tuned UHF TV Rectifier for Digital Voltmeters • Semiconductor Tester •
Preamplifier • Measurement Techniques • Negative Digital LED Voltmeter • Wien Bridge with Asymmetrical
Resistance • In Ouest of Panagram • Supply e Measuring Electrolytic Capacitors • LED VU
E
LECTRONICS
Nov 90 Stereo Bridge Amplifier with TDA7370 an SGS- Meter •Triggered Sawtooth Generator •Binary Logarith-
Thompson Application • Dubbing Mixer EV7000 Pt 2 • mic Ladder Network • Logic Analyzer Pt 5 •
IISA
Medium Power AF Amplifier Pt 2•Active Mini-Subwoofer Sop 91 Remote Control ICs MV500 and MV601 •Peak
Pt 1• Programmer for 8751 • 1-of-N Decoder II Smoke Indicator for Loudspeakers •ZAP51: an 87C51 Program-
Detector •PT-100 Thermometer •In Quest of Panagram mer • Plotter Driver • Keyboard Circuit (design idea) •
Pt 2 • 400W Laboratory Power Supply Pt 2 • S-VHS! Asymmetrical-to-Symmetrical Converter • Central Car
CVBS-to-RGB Converter Pt 2•Solar-Powered MW Radio
• Digital Capacitance Meter•
Locking Control •Time-Code Interlace for Slide Control •
A Cheap, Efficient, Strategic Fire Alarm • Build the Opti-
can be found at:
Dec 90 Active Mini-Subwoofer Pt 2 • Phase Check for calock •Fiber Optics Pt 1•Understanding the EDIF Stan-
Tri-Tek BB & W Electronics
Audio Systems • Chopper-Stabilized Operational Ampli- dard • Measurement Techniques Pt 6 •
fiers • Line Pulse Fundamentals •In Quest of Panagram Oct 91 Switch-Mode Voltage Regulators LM2575/LM2577 9014 N 23rd Ave 11 2137 S. Euclid Ave.
Pt 3 • Introduction to Metal Transmission Lines PC- •Digital Compact Cassette •Upgrade for MCS BASIC-52 Phoenix, AZ Berwyn, IL
Controlled Videotext Decoder Pt 1• Droitwich Timebase V1.1 Pt 1•Audio Spectrum Shift Techniques eComputer-
•Milliohmmeter •Measurement Techniques Pt 2•Sup- Controlled Weather Station Pt 2: Electronic Hygrometer •
Abeltronics Lakeland Electronic
plement of 51 Short Projects Four-Terminal Networks Pt 1•Build the Opticalock Pt 2•
Fiber Optics Pt 2•AM Broadcast Receiver •A Review of 9155 E Archibald Supply
Jan 91 The Complete Preamplifier Pt 1• Multifunction
Measurement Card for PCs Pt 1 u 8031 Single Board Coding Theory • 50MHz 8-Bit DAC • Measurement Cucamonga, CA 202 W Pleasant Street
Computer •Advanced Input Stage for aLeft/Right Revolu- Techniques Pt 7• Digital Function Generator Pt 1•
Nov 91 Class A Power Amplifier Pt 1•A Simple Watch- Angola, IN
tion Counter (design idea) •In Ouest of Panagram Pt 4• All Electronics
PC-Controlled Videotext Decoder PC-VT7000 Pt 2•Error dog Circuit • Upgrade for MCS BASIC-52 V1.1 Pt 2 •
Relay Card for Universal I/O Interface • Product Model- 905 S Vermont Ave
Detection and Correction • 23/24-cm FM ATV Receiver Purchase Radio Suppls
(a review) • Slide Potentiometers in the Video Mixer— ling •Four-Terminal Networks Pt 2•The Cipher Machine Los Angeles, CA
327 E Hoover
an update •Interval Control for Camcoders—an update •Timer for Central-Heating Systems •Dissipation Limiter
• Measurement Techniques Pt 3 • A Simply Elegant •24-Bit Full Color Video Digitizer •Experimental Ouadri- All Electronics Ann Arbor, MI
L-C-R Bridge • Logic Analyzer Pt 1 • SWR Meter for form Ferrite Transmit/Receive Antenna • Measurement
Techniques Fl 8 • Digital Function Generator Pt 2 • I-1928 Oxnard St
15-70MHz Tel Van Electronics
Feb 91 OUT OF STOCK Dec 91 Amplification/Attenuation Selector •Digital Tape Van Nuys, CA
22344 Van Born
Counter • Microprocessor Programmable Universal Ac-
Mar 91 The Complete Preamplifier Pt 2 • Headphone tive Filters CMOS Dimmer • REF 200 • Single-Chip Dearborn Heights, MI
Electronics Plus
Amplifier •8-Channel AudioNideo Switch (design idea) •
Power Line Supply • Power-On Delay • Class A Power
MIDI-to-CV Interface—some additional notes •Computer- 823 Fourth Street
Amplifier Pt 2 • On-Off Delay for Valve Amplifiers •
Controlled Weather Station FI 1 • Electronic Exposure Gateway Electronics
Overload Indicator uElectronic Power-On Delay •Protec- San Rafael, CA
Timer •Central-Heating Controller Pt 2•PC-ECAP Circuit 8123 Page Blvd
tion Against Direct Voltage • Mouse/Joystick Switch for
Simulator •2-Meter Band Converter •Radar Detector •
Amiga • RS232 for Sharp Pocket Computers • 6-Digit Gateway Electronics St. Louis, MO
Measurement Techniques Pt 5•PC-Controlled Semicon-
Coded AC Power Switch • Musical Christmas Present •
ductor Tester Pt 1• 9222 Chesapeake Dr
Universal Time Switch • Safe Solid-State Relay • Con-
Apr 91 Preamplifier for Moving Coil Pick-up is 8-Bit I/O nect-4 •Automatic Blower Fan Control for Cars •VOX Ac- San Diego, CA Future Electronic
Interface for Atari ST • Digital Research DOS 5.0 Brings tuator for Baby Alarm •Universal Power-On Delay •BCD Parts, Inc.
Back Your Memory • Intel/Techtronix-to-Hexdump Con- Rotary Switch • Gentle Halogen-Light Switch •Variable Henry Radio
verter Program for PCs •MIDI Program Changer • Dim- 440 East Main Cross
Time Switch •Auto Power On-Off for Bicycle Speedome-
mer for Halogen Lights •Surf Generator •6-Meter Band ter •Disco Running Lights •Telephone Buzzer as Switch 2050 S Bundy Dr Findlay, OH
Transverter • AM/FM Receiver • Logic Analyzer Pt 3 • •Bedside Light Timer •Video Camera Timer •Switching Los Angeles, CA
Wattmeter • PC-Controlled Semiconductor Tester FI 2 • Clock from Parking Timer • LED Indicator for Tempera- Powell's
May 91 DC-to-DC Converter • Preamplifier for Moving- ture Logger • Slave Power Line On-Off Control Mark • HSC Electronic Supply Technical Books
Magnet Pick-Up • 8032/8052 Single-Board Computer. Water Level Control •Voltage Regulator for Cars • Fast 33 NW Park
Switching Gate • Horse Simulator • Digital 555 • In- 4837 Amber Lane
Universal I/O Interface for IBM PCs • Versatile Pulse-
telligent Power Switch • Review of the Heath GC-1000 Sacramento, CA Portland, OR
Width Modulator (design idea) •Speed Control for Large
DC Motors •Laser Pt 1•Rectifier Calculations •Battery Clock • Battery Tester • 9V NiCd Battery Charger •
Tester •Video AID and DIA Converter Pt 1•Wideband Economy Power Supply • Static DC-DC Converter • HSC Electronic Supply Tanner Electronics
Active Rod Antenna •Augmented A-Matrices •Conduc- Relay Fuse • FSK/RTTY Decoder for PCs • Alexander
Graham Bell Wideband Antenna Amplifier • A Simple 3500 Ryder St 1301 W Beltline Rd
tance Meter •
and Adaptable Logic •Sine Wave Converter • Temper- Santa Clara, CA Ste 105
Jun 91 Real-Time Clock for Alan ST •Laser Pt 2•Light
Switch with TV Remote Control • Stepper Motor Board ature Measurement Techniques •HCT Crystal Oscillator Carrollton, TX
•Audible Tester •Digital Function Generator Pt 3•Pulse Video Suppliers
Pt 1• Light Transmitter-Receiver • Universal NiCd Bat-
Shaper •
tery Charger • Variable AC Power Supply • Video A/D 14526 Crenshaw Blvd Electronic
and DIA Converter Pt 2 • The OTC Loop Antenna • Jan 92 Build aCompact Disk Player •Mini Z80 System
Logic Analyzer Pt 4 • Digital Phase Meter • • Prototyping Board for IBM PCs • Exploring Negative Gardena, CA Equipment Bank
Resistance: The Lambda Diode (design idea) •Compu- 323 Mill St
Jul/Aug 91 Automatic Power Off for Audio Equipment
ter-Controlled Weather Station Pt 3: Windspeed and Direc- Centennial
•Multi-Function I/O for PCs • 1Mbit Adapter for EPROM Vienna, VA
tion Meter • NE602 Primer •A Direct Conversion Radio
Programmer • Video Enhancement for Acorn Archi- Electronics, Inc.
•Universal RC5-Code Infra-Red Receiver •Cochlear Im-
medes •Angled Bus Extension Card for PCs •Change- 232 ,
1East Bijou
plants • Fast, Precise Thermometer • Low Frequency Cody Books Ltd.
Over Switch for C64 Control Port • Keyboard Change-
Counter • Colorado Springs, CO
Over Switch • Communication Buses • Microprocessor 1122 Fir Ave
Supply Regulator • PC Interrupt Handler • 8088 Single- Feb 92 Dual-Output, Switch-Mode Regulator •Capaci-
tors in AF Circuits •RAM Extension for Mini Z80 Systems Blaine, WA
Board Computer • Time-Code Interface for Slide Con- Gateway Electronics
troller • Would You Be an Inventor? •Solid-State Light- •I 2C Interface for PCs • 8051/8032 Assembler Pt 1 •
PWM Temperature Controller • Why Use Lithium Cells? 2525 N Federal Blvd
Sensitive Switch • Pulse Generator with One 4066 • Amateur Radio
Voltage-Controlled Current Source • Electronic Reversing •The Living Computer • Direct Digital Synthesis-DDS • Denver, CO
Indoor/Outdoor Temperature Indicator • Switch-Mode Supply Co
Circuit for Model Trains • Fault Signaling Circuit •
Automatic Cycle Lights • Bounce-Free Switch • Time Power Supply •Improving Portable Radio Performance • Tapco Engineering 5963 Corson Ave #I45
Delay with One 555 •Switch for Central-Heating Pump • RC High-Pass Filter for Active Antennas • AudioNideo
1639 47th St NE Seattle, WA
House Telephone •Darkness-Sensitive Switch •Switch- Switching Unit • Greater Capacity in Submarine Optical
Off Delay for Battery Supply • Windscreen Wash/Wipe Cables • Measurement Amplifier • Mini Square-Wave Cedar Rapids, IA
Circuit • Telephone Extension • Temperature-Compen- Generator • RP Electronic Co
sated Current Source •Sequential Control •Car Battery Mar 92 AF Drive Indicator •8051/8032 Assembler Pt 2 RJM Electronics 2113 W 4th Ave
Monitor •Varigated LED •Programmable LED Indicator • Centronics Line Booster • ADC/DAC and I/O for I 2C
4204 Overland Rd Vancouver, BC
•Universal Test Probe •Slave Flash Trigger •Universal Bus • 8751 Emulator • MIDI Data Transfer • A
Timer •50Hz Band-Stop Filter •Momentary Action Push 555-Based Ramp Generator • Measurements on Power Boise, ID CANADA
Button • Teeth-Cleaning Timer • One-Shot Solid-State Supplies • The Flat-Top 80 Antenna • FM Tuner Pt 1•
Relay Timer • Laser Pt 3 •Stepper Motor Board Pt 2 • A Symmetrical Route Switch for Electronics • Induc- If you prefer home delivery use
Modern LED Clock • Battery Charger • Presettable tance/Capacitance Meter •
the handy subscription card enclosed.
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PAST ISSUES
Back issues of the British Elektor from July/
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wide Subscription Service Ltd., Unit 4, Gibbs
Reed Farm, Pashley Road, Ticehurst TN5 7HE,
England, United Kingdom. Single copies are
$4.50 surface mail, $7.50 airmail. Back issues
of Elektor Electronics USA from October 1990 on-
ward (except 2/91) are available from Old Col-
ony for $4 postpaid, $6 for July/August or De-
cember double issues.
CALL OR WRITE FOR YOUR FREE OLD COLONY CATALOG!
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PLEASE ALLOW 4-6 WEEKS FOR DELIVERY. TOTAL
above, for EACH YEAR desired. Acomplete set
of indexes for 1979-91 is available for $7.50 EMON51 (8051 6091 34.00 2/92 8051/8032 assembler 1661 13.00 2/92
Measurement 910144-F 15.00 2/92
postpaid. Also available postpaid: amplifier assembler course) course (IBM)
Digital model train (13 parts) $15.00 920012-F 19.50 3/92 (1 x 27256)
LC meter
BOOKS NICAM decoder 920035-F 14.00 5/92 Multipurpose Z80 card: A-D/D-A and I/O for 1671 13.00 3/92
GAL set 6111 19.00 6/92 I2C bus
The following Elektor books are currently avail-
EPROMS/PALS1MICROCONTROLLERS (2 x GAL 16V8)
able from Old Colony Sound: 8051/8032 assembler 1681 13.00 2/92
301 Circuits $12.50 PROJECT No. Price Issue Multipurpose Z80 card:
course (Atari)
302 Circuits $12.50 BIOS 6121 26.00 6/92
Multifunction 561 17.50 2/91 (1 x EPROM 27128) AD232 converter 1691 13.00 4/92
303 Circuits $15.90
measurement card 8751 programmer 7061 70.50 11/90 GAL programmer 1701 19.00 5/92
304 Circuits $19.95
for PCs (1 x 8751) (3 disks)
Data Sheet Book 2 $16.50
Databook 3 $17.95 MIDI control unit 570 20.00 6-7/90 DISKETTES
(1 x 27C64) Multipurpose Z80 card 1711 13.006/92
Databook 4 $17.95
PROJECT No. Price Issue
Databook 5: Application Notes $17.95 Digital model train 572 33.50 2-5,7/89-
EPROM emulator II 129 11.50 9/92
Microprocessor Data Book $17.90 (1 x 2764) 4/90
Darkroom clock 583 18.50 2/90 Digital model train 109 11.50 2-5,7/89-
SHELF BOXES 4/90
(1 x 27128) PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS
Blue heavy-duty Elektor vinyl shelf box 30.00 3/88 Logic analyzer for 111 20.00 10/89
Slave indication unit 700
Atari ST (b/w only) PROJECT No. Price
(holds 6 issues) $6.00 for I.T.S. (1 x 8748H)
EPROM emulator 701 30.00 12/89 Computer-controlled 113 20.00 10/89 MAY 1992
WALL CHART
(1 x 8748* Teletext decoder 1.3-GHz prescaler 914059 8.50
PC Connectors (1/92) Plotter driver (Lewetz) 117 11.50 5-6/88 Compact mains supply 920021 12.50
Microcontroller-driven 702 95.00 5,6,9/88
$3 postpaid, 2/$5, 5/$10 FAX interface, IBM PCs 119 14.00 6/90 FM tuner PSU (3) 920005-2 15.00
power supply
FRONT PANEL FOILS (1 x 8751) RAM extension for 123 10.00 7/89 GAL programmer 920030 19.00
PROJECT No. Price Issue Autonomous I/O 704 95.00 12/88 BBC-B NICAM decoder 920035 25.50
$ controller (1 x8751) EPROM simulator 129 11.50 12/89
Video mixer 87304-F 33.00 1-4/90 Video mixer (1 x2764) 5861 20.00 1-4/90 RS-232 splitter 1411 11.50 4/90 JUNE 1992
The complete 890169-F 15.00 3/91 Four-sensor 5921 20.00 6/90 Centronics ADC/DAC 1421 11.50 5/90 4-megabyte printer buffer 910110 32.00
preamplifier sunshine recorder Transistor 1431 13.00 5/90 I2C display 920004 8.00
All solid-state 890170-F1 33.50 12/89 (1 x 27128) characteristic plot- FM tuner (4)
preamplifier 890170-F2 18.50 1/90 FP-controlled 5941 26.00 10/90 ting (Atari ST b/w) mode control board 920005-3 9.50
LF/HF signal 890183-F 18.50 12/89 telephone exchange ROM-copy for BASIC 1441 13.00 9/90 synthesizer board 920005-5 18.50
tracer (1 x 27128) Multifunction 1461 13.00 2/91 Guitar tuner 920033 17.00
meter 900031-F 23.00 4/90 MIDI program 5961 26.00 4/91 measurement card Multipurpose Z80 card 920002 34.50
Budget sweep/ 900040-F 20.00 5/90 changer (1 x 2764) for PCs
function generator Logic analyzer 5971 14.00 1-2,4/91 8751 programmer 1471 13.00 11/90 JULY/AUGUST 1992
High current 900078-F 28.00 2/91 (IBM interface) PT100 thermometer 1481 13.00 11/90 12VOC to 240VAC inverter
(1 x PAL 16L8) Logic analyzer main board 920039-1 19.00
hFE tester
MIDI-to-CV interface 5981 26.00 2/91 software, incl. GAL power board 920039-2 11.00
400W lab 900082-F 35.00 10-11/90
Multifunction I/O 5991 14.00 7-8/91 IBM 1491 33.00 6/91 Audio DAC (1) 920063-1 14.50
power supply
for PCs Atari 1501 33.00 6/91 Optocard for universal 910040 22.00
Variable AC PSU 900104-F 28.00 6/91
(1 x PAL 16L8) Plotter driver (Sijtsma) 1541 19.00 9/91 PC I/O bus
Universal battery 900134-F 11.00 6/91
Amiga mouse/ 6001 14.00 12/91 PC-controlled weather 1551 13.00 3/91 FM tuner (5)
charger 920005-4 6.50
joystick switch station (1) keyboard/display
Milliohmmeter 910004-F 28.00 12/90 10/91 S-meter 920005-6 6.50
(1 x GAL 16V8) PC-controlled weather 1561 13.00
Wattmeter 910011-F 16.50 4/91 station (2) RS232 quick tester 920037 8.50
Stepper motor board 6011 14.00 6/91
Digital phase 910045-F 20.00 6/91 (1) (1 x 16L8) I/O interface for Atari 1571 13.00 4/91 Water pump control for 924007 12.50
meter 4-megabyte printer 6041 26.00 6/92 Tek/Intel file converter 1581 13.00 4/91 solar power system
Timecode 910055-F 15.00 9/91 buffer (1 x 2764) B/W video digitizer 1591 19.00 7-8/91 Simple power supply 924024 8.50
interface 8751 emulator incl. 6051 50.00 3/92 Timecode interface 1611 13.00 9/91 Wide-band active 924102 5.50
Digital funct. gen 910077-F 18.00 10/91 system disk RTC for Atari ST 1621 13.00 6/91 telescopic antenna
4-megabyte 910110-F 19.50 6/92 FM tuner 6061 34.00 6/92 24-bit color extension 1631 19.00 11/91
printer buffer (1 x 27C256) for video digitizer SEPTEMBER 1992
Economy PSU 910111-F 18.00 12/91 Ccnnect 4 6081 26.00 12/91 PC-controlled weather 1641 13.00 1/92 EPROM emulator II 910082 17.00
CD player 910146-F 20.50 1/92 (1 x 27C64) station (3) Audio DAC (2) 920063-2 32.00
WorldRadioHistory
62
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BOOKS FROM ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA

301 CIRCUITS MICROPROCESSOR DATA BOOK
This book follows the theme of the first in this series, 300 Circuits (now out of print). It con- This book has come about because of a need by Elektor Electronics engineers, technicians,
tains over 300 assorted circuits first published in the 1979, 1980, 1981 summer issues of and editorial staff of a ready reference work on the most important microprocessors. This
Elektor Electronics. implies that it does not only contain information on the latest devices, such as the transputer,
The circuits range from the simple to the more complex and are described and explained but also on older, well-established types, such as the Z80 and the 6800.
in straightforward language. The book is acomprehensive source of ideas and construction A general description, hardware block schematic, software structure, DC characteristics,
projects for anyone interested in electronics. and instruction sets are given for over 70 microprocessors. To prevent the book from becom-
ISBN 0-905705-12-2 ing unwieldy (and to keep costs down), timing diagrams and AC characteristics have, however,
BKAA11 Price $12.50 been omitted. The detailed information on all manufacturers mentioned will, however, enable
any additional information to be obtained quite readily.
302 CIRCUITS Included in the book are, among others, the 68000 series; the 6502 family; the Z80, 8080,
and 8085; Intel's 8086, 80186, 80188, 80286, and 80386; the NS32_)00( series, and the IN-
The popularity of this book is shown by its having been reprinted no fewer than three times.
MOS transputers.
It offers aselection of the most interesting articles from the 1982, 1983, 1984 summer issues
of Elektor Electronics. ISBN 0-905705-28-9
BKAA18 Price $17.90
In it you will find circuits for audio and video; car, cycle, and motorcycle; home and garden;
receivers and aerials; hobbies and games; measuring and testing; oscillators and generators;
current sources and power supplies; microcomputers and music electronics; and amiscellany DATABOOK 4: PERIPHERAL CHIPS II
of other interesting subjects. This further volume in Elektor Electronics' Microprocessor Data Book series deals with general
ISBN 0-905705-25-4 peripheral chips that, at least as far as their type-coding is concerned, do not belong to a
BKAA12 Price $12.50 specific family of microprocessors. There are so many of these, however, that only aportion
of them can be dealt with in one book. Those contained in this collection have been chosen
carefully on the basis of their practical application and frequency of use. Complete data are
303 CIRCUITS given for coprocessors from the 80 series (AMD, Cyrix, ITT, Intel, Weitek); real-time clocks
Like its predecessors, 303 CIRCUITS offers a comprehensive collection of practical ideas, from MEM, OKI, Statek, National Semiconductor, and Dallas Semiconductor; transmitters
concepts, and developments in the gamut of electronics. Unlike its predecessors, the book and receivers of serial interfaces RS232, 422, 423,485 from Motorola, Newport Components,
is arranged in 11 subject sections to make it easier for the reader to find that long-sought circuit. Maxim, Texas Instruments, National Semiconductor, Dallas Semiconductor, and Linear
In well over 300 pages, the book offers 32 Audio and Hi-Fi projects; 14 circuits for Car Technology; UARTS, DUARTS, and QUARTS 0.e., programmable Cs intended for data
and Bicycles; 43 Computer & Microprocessor circuits; 11 Electrophonic projects; 24 HF and transfer); and the r-semi set of Cs from Chips & Technology that are used in agreat number
VHF circuits; 16 circuits for a number of hobbies and pastimes; 54 projects for Home and of PC mother boards (also included is the data sheet of agsreiated software LIM 4.0 for the
Garden; 29 Power Supply circuits; 29 circuits for Test and Measurement equipment; nine management of the Extended Memory System).
TV and Video projects; as well as 42 Design Ideas. Apart from the actual data, the book contains much other useful information, such as com-
ISBN 0-905705-82-2 parisons between and second sources for all important IC families; addresses of manufac-
BKAA13 Price $15.90 turers and their representatives; and overviews of all peripheral chips (including many that
could not be included in this book) that are available from various manufacturers.
304 CIRCUITS ISBN 0-905705-32-7
The latest in Elektor's famous "300" series, BKAA18 contains 304 innovative circuits and BKAA17 Price $17.95
descriptions broken down as follows: 36 audio/video, 19 high frequency, 36 hobby, 36 home
and garden, 9 music/electrophonics, 32 computer/microprocessor, 19 generator/oscillator, DATABOOK 5: APPLICATION NOTES
33 test and measurement, 30 power supply, 13 car electronics, and 41 miscellaneous. Ar- This book presents aseries of application notes and design briefs that cover awide variety
ranged by subject for ease of use. of subjects. Apart from a number of applications related to specific components, the book
ISBN 0-905705-34-3 also includes articles on basic design theory and the practical use of certain components.
BKAA18 Price $19.95 For example, there is an article reprint from Advanced Micro Devices that provides informa-
tion on programming the motion of a stepper motor with the aid of a PAL (programmable
DATA SHEET BOOK 2 array logic). Similarly, an article reprint from Motorola presents an overview of protocols and
Like its predecessor (now out of print), this book offers concise, relevant, and rapidly ac- conventions used for serial communication between computers.
cessible information, which is both practical (e.g., the pin-out of a device) and informative. The application notes complement the theoretical sections by discussing the use of com-
The book contains data on integrated circuits as well as on discrete transistors and diodes. ponents related to current electronics technology. In a number of cases, this technology is
Moreover, it gives an introduction to fast (HCMOS) devices and a review of the new sym- ahead of the practical application, and the product is so new that an application note has
bolic logic as laid down in British Standard BS3939: Section 21 (IEC Standard 617-12). not yet been published by the manufacturer—for examples, Analog Devices' description of
The final part of the book deals with anumber of computer chips, such as memory devices aContinuous Edge Graphics (CEG) digital-to-analog converter (DAC), and that of a NICAM
(including programming information for these) and VO circuits. This section also includes data (near instantaneous companding audio multiplex) decoder chip developed by Micronas of
on a number of non-digital discrete and integrated devices, such as op amps, as well as Finland. Given the complexity of the practical circuits that could be developed on the basis
on some micrOprorxesOr peripherals (e.g., the 652P VIA, the 6580 ACA, and the 83.q5A PPD. of these ICs, all the relevant data sheets are included for easy reference. The book also
includes a short list of manufacturers' logos that should be helpful in identifying unknown
ISBN 0-905705-27-0
components, as well as a worldwide address list of manufacturers and distributors/repre-
BKAA14 Price $18.50
sentatives for the products which are discussed.
ISBN 0-905705-33-5
DATABOOK 3: PERIPHERAL CHIPS
BKAA24 Price $17.95
This book lists the most important design data of peripheral chips whose type numbers and
functions relate them unambiguously to amicroprocessor in the same family. All listed devices
form part of families based on widely used microprocessors or microcontrollers. Their most
evident application will therefore be in conjunction with the assnciated microprocessor. This SPECIALS!
should, however, not be taken to mean that aperipheral cannot be used in another application.
BKAAZ/1 BKAA11, 12, 13, 18: all 4 for $49.00 (Save $11.85i)
Far from it, as witness the familiar type MC14681EtA real-time clock and the type MC6845
cathode-ray tube controller. It deserves a place on the bookshelf of anyone concerned with BKAAZ/2 BKAA14, 15, 16, 17, 24: all 5 for $74.95 (Save $13.30!)
the design, maintenance and servicing of microprocessor-controlled electronic equipment.
BKAAZ/S Complete Elektor library: all 9 for $114.95 (Save $34.15!)
ISBN 0-905705-30-0
BKAA15 Price $17.95
These books are all available direct from Elektor Electronics USA through the Readers Services, from a number of bookshops and electronics retailers in the US and
Canada, and from selected bookshops throughout the world. Special prices are those of EEUSA only.

B. G. MICRO
P. 0. Box 280298 Dallas, Tom 75228
(214) 271-5546
mo.t.rcomil w,S4
FAX (214) 271-2462
SPECIALS SUPER BUYS TEXT TO SPEECH BOARD
MAX232 2.30
$6995
1488 45 PC/XT COMPATIBLE. MAKE YOUR COMPUTER TALK!
SSI-202 Decoder 2.25
1489 45 8870 Decoder 2.25
V
DB25-(Solder Cup) M/F 2/1 00 5087 Generator 2.00
0B25-Rt. Angle PC BD. F 55
5089 Generator 2.10
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THE $25 NETWORK a, TESTED
FANS ADD $3.50 SHIPPING

& HANDLING
12VDC -Brushless Try The 1st Truly Low Cost LAN
Manufactured by Commonwealth •Connect 2or 3PCs, XTs, ATs
Model FP 108D-7 Blades •Uses serial ports and 5wire
8" Wire Leads -150MA cable A VERY POWERFUL AND AMAZING SPEECH CARD. USES THE
31/"Square -1" Thick
4 •Runs at 115 K baud GENERAL INSTRUMENTS 5P0256-AL2 SPEECH CHIP AND THE
This size commonly used in •Runs in background, totally CTS256A-AL2 TEXT TO SPEECH CONVERTER.
computer power supplies. transparent THIS BOARD USES ONE SLOT ON THE MOTHERBOARD AND
$6.95 ea. •Share any device, any file, any REQUIRES A COM SERIAL PORT. BOARD MAY ALSO BE USED IN A
time STAND ALONE ENVIRONMENT (EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY) WITH
DISPLAY DEVICES •Needs only 14K of ram ALMOST ANY COMPUTER THAT HAS A RS232 SERIAL PORT. TO
Skeptical: We make believers! USE THE BOARD IT IS ONLY NECESSARY TO SEND ENGLISH TEXT
FLAT PANEL LCD TO THE RS232 INPUT ON THE BOARD. THE BOARD INCLUDES A
GRAPHIC DISPLAY
EPSON EG-7004S-AR LITTLE BIG LAN 1500 BYTE TEXT BUFFER AND HANDSHAKE LINE TO ALLOW YOU
TO SEND DATA TO THE BOARD; THE SAME AS YOU WOULD SEND
Low coat -$75 per LAN. not per node!
640 x200 dots Super hvheled nefnallc type
• Hardware independent network
DATA TO AN RS232 SERIAL PRINTER. YOU CAN SET UP BATCH
Built in drivers -4 bit TTL Interlace •Capable of
ARCNET. Parallel. end serial port FILES THAT WILL MAKE YOUR COMPUTER GREET YOU WITH
displaying numerics. graphics, •phabetici, special
chmticters, graph., churl., and
support on first rein.. "GOOD MORNING MASTER," ETC. EVERY TIME YOU TURN IT ON.
Ser1.1 Speed: 65000M-8500(AT) bytes
Viewing Nee 10-7/16 14-5/8" Overa1111-3/8 ' 8-1/18 per second DEMONSTRATION SOFTWARE AND A LIBRARY BUILDING PRO-
14 pins tor signals and power (.5V, -12V)
Parallel Speed: 130001ftr) .250001AT) byte. GRAM ARE INCLUDED ON A 5V• INCH PCiXT DISKETTE. FULL
Complete 27 page manual per second DOCUMENTATION AND SCHEMATICS ARE ALSO INCLUDED.
$19.95 8/5100.00 ARCHET Speed' 40000 plus bytes per
second FOR INFORMATION ON A LOW COST SPEECH SYNTHESIZER
LTP 1157AE Use any PC/XT,AT,3136 mix, even lap100. SYSTEM FOR THE VISUALLY IMPAIRED, PLEASE SEND FOR FREE
end 05,2 machine.
1.2" 5x7 Matrix Displays
Connect up to 254 computers. ven mix
PACKET T.M.1.
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$19 99
STAND ALONE POWER SUPPLY
This Red Orange Matrix Can Be Arcnet)
FOR ABOVE
Choice of • DOS File and Accord locking support
cc
Stacked Horizontally. ADD 52 50 SHIPPING & HANDLING
• Share any device, any the, any program
Two Matrix Orientation-Cathode • Runs in the background, totally Irenspareni
EPROM SPECIAL
Column, Anode Row. Great For
STATIC RAM
• Low memory overhead
"Mooing Message" Signs. Typically only 28t( I. needed. but will
o
vary with various setup.
$1.19 Ea., 8/$6.95, 100/$75.00
• Works with mint softwme. Including DBASE 2016-2KX8 200 n.s. 1.00 We bought a large quantity of
74LS
III. Microsoft
WORD. LOTUS 123. Windows 3.
2101-1 -256X4 500 n.s. .75 2708s, 2716s, 2532s, 2732s,
A1/TOCAD. Word Perfect, all compliers. 21L02-1 350 n.s. .65 2764s, 27128s, 27256s and
LSOO .14 LS114 .25 LS241 .60 GWBASIC, and, in tact, most anything ,
2102AL-4 L.P. 450 n.s. ..49 27512sfrom acomputer manu-
LSO1 .14 LS122 .35 LS242 .65 • Works with DOS 2.0 lo DOS 5.0 and DR.
DOS 2111-1 256X4 500 n.s. 1.00 tacturer who redesigned their
LSO2 .14 LS123 .45 LS243 .50 DOS 3 1 or greater is preferred
2112A-2 2.50 boards. We removed them from
LSO3 .14 LS1241.35 LS244 .55 • Open network. programmer API provided
Example for low•level link modules - 2114L-3 1K X4 300 n.s. .45 sockets, erased and verified
LSO4 .14 LS125 .30 LS245 .55 you cen support special hardware
2125A-2 1KX1 70 n.s. 1.70 them, and now we offer the sav-
LSO5 .14 LS126 .35 LS251 .45 Full specs provided on gmckel level
2147 4KX1 1.95 ings to you. Complete satisfac-
LSO8 .14 LS132 .35 LS253 .40 protocols
CABLES & ARCNET CARDS 6116P-4 1.00 tion guaranteed
LSO9 .14 LS133 .25 LS257 .35 $75.
AVAILABLE - PLEASE CALL
6117 1.20 Your Choice
LS10 .14 LS136 .28 LS258 .45
2708 1.20 10/8.00
LS11 .14 LS138 .35 LS2591.00 SOCKETS 6264-15
62256 32K X8
1.40
5.75 2716 1.75 10/15.00
LS12 .20 LS139 .35 LS260 .40
Low Profile SOLDER TAIL 2532 2.00 10/17.50
LS13 .25 LS145 .75 LS266 .30
LS14 .30 LS148 .35 LS273 .75 6 Pin 14/1.00 DYNAMIC RAM 2732
2764
2.00 10/17.50
2.00 10/17.50
LS15 .20 LS151 .35 LS279 .30 8 Pin 13/1.00
2108-4 8KX1 1.50 27128 3.00 10/25.00
LS20 .14 LS153 .35 LS280 .80 14 Pin 13/1.00
2118-4 16KX1-5Volt 70 27256 3.50 10/30.00
LS21 .16 LS154 .85 LS283 .35 16 Pin 13/1.00
4027-4KX1-250 n.s. .80 27512 4.75 10/40.00
LS22 .16 LS155 .50 LS290 .70 18 Pin 13/1.00
4116-16KX1-250 n.s. .40
LS26 .14
LS27 .20
LS156 .42
LS157 .30
LS293 .50
LS298 .65
20 Pin
22 Pin
13/1.00
13/1.00
4116-16KX1-200 n.s. .75 8000/80000
4116 16KX1-150 n.s. .90
LS28 .15 LS158 .25 LS299 1.00 24 Pin 8/1.00 8031 2.95 8251 1.10
LS30 .14 LS160 .25 LS3221.30 4164 150 n.s. .49 or 9/3.50
28 Pin 7/1.00 80C32 12 3.95 8253-5 1.75
LS32 .16 LS161 .35 LS323 2.25 4164 120 n.s. 1.10
40 Pin 7/1.00 8035 1.00 8254 1.80
LS33 .25 LS162 .45 LS348 .75 BUY $10 4164-100 n.s 1.40 8039 1.00 8255 1.50
LS37 .24 LS163 .36 LS3531.00 GET $1.00 -FREE CHOICE TMS4416-16KX4-150 n.s. 2.75 8085 1.55 8255-5 1.75
LS38 .24 LS164 .45 LS357 .80 68 Pin PLCC .79 4464-150 n.s 1.40 8086 1.55 8257 1.50
LS42 .35 LS165 .60 LS363 .75 84 Pin PLCC .89 4464-120 n.s 145 8087 87.50 8259A 1.85
LS51 .15 LS166 .75 LS364 .75 4464-100 n.s 1.45 8087-1 167.50 8259C-5 2.10
LS54 .20 LS169 .90 LS365 .30 6500/6800 4464-80 n.s. 1.45 8087-2 127.50 8275 10.95
LS55 .20 LS170 .45 LS366 .28 41256 150 n.s. .1.25 or 9/9.95 8088 2.20 8279 2.25
LS73 .33 LS173 .60 LS367 35 6502 2.00 6821 1.00
41256 120 n.s. 1.30 or 9/10.99 8088-2. 3.25 8284 1.49
LS74 .22 LS174 .35 LS368 30 6520 1.25 6845P 2.20 8155 2.25 8286 3.50
41256 100 n.s. 1.30 or 9/10.99
LS75 .25 LS175 .35 LS373 50 6522 2.70 6845S 2.20 8156 2.25 8287 2.49
41256-80 n.s. 1.30 or 9/10.99
LS83 .30 LS181 1.25 LS374 .45 6530 3.00 6850 1.75 8202A 8.00 8288 3.50
41256-60 n.s 185
LS85 .45 LS191 .45 LS375 .35 6532 4.25 6852 3.50 8212 1.25 8530 3.00
1 Meg -100 n.s. 4.40
LS86 .20 LS192 .65 LS377 .75 6545 2.10 6860 3.95 8214 2.00 8741 7.00
1 Meg -80 n.s. 4.40
LS90 .35 LS193 .65 LS378 .80 6551 2.40 68681 3.00 8216 1.25 8742 7.00
414256-80 n.s. 256 v 4 4.60
LS92 .30 LS194 .40 LS390 .80 6800 1.40 68A09EP 1.29 8224 1.25 8748 7.00
SIPPS & SIMMS AVAILABLE
LS93 .25 LS195 .52 LS393 .75 6802 2.50 68A40 4.00 8228 1.75 8749 7.00
LS95 .30
LS96 .33
LS196 .55
LS197 .75
LS399 1.00
LS541 1.20
6803 3.00 68A54 3.00 THREE CHIP SET 8237-5 2.80
1.75
8755 7.00
80286-8 PLCC 8.50
6805 2.95 68B09 4.00 8243
LS107.28 LS221 .50 LS645 .75 6809EP 2.75 68810 2.00 B.G. SPECIAL 8250 2.95 80287-8 125.00
LS109.20 LS240 .50 LS646 .75 (16450) 6.50 80287-10 135.00
6809P 2.50 69845 4.95 16450, 1488, 1489 - $6.95
LS112.25 LS670 .80 (16550) 13.00 V-20-10MHZ 6.50
6810 1.25 68B54 4.00 16550, 1488, 1489 - $13.50
LS113.25 25L 2 •• 1
TERMS: (Unless specified elsewhere) Add $3.25 postage, we pay balance. Orders over $50.00 add 85e for insurance. No C.O.D. Texas Res. add
8'4% Tax, 90 Day Money Back Guarantee on all items. All items subject to prior sale. Prices subject to change without notice. Foreign order -US funds
only. We cannot ship to Mexico or Puerto Rico. Countries other than Canada, add $9.00 shipping and handling.
2/14/92
Ruder Service #34
WorldRadioHistory
The world's smallest 12-band receiver.
40° 50 -
Includes digital clock,

travel alarm, headphones,
deluxe travel pouch,
30°
three "AA" batteries, and 40°
Grundig guide book.

Measures approximately
3ve x55/s" xFA" and
20° weighs amere 14 ounces! 30'
10' 20°
o. 10°
10° o°
owe:
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•
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30° " 20°

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The world is at your fingertips with...
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4o. 30 -
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70° band receiver—AM, FM, FM Stereo credit card: 60°
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major shortwave bands. Small enough Payable in monthly installments. DDiscover CAm. Ex.
to fit into apocket, briefcase, or purse, The Grundig RK-709 is only $159
yet big on features. Telescoping (plus $7.50 shipping/handling),
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Credit Card # Exp. Date 70°
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the world. Listen to legendary BBC Name
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CALL TOLL-FREE: 1-800-367-4534 Ext. 623-253 Phone orders normally shipped next business day.
12o. 13IP 140' 150° 160' 170 -
WorldRadioHistory

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THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL

FOR RECREATIONAL ELECTRONICS

Mail: Tapto Corporation

Reeder Service #187

In next month's issue

53 Replace Your Paging System with a

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA

POSTMASTER: Send address changes

WorldRadioHistory ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA SEPTEMBER 1992

Courteous Service • Discount Prices • Fast Shipping 1

'Chip' experts agree with Dr. Munk.

Monoral Graphic Equalizer

TOLL FREE ORDER LINES

Reeder Service #131

MORE NEW PRODUCTS!

weeks for delivery.

L= 2.75e-88 Henries Wavelengths towards:

Freg= 188.0 Mftz Impedance-Ohms:

PULSAR screen. Z-MATCH II screen.

ELECTROSTATIC LOUDSPEAKER BKT6 THE TAPELESS DIRECTORY BKSY1

WorldRadioHistory ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA SEPTEMBER 1992

DAT: THE COMPLETE BKT25

TROUBLESHOOTING AND REPAIRING BKT26

OLD COLONY EASY ORDER FORM

QTY. ITEM NO. PRICE EACH TOTAL

SHIPPING PLEASE REMIT IN US DOLLARS ONLY. PAYMENT BY:

PLEASE BE SURE TO ADD SHIPPING CHARGES: OLD COLONY

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA SEPTEMBER 1992 WorldRadioHistory

SENSATIONAL KITS! 134th SMPTE Technical Conference and Equipment Exhibit

SEND FOR FREE CATALOG

11\1 Speech Devices,

Micro Video Cameras

All Cameras Factory New. For product information

1334 So. Shawnee Dr. Santa Ana, California. tip 92704

HEAR EVERY SOUND

KELVIN (800) 645-9212 wc

Reeder Service #97

SATELLITE RECEPTION ELECTRONICS

• Design, operation and repair of

MAKE CIRCUIT BOARDS THE NEW EASY WAY

WITH TEC-200 FILM

The MEADOWLAKE Corp.

OLD COLONY SOUND LAB

Published by Audio Amateur Publishing Group European Offices: HUNGARY PORTUGAL

WorldRadioHistory ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA SEPTEMBER 1992

(1) A control section around ICio and ICI 1,

Fig. 1. Block diagram of the EPROM emulator.

ing on the Centronics interface, and gener-

cation circuit (Auto-RESET). All signals are moor/lint of ICICt/

taken to the 'outside world' via open-collec-

(2) A byte selection circuit (IC7 and one half ettb

of IC12), which arranges the distribution of

(3) A RAM address and load address gener-

(IC3, IC4 and IC5) that interface to the Counter ei3/9

EPROM socket in the application circuit.

circuit (loading or emulating), either the

RESET 26 0 0 " 2<

RCegl Cext IC13b \RAO 10

5 RAO / \°614 A14