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Mathematics
Quarter 2 – Module 6:
Using Inductive or Deductive
Reasoning in an Argument
Mathematics – Grade 8
Quarter 2 – Module 6: Using Inductive or Deductive Reasoning in an Argument
First Edition, 2020

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Mathematics
Quarter 2 – Module 6:
Using Inductive or Deductive
Reasoning in an Argument

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to
use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress
while allowing them to manage their own learning at home.
Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own
learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different
activities in the module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be
reminded of the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other
activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking
your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this
module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always
bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material,
you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding
of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 Let Us Learn
This module aims to introduce to you the world of reasoning and logic.
Reasoning is one vital skill in studying Mathematics and its vast landscape
for learning. Even in real world setting, one can use reasoning to prove or
disprove concepts or information. As learner of this module, you are expected
to achieve the minimum competency for this topic which is to use inductive
or deductive reasoning in an argument (M8GE-IIh-1).

At the end of this module, you are expected to achieve these following
objectives:
1. provide understanding on the definition of inductive and deductive
reasoning;
2. identify a statement whether it is inductive or deductive;
3. differentiate inductive and deductive reasoning using Venn
Diagram;

Let us start your journey. Keep safe and healthy always as you learn
this lesson. Good luck! You can do this!

Let Us Try
In this section, let us try your logical skills in determining the correct order
of events and analyzing situations. Are you familiar with the “River Crossing
Logic”? This is app in Google PlayStore that you can download at and try its
many logical games within. Let us try this one. Observe the picture below.
(Photo courtesy of River Crossing App)

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 How will you plan your action in order not to harm any of the object
or animal on each side of the river? The boatman can only carry 1 object or
animal at a time. Take a time to strategize.

Are you done with your plan of action?

Let us see if you got it correctly. Here are the steps you are going to take
in order to successfully and harmlessly fulfill the transportation of the object
and animals on the other side of the river.

Step 1: Carry first the goat to the other side of the river.

Step 2: Upon your return, carry next the fox.

Step 3: When you return, bring back the goat.

Step 4: In this trip, transport the cabbage, leaving behind the goat.

Step 5: For the last trip, carry for the 2nd time the goat to the other
side of the river.

Congratulations! You transported safely all the animals and

object to the other side of the river. No object or animal is harmed in
the order of your transportation.

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 This activity shows you how reasons and logic help you in your
decision making.
At this point, I think you are now ready to engage yourself in the
world of reasoning.

Let Us Study

Let us start our discussion by giving definition to the following terms

that will be used in this lesson. Look at our vocabulary by Sir Caloy.

Kindly familiarize the terms above for these will be your guide in
understanding key concepts in reasoning. Now, observe the following
statements below.

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 1. 5, 10, 15, 20, _____. What do you think is the next number? If you
answer 25, then you are absolutely correct!

2. Adrian wears red t-shirt today. Yesterday and the other day he also wore
red. What can you say about Adrian? If you will say Adrian loves red t-
shirt, then it could be since he often wears red t-shirts.

3. My mother is a medical front liner. My classmates’ mothers are also

medical front liners. What can you say about medical front liners? If you
come to a conclusion that all medical front liners are mothers, then it is
possible but not necessarily true. Some medical front liners are fathers,
young professionals, single by choice and among others.

As an overall observation on the 3 statements above, what can you say

about it? Do the following statements start with specific observations or
experience? If yes, then you are on the right track going to the concept of
INDUCTIVE REASONING.

As defined in our MATH-TIONARY, inductive reasoning is the process of

gathering specific information, usually through observation and
measurement and then making a conjecture based on the gathered
information. (Nivera, Gladys, 2014)
Let us have more examples!

Example 1
Observe the number of circles in the sequence. What do you think is the
next number of circles following the last one?

2 4 6 8

Think of the pattern you can observe starting from the 1st 2 circles up to the
last one. From your observation, can you make a conjecture? What do you think is
the general rule for this problem? Let us pause for a while and think.

For the conjecture, consider the interval of each term. As one can observe,
the interval is 2. It can be assumed that the next term using the interval is 10. You
can also predict for the next term next to 10 using the observed interval. For the
general rule, it can be stated as “the sum of n object and 2”.

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Example 2
Rectangle has four sides and four right angles.
Square has four sides and four right angles too.
Therefore, a rectangle is a square.

What can you say about the statements above? Can this be considered an
inductive reasoning?

The statements above started with a specific observation on rectangles. It

has four sides and four angles. It is then followed up with a second statement on
squares. This is the second observation which is the same in the first statement.
Out from the 2 statements, a conjecture is made that “a rectangle is a square”. A
conjecture is considered a general statement. This means that the above
statements are an example of inductive reasoning.

But take note, not all statements made through inductive reasoning are
foolproof or always true. Yes, inductive reasoning is practical since it is from
observations or experience. However, it is not a guarantee or an automatic
acceptance of truth. It must go through a validity test. Does the conjecture always
true in all circumstance? If yes, then it is valid. If it has loophole, then the validity
becomes null and void.

For example, in the conjecture made in Example 2. A rectangle is a

square. It can be noted that rectangles and squares have four sides and four
angles. But a square has four equal sides, whereas the rectangle has 2 pairs
opposite sides equal. This characteristic of rectangle makes the conjecture
invalid. Therefore, the inductive reasoning made in Example 2 is not true.

Just to be clear, inductive reasoning is practical but not always true in its
conjecture.

Now, let us proceed to DEDUCTIVE REASONING. Consider the statement

made in the picture below.

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 What have you observed in the construction of the statement? Does it start
with a specific information? If you don’t agree with the question, then you are
correct. Let us talk about it.

The statement started with a general information or an agreed assumption.

“Playing Mobile Legend may cause addiction.” This statement is a general
observation or an assumption agreed by many.

How about the conjecture? The conjecture is specifically made. It is not a

general knowledge, but in a particular situation.

This implies that the statement above is from a general information or

agreed assumption which made a specific conjecture. Yes, it is an example of
DEDUCTIVE REASONING.

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 Let us have more examples on Deductive Reasoning.

Example 1
Suppose that the given statements are true. Use deductive reasoning to give
a conjecture that must also be true.

All mammals have mammary glands.

A carabao is a mammal.

Conjecture: A carabao has mammary glands.

Deductive reasoning is also used in Algebra. This can be seen during the
process of finding the value of a variable. When providing reasons in every step,
you are technically doing a deductive reasoning.

Example 2
Solve the equation for x. Give a reason for each step in the process.
Solution: 2 (3x – 5) – 6 = x + 4
6x – 10 – 6 = x + 4 Apply the distributive property.
6x – 16 = x + 4 Combine like terms.
6x – x = 4 + 16 Apply addition property of equality.
5x = 20 Combine like terms.
x=4 Use division property of equality.

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 Let Us Practice

Now, let us do some exercises. Identify each item whether Inductive Reasoning
or Deductive Reasoning. Put a check mark (✓) under the appropriate column.

Inductive Deductive
Statement
Reasoning Reasoning
1. All Filipinos are hospitable.
Jay is a Filipino.
Therefore, Jay is hospitable.

2. Jessica is a royal.
Royals are sophisticated.
Therefore, Jessica is sophisticated.

3. Davao City is a highly urbanized city.

Highly urbanized cities have a high cost of living.
Therefore, Davao City has a high cost of living.

4. Parallelograms have four sides.

A rhombus is a parallelogram.
Therefore, rhombus has four sides.
5. Triangles have a total angle measurement of 180°.
Scalene is a triangle.
Therefore, scalene triangle has a total angle
measurement of 180°.

6. 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, ________

7. If A = B, and B = C, therefore A = C.

8. The sum of x and 7 is 15.

9. Circles have a degree measurement of 360°.

10. {dog, cat, cow, pig, carabao, goat}

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 Let Us Practice More

Let us try our next activity. This time, you are going to provide a
conjecture for each statement while identifying whether the statement is
inductive or deductive by writing IR if inductive, DR if deductive reasoning.
Inductive/
Statement Conjecture
Deductive

1. All plants are living things.

Abelmoschus esculentus is a plant.

2. Jupiter is a gaseous planet.

Gaseous planets have rings.

3. Francisco Balagtas was a writer.

Writers possess creative minds.

4. Oceans are big and deep.

Pacific is one of the oceans.

5. Right angle measures 90°.

∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 90°.

6. ∠ 𝐾𝐸𝑌 is an acute angle.

Acute angles measure less than 90°
but greater than 0°.

7. If ∠𝐷 = 40° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝑌 = 50° , therefore

____________________.

8. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, _________

9. Every whole number is an integer.

Every integer is a rational number.

10. Janika is a Davaoeño. Every

Davaoeño is a Mindanaoan.

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 Let Us Remember

Hi! Just want to make a recollection

of these concepts to you. Keep safe!

Let Us Assess

I. Multiple Choice: Choose the correct answer and write it on the space provided
before each number.

____ 1. What do you call the statement that starts with a general information or
agreed assumption?

A. conjecture C. inductive reasoning

B. deductive reasoning D. hypothesis

____ 2. Indonesia is an archipelago. An archipelago is composed with many islands.

Therefore, Indonesia has many islands. This is an example of a/an
_____________________.

A. conjecture C. inductive reasoning

B. deductive reasoning D. hypothesis

____ 3. Which reasoning needs an observation or experience as starting point of an
argument?

A. conjecture C. inductive reasoning

B. deductive reasoning D. hypothesis

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____ 4. What do you think is the next term in -26, -16, -7, 1, 8, 14, ___?

A. 17 C. 19
B. 18 D. 20

____ 5. Fractions are rational numbers. Rational numbers are real numbers.
Therefore, __________________________.
A. rational numbers are fractions.

B. ½ is a fraction.

C. fractions are real numbers.

D. real numbers are rational numbers.

II. True or False: Write (T) if the statement is true, (X) if it is false.

____ 1. Inductive reasoning is always true in its conjecture.

____ 2. Conjecture is a proven fact.

____ 3. Today is Monday. The day after tomorrow is Wednesday.

____ 4. Observation is the first step in deductive reasoning.

____ 5. Established fact is needed first in constructing argument under deductive
reasoning.

Let Us Enhance
Enrichment Activity

Are you fond of doing detective stuff? Then, here is your chance to show your
detective skills in determining who is the suspect in our short story. Try to be logical
in your reasoning. Apply your acquired knowledge in inductive and deductive
reasoning. After reading the story, you are going to make a decision paper regarding
of who is the real suspect. Use separate paper for this activity. Provide a concrete
explanation in essay form regarding your decision. The rubric for rating your output
is found below.

Are you ready? Here is our story.

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 “WHO STOLE THE RING?”

A Japanese ship was leaving the port of Sta. Ana and on its way to open sea.
The captain went to go oil some parts of the ship and took his ring off so it wouldn’t
get damaged. He left it on the table next to his bunk. When he returned, it was
missing. He had suspected three crew members could be guilty and asked them what
they had been doing for the ten minutes that he had been gone.

The cook said, “I was in the kitchen preparing tonight’s dinner.”

The engineer said, “I was working in the engine room making sure everything
was running smoothly.”

The seaman said, “I was on the mast correcting the flag because someone had
attached it upside down by mistake.”

The captain immediately knew who it was. How?

Rubric for Decision Paper

Satisfactor
Outstanding Developing Beginning Ratin
Criteria y
10 points 6 points 3 points g
8 points
The
explanation is The
clear, explanatio The
thorough and n is clear The explanation
coherent. It and explanation in is
Mathematica
includes coherent. understandabl incomplete
l Reasoning
interesting It covers e e but not and
facts and the logical inconsisten
principles important t
about concepts.
probability.

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 The argument
The The
is 100% The argument
Accuracy of argument argument
accurate, shows 75%
Argument shows 90% shows 50%
comprehensive accuracy.
accuracy. accuracy.
.

Let Us Reflect
Now, let us wrap this up! Using a Venn Diagram, compare and contrast
Inductive Reasoning and Deductive Reasoning based on your own understanding of
the two concepts. You may use examples in contrasting the two. Provide at least 2
differences and 1 similarity.

Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning

Similarities

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 Answer Key

Let Us Practice Let Us Practice More

Let Us Assess

References

Emmanuel P. Abuzo et al., Mathematics Learner’s Module 8, Pasig City, Department

of Education, 2013, p. 3155-3320.

Gladys C. Nivera, Ph.D., Grade 8 Mathematics: Patterns and Practicalities, Makati

City, Salesiana Books by Don Bosco Press, 2014, 302-326.

“12 Detective Riddles Only the Smartest People Can Solve”, Morgan Motulo, copyright
2021, https://www.rd.com/list/detective-riddles/

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Department of Education – Region XI

F. Torres St., Davao City

Telefax:

Email Address: [email protected]