Mathematics Key Points All

Set (Key Points)

Chapter- 1
1. Well defined collection of distinct object is called set.
2. Sets are denoted by capital letters.
3. Elements of the sets are denoted by small letters
4. The number of the sets are denoted by n(A) or o(A) or |A|
5. The large number of elements containing sets written in set builder form
6. ℕ = {1,2,3 … } set of Natural numbers.
7. 𝕎 = {0,1,2, … } Set of whole numbers.
8. ℤ = {0, +1, + 2, … } Set of integers.
9. ℚ = {𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑝/𝑞 , 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 𝜖 𝑧, 𝑞 ≠ 0} set of Rational numbers
10. The no’s which can be written in p/q are called rational numbers
11. ℚ′ 𝑜𝑟 𝐼 = {𝑥|𝑥 ≠ 𝑝/𝑞 , 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 𝜖 𝑧, 𝑞 ≠ 𝑜} set of irrational numbers.
12. The no’s which cannot be written p/q form are called irrational.
13. ℝ= {xlx =p/q or x≠p/q and p, q ∈ z, q ≠ o} Set of Real numbers
14. The union of Rational and Irrational numbers are called real numbers [ℝ=ℚ ∪ ℚ′ ]
15. 0.345791… is a Irrational numbers.
16. 3 is irrational.
17. 𝑒 = 2.718 … is a irrational.
18. 𝜋 = 3.141 … is irrational.
19. The ratio of circumference and diameter in a circle is called 𝜋
20. If every element of a set A is also an element of set B then A is called subset of B, denoted by
𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵. 𝑒𝑥: 𝐴 = {1,2}, 𝐵 = {1,2,3} then A⊆ 𝐵.
21. If A⊆ 𝐵 then B is called super set of A, devoted by B⊇ A.
22. The set of all the subsets of a set A is called power set of A, and is denoted by P(𝐴). 𝐸𝑥: 𝑖𝑓 𝐴 =
{1,2, }, 𝑃(𝐴) = {Ø, {1}, {2}, {1,2}}.
23. Ø is called empty set
24. If any set A contains x elements then total no: of subsets is obtained by 2𝑛 form.
25. If 𝐴 = {0} then total no: of subset is 2𝑛 = 21 = 2
26. If 𝑆 = {3,4,5,6} 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑛(𝑠) = 4.
27. A subset which is not proper is called improper subset.
28. If A is proper subset of B, denoted by 𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵 𝑖𝑓 (𝑖) 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 (𝑖𝑖) 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵
29. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐴 = 𝐵
30. If 𝑎 𝜖 and b 𝜖 B then (𝑎, 𝑏) is called Ordered pair
31. If(𝑎, 𝑏) = (𝑐, 𝑑) 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = 𝑐, 𝑏 = 𝑑.
32. (3,5) ≠ (5,3)
33. {3,5} = {5,3}
34. If A and B are any two sets then the set which contains the elements of both A and B is called
𝐴∩𝐵
35. A∩ 𝐵={x|x 𝜖 A 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵}
36. If A and B are any two sets the set which contains all elements belonging either A or B or both
is called union of two sets.
37. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝜖 𝐴 ∨ 𝑥 𝜖 𝐵}
38. If 𝐴 = {1,2,3}, 𝐵 = {3,4,5} 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4,5}
39. If A and B are two sets and 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝕌 then A and B are called Exhaustive sets
40. If A and B are two sets and 𝐴 ≠ Ø, 𝐵 ≠ Ø, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = Ø 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝕌 then set A and B are called
Cells.

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 Mathematics Key Points All

41. The difference: of two sets A and B denoted by A-B is the set of all elements of A that are not
in 𝐵, 𝑖. 𝑒, 𝐴 − 𝐵 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝜖 𝐴 𝑥 ∉ 𝐵}
42. 𝐵 − 𝐴 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝜖 𝐵 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴}
43. The complement of a set A, denoted by A’ is the difference 𝕌 − 𝐴, 𝐴’ = {𝑥|𝑥 𝜖 𝕌 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴|.
44. If 𝐴 = |3,4,5, |, 𝐵 = {4,6,8,10} 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐴 − 𝐵 = {3,5}, 𝐵 − 𝐴 = {6,8,10}
45. If 𝑆 = 𝑇 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑆 − 𝑇 = Ø
46. 𝐴’ = 𝕌 – 𝐴
47. (𝐴’)’ = 𝐴
48. ((𝐴’)’)’ = 𝐴’
49. The Cartesian product of a set A with a set B is the set of all ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦) where x 𝜖 A
and y 𝜖 B, denoted by 𝐴 × 𝐵.
50. 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)}|𝑥 𝜖 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝜖 𝐵}
51. 𝐵 × 𝐴 = {(𝑦, 𝑥)| 𝑦 𝜖 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝜖 𝐵}
52. If A⊆B and B⊆A then A⊆C (transitive property of subsets)
53. If 𝐴 ~ 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 ~ 𝐶 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐴~𝐶 (transitive property of sets)
54. If two sets have no element in common they are called disjoint set
55. If two sets have at least one element in common but neither is a subset of other they are called
overlapping sets.
56. If A⊆ 𝐵 then A∩B=A
57. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝐵
58. If A⊆ 𝐵 then A-B=𝜙
59. If A and B are any sets then 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐵 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 𝑎𝑚𝑑 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵
60. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐴 = 𝐵
61. 𝐴’ = 𝕌 − 𝐴
62. (𝕌 − 𝐴’)’ = 𝐴’
63. (𝐴 ∪ 𝐴’)’ = 𝕌
64. 𝜙′ = 𝕌
65. (𝕌 − 𝐴)’ = 𝐴
66. (𝐴 ∪ 𝕌) = 𝕌
67. (𝐴 ∩ 𝐴′)’ = 𝕌
68. 𝕌 − 𝐴′ = 𝐴
69. 𝕌′=𝜙
70. 𝐴 − 𝐴’ = 𝐴
71. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐴′ = 𝜙
72. (𝐴’)’ − 𝐴 = 𝜙
73. 𝐴∪𝐴 =𝐴
74. 𝐴∩𝐴 =𝐴
75. 𝐴−𝐴 = 𝜙
76. 𝐴∪𝜙 =𝐴
77. 𝐴∩𝜙 = 𝜙
78. 𝐴’ ∪ 𝕌 = 𝕌
79. 𝐴∩𝕌=𝐴
80. 𝐴−𝕌 = 𝜙
81. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐵 − 𝐴 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐴 = 𝐵
82. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝐵 × 𝐴 => 𝐴 = 𝐵
83. 𝐼𝑓 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑛(𝐵) 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐴~𝐵

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 Mathematics Key Points All

84. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 − 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴
85. 𝐵−𝐴 ⊆𝐵
86. 𝐼𝑓 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛(𝐵) = 𝑛 (𝐴 × 𝐵) = 𝑚 × 𝑛
87. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐵’ ⊆ 𝐴’
88. 𝐼𝑓 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐴’ ⊆ 𝐵’
89. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = {𝑥|𝑥 2 = 16, 2𝑥 = 4} 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐴 = 𝜙
90. 𝐼𝑓 𝐵 = {𝑥|𝑥 + 5 = 5} 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐵 = {0}
91. 𝐼𝑓(𝑥, 3) = (2,3) 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2
92. 𝐼𝑓 𝕌 = {1,2,3}, 𝐴 = {2}, 𝐴’ = {1,3}
93. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴’ ∩ 𝕌 = 𝕌 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐴 = 𝜙
94. Set of natural numbers is also called positive integers or counting numbers
95. 0,1,2,3, . . . 9 are also called numerals.
96. In first Arabs introduced to number 0
97. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝐵 ∪ 𝐴 commutative property of Union
98. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝐵 ∩ 𝐴 commutative property of intersection
99. 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶 associative property of ∪
100. 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶 Associative property of intersection
101. 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) Distributive property of U over ∩
102. 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) Dist: property of ∩ over U
103. (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)’ = 𝐴’ ∩ 𝐵’ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)’ = 𝐴’ ∪ 𝐵’ De Morgan’s laws.
104. (𝐴 − 𝐵) × 𝐶 = (𝐴 × 𝐶) − (𝐵 × 𝐶)
105. 𝐶 × (𝐴 − 𝐵) = (𝐶 × 𝐴) − (𝐶 × 𝐵)
106. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝐴 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐴’ ∩ 𝐵’ = 𝐴’
107. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝐴 => 𝐴’ ∪ 𝐵’ = 𝐴’
108. 𝐵’ − 𝐴’ = 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵’
109. 𝐴 − (𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
110. 𝜙 − 𝐴 = 𝜙

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 Mathematics Key Points All
Real and Complex No System
Chapter-2
1. Concept of rational numbers was introduced by Egyptians in 1550BC

2. a=a, ∀ a∈ ℝ is called reflexive law of equality.

3. a=b ⟺ b=a, ∀ a,b,c ∈ R is called symmetric law of Equality.

4. If a=b, b=c ⟹ a=c, ∀ a,b,c ∈ ℝ is called Transitive law of Equality.

5. If x=x’ and y=y’ then x+y=x’+y’ and xy=x’y’ is called substitution law or uniqueness law of
equality.

6. a+b ∈ R, ∀a,b ∈ R is called closure law of addition.

7. (a+b)+c = a+(b+c) ∀a,b,c ∈ ℝ is called Associtive law of additon.

8. a+b=b+a ∀a b∈ ℝ is called commutative law of additon.

9. ∃ 0∈ ℝ such that a+0=0+a=a ∀a∈ ℝ is additive Identity law.

10. ∀a∈ ℝ, ∃ -a∈ ℝ such that a+(-a)=(-a)+a=0 is additive inverse law.

11. a.b ∈ ℝ, ∀a,b∈ ℝ is called closure law of multiplication.

12. ∃ 1 ∈ ℝ such that a.1=1.a=a ∀a∈ ℝ is multiplicative identity law.

13. 𝟏
∀ a ∈ ℝ, a ≠0, ∃ 𝒂 or a-1 ∈ ℝ such that a.a-1 = a-1 a=1 is Multiplicative inverse law.

14. a(b+c)=ab+ac, ∀a,b,c ∈ ℝ is distributive law of multiplication over addition.

15. if a<b ⟺b> a, ∀a, b ∀a, b∈ ℝ

16. If a,b ∈ ℝ then Either a<b or a=b or a>b is called Trichotomy law.

17. If a=b ⟹ a+c=b+c is called additive property of Equality.

18. If a=b ⟹ ac=bc is called Multiplicative prop: of Equality

19. If a+c = b+c ⟹a=b is called cancellation prop: of equality.

20. If a<b and b<c ⟹ a<c, a>b and b>c ⟹ a>c, a<b and b<a ⟹ a=b, a,b ∈ ℝ are called
transitive property of in equality.

21. Set of complex number C={(x,y)| x, y ∈ ℝ }= ℝ x ℝ = ℝ2.

22. Complex number closed w.r.t addition: and multiplication.

23. Addition and Multiplication of C are associative.

24. Addition and Multiplication of C are commutative.

25. In complex numbers multiplication is distributive over addition.

26. Additive identity of C is (0,0)

27. Multiplicative identity of C is (1,0)

28. Additive inverse of (a,b)=(-a,-b)

29. 𝒂 −𝒃
Multiplicative inverse of (a,b)= ,
𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟐 +𝒃𝟐

30. 𝒊 (iota) can be represented by the order par (0,1)

31. 𝒊even = Real

32. 𝒊odd = Imaginary

33. Number of the type a+ 𝒊 b, where a,b∈ ℝ and i stands for −𝟏 are called complex
𝟐
numbers. Ex: 3+2i, -4+5i, 7-3i, 𝟑+5i, 1+ 𝟑i, l+i, l-i

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 Mathematics Key Points All

34. If x+iy=0 ⟹ x=0, y=o

35. If a+ib=x+iy ⟹ a=x, b=y

36. (a+ 𝒊 b)+(a - 𝒊 b)=2a pure real

37. (a+ 𝒊 b).(a- 𝒊 b)=a2+b2 pure real

38. Two such complex numbers whose sum and product are both pure real are called
complex conjugate of each other.

39. Let z=x+ 𝒊 y then 𝒛=x- 𝒊 y

40. If z=x+ 𝒊 y then |z| = 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐

41. (𝒂, 𝒃). (𝒄, 𝒅) = (𝒂𝒄 − 𝒃𝒅, 𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄)

42. (𝒂, 𝒃) + (𝒄, 𝒅) = (𝒂 + 𝒄, 𝒃 + 𝒅)

43. (𝟒, 𝟓) + (𝟑, 𝟔) = (𝟕, 𝟏𝟏)

44. 𝒂𝒄+𝒃𝒅 𝒃𝒄−𝒂𝒅

(𝒂, 𝒃) ÷ (𝒄, 𝒅) = ,
𝒄𝟐 +𝒅𝟐 𝒄𝟐 +𝒅𝟐

45. (𝟐, 𝟑)(𝟏, 𝟒) = (−𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟏)

46. I2=-1, 𝒊 3 =-l

47. 𝒊 45 = 𝒊

48. 𝒂 −𝒃
, (𝒂, 𝒃) = (𝟏, 𝟎)
𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐

49. 𝑰𝒇 𝒛= 𝟓 − 𝟔 𝒊 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒛=𝟓 + 𝟔 𝒊

50. | − 𝒛| = |𝒛|

51. 𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
Additive inverse of (𝟑 , )= − 𝟑 , 𝟑
𝟑

52. If z1 , z2 ∈ C then 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐

53. 𝒛 = 𝒛, ∀ 𝒛 ∈ 𝑪

54. If (𝒛)2 = z2 then z is either real or purely imaginary.

55. 𝒛 + 𝒛 = 𝟐𝒙, ∀ 𝒛 ∈ 𝑪

56. 𝒛 − 𝒛 = 𝟐𝒚𝒊 ∀ 𝒛 ∈ 𝑪

57. 𝒛+ 𝒛
x can be written in conjugate coordinates form 𝟐
𝒛−𝒛
58. y can be written in terms of conjugate coordinates 𝟐𝒊

59. If z1, z2 ∈ C then |z1 z2| = |z1|| z2|

60. The roots of equation: x2+64 = 0 are 8𝒊, -8𝒊

61. (1+𝒊)2 = (-2𝒊)

62. The roots of x2 + 16 =0 are 4𝒊, - 4𝒊

63. (3+4𝒊)2 = -7 +24𝒊

64. z1z2z3 = 𝒛1𝒛2 𝒛3 , z1,z2,z3 ∈ C

65. 𝟐−𝒊 +𝒊 𝟐𝒊 − 𝟏 = -2 𝒊

66. 𝒊 (3+ 𝒊)= -1+3 𝒊

67. 𝟐−𝒊 𝟏 𝟐
= − 𝟑 − 𝟑 𝒊.
𝟑𝒊

68. Is complex number closed w.r.t. ÷ (No)

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 Mathematics Key Points All

69. Complex number closed w.r.t x

70. If z= 3+4 𝒊 then |z|=5

71. If (-x, 3y)=(2,0) then x=-2, y=0

72. Additive inverse of (0,0)=(0,0)

73. Multiplicative inverse of (0,0) does not exist

74. Any complex number whose additive and multiplicative inverse are equal.
𝟏 𝒊 𝒊 𝒊
Additive inverse of 𝒊 = -𝒊 , multiplicative inverse of 𝒊 = 𝒊 x 𝒊=𝒊𝟐 =−𝟏= 𝒊

75. z1+z2 = 𝒛1 + 𝒛2, z1,z2∈ C

76. 𝒛.z = z.𝒛 = |z|2

77. |z1|-|z2|≤ |𝒛1+z2|≤|z,|+|z2| if z1, z, ∈ C is triangle inequality.

79. |-z|=|z|=|𝒛|=|-𝒛|

80. 𝒛𝟏 𝒛
= 𝒛𝟏, z2 ≠0
𝒛𝟐 𝟐

81. (𝒂, 𝟎) + (𝒄, 𝟎) = (𝒂 + 𝒄, 𝟎)

82. (𝒂, 𝟎). (𝒄, 𝟎) = (𝒂𝒄, 𝟎)

83. 𝒌 (𝒂, 𝟎) = (𝒌𝒂, 𝟎)

84. 𝟏
Multiplicative inverse of (a,0) is , 𝟎 , a ≠0
𝒂

85. The components of the complex number will be the coordinates of the point, x-axis is
called real axis and y-axis is called the imaginary axis

86. The coordinate plane itself is called the complex plane or z - plane

87. Every real number is a complex number as its imaginary part is 0.

88. A real number is self conjugate

89. The complex number does not satisfy the order axioms. In fact there is no sense is
saying that one complex number is greater or less than other.

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 Mathematics Key Points All
Chapter-5 and chapter-6
Matrices and Determinant
Key Points
1. Matrix is a Latin word

2. A British Mathematician J.J Sylvester formed squares from rows and columns called matrix

3. A rectangular array of (Real and complex) numbers containing rows and columns is called
matrix.

4. The numbers of rows and columns are called elements

5. The order of matrix is denoted by m × n

6. A matrix in which number of rows and number of columns i.e (m=n) the matrix is called
square matrix

7. A matrix in which number: of rows is not equal to number of columns i.e m ≠ n is called
rectangular matrix

8. Matrix is always denoted by capital letters.

9. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 =
2 1
𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
0 −3

10. 𝐼𝑓 𝐵 =
3
𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥.
5

11. 𝐼𝑓 𝐵 = [3 5] 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

12. 𝐼𝑓 𝑀 =
1
𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
−1

13. A matrix of order n×m is obtained by interchanging rows to column of m×n is called transpose
of matrix.

14. If A be any matrix then its transpose is denoted by A^t

15. A matrix whose all elements are zero is called Null matrix

16. A matrix whose all elements except those in main diagonal elements is called diagonal matrix.

17. A matrix whose main diagonal elements are 1 and other are zero is called unit matrix.

18. A diagonal matrix whose main diagonal elements are equal to each other then it is called
scalar matrix.

19. 𝐼𝑓 𝐵 =
0 0 0
𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥.
0 0 0

20. 3 0 0
𝐼𝑓 𝐶 = 0 −1 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥.
0 0 5

21. 5 0 0
𝐼𝑓 𝐹 = 0 5 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥.
0 0 5

22. 𝐼𝑓 𝐸 =
3 0
𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
0 −1

23. 𝐴𝑡 𝑡
= 𝐴

24. 1 0 0
0 1 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥.
0 0 1

25. 𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑕 𝑕𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟.

PAGE |7
 Mathematics Key Points All

26. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 =
3
,𝐵 =
7
=> 𝐴 + 𝐵 =
10
5 3 8

27. 𝐼𝑓 𝑋 = 𝑥𝑖𝑗 2 × 3 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑖𝑠 2 × 3

28. 𝑥11 𝑥12 𝑥13

𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑖𝑗 2 × 3 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 𝑥22 𝑥23
21

29. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 =
3 8
,𝐵 =
2 1
𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐴 − 𝐵 =
1 7
10 2 14 2 −4 0

30. 3
1 1
3 2
𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐴 = 2
1 5 2 1 5
2 2

31. 𝐴+𝐵 =𝐵+𝐴

32. 𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴 (𝐼𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙)

33. 𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡
= 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟; 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑

34. 𝐴 − 𝐵 ≠ 𝐵 − 𝐴 (𝐼𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙)

35. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 =
2 1
,𝐵 =
4 3
𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐴𝐵 =
9 8
3 2 1 2 14 13

36. 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐼

37. 𝑇𝑕𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥.

38. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟.

39. 0 + 𝐴 = 𝐴 , 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

40. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 (𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑕𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠) 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐶 = 𝐴 + (𝐵 + 𝐶)

41. 𝐴𝐼 = 𝐼 𝐴 = 𝐴

42. 𝐴+𝐵 𝑡
= 𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵 𝑡

43. 𝐴𝐵 𝑡
= 𝐵 𝑡 𝐴𝑡

44. (𝐴𝐵𝐶)𝑡 ≠ 𝐵 𝑡 𝐴𝑡 𝐶 𝑡 𝐵𝑢𝑡 (𝐴𝐵𝐶)𝑡 = 𝐶 𝑡 𝐵 𝑡 𝐴𝑡

45. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

=
1 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 0 1

46. If 𝐴 =
𝑖 0
the 𝐴2 =
1 0
=𝐼
0 −𝑖 0 1

47. 𝐴. (𝐵 + 𝐶) = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶

48. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐴2 + 𝐴 = 𝐴(𝐴 + 𝐼)

49. 𝐴 𝐴𝑡 ≠ 𝐴𝑡 𝐴 (𝐼𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙)

50. (𝑘𝑥)𝑡 = 𝑘𝑥 𝑡

51. 3 5
= 9 + 5 = 14
−1 3

52. 𝑘𝑎 11 𝑎12 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑘𝑎11 𝑘𝑎12

=𝑘 𝑎 𝑎22 = 𝑎21
𝑘𝑎 21 𝑎22 21 𝑎22

53. 𝑎11 𝑎12 + 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎11 𝑎13

= 𝑎21 𝑎22 + 𝑎21 𝑎23
𝑎21 𝑎22 + 𝑎23

PAGE |8
 Mathematics Key Points All

54. 5 3
=0
5 3

55. 1 0
=1
0 1

56. 3 −5
=0
0 0

57. 3 −2
=
3 +5
5 3 −2 3

58. 3 1 0
5 2 1 =?
6 0 3

59. |𝐴| = |𝐴𝑡 |

60. The interchanging of any two rows or of any two columns there is change of sign in value of
determinant.

61. If all the elements of a row or column of square matrix are zero then determinant is 0.

62. If two rows or two columns of a square matrix are identical the determinant is zero.

63. 3 1 0
2 5 1 =?
0 0 0

64. 3 6 0
2 0 0 =0
1 3 0

65. 1 2 3
2 3 5 =?
3 5 7

66. 1 𝑤 𝑤2
𝑤 𝑤2 1 =?
𝑤2 1 𝑤

67. −𝑖 1 0
1 𝑖 1 + 𝑖 =?
1−𝑖 0 1

68. 𝑝+1 𝑝+3 𝑝+5

𝑝+4 𝑝+6 𝑝+8 =0
𝑝+7 𝑝 + 9 𝑝 + 11

69. 4 𝑎 𝑏+𝑐
4 𝑏 𝑐+7 =0
4 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏

70. 𝑀𝑖𝑗 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑠.

71. 𝑇𝑕𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑕 𝑕𝑒𝑙𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟: 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛:

72. 𝑀𝑖𝑗 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑖𝑗 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠.

73. 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑕𝑜𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥.

74. 𝐴𝑖𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑖𝑗

𝑡

75. 𝐴𝑛𝑦 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑓 |𝐴| ≠ 0

76. 𝐴𝑛𝑦 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑓 |𝐴| = 0

77. 𝑘 0 0
3
0 𝑘 0 =k
0 0 𝑘

PAGE |9
 Mathematics Key Points All

78. If
𝜆 3
=0 than 𝜆 = 3/2
2 4

79. 𝐴−1 −1
=𝐴

80. 𝜆 0 0
5 0 2 = 0 𝑡𝑕𝑎𝑛 𝜆 =10
0 5 0

81. If A-1=
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴
|𝐴|

82. If A=
𝑎 𝑏 1
then A-1 = |𝐴|
𝑑 −𝑏
𝑐 𝑑 −𝑐 𝑎

83. 5 −3
4 6 -1 2
If A= then A =
3 5 −3 2
2

84. If A =
1 0
then A-1 =
1 0
0 1 0 1

85. ∝ 0 1 0
If A= then A-1 = = ∝
0 𝛽 0 1/𝛽

86. If B=
𝑖 0
then A-1 =?
0 −𝑖

87. 𝑘 0 0 1/𝑘 0 0
-1
If C= 0 𝑘 0 then C = 0 1/𝑘 0
0 5 𝑘 0 5 1/𝑘

88. |𝐴1 | |𝐴2 | |𝐴3 |

𝐼𝑛 𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑥1 = , 𝑥2 = , 𝑥3 =
|𝐴| |𝐴| |𝐴|

89. 𝐴𝑑𝑗 (𝐴𝐵) = 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐵. 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴

90. 𝐴2 −1
= 𝐴−1 2

91. 𝐴−1 𝑡
= 𝐴𝑡 −1

92. |𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = |𝐴|2

93. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 × = 𝐵 ⟹ ×= 𝐴−1 𝐵
94. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝐴𝑝 = 0 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑁𝑖𝑙𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡.
95. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝐴2 = 𝐴, 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡.
96. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝐴2 = 𝐼 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
97. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑡 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
98. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = − 𝐴𝑡 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑤 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
99. If A = 𝐴
𝑡
𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
100. 𝑡
If A = − 𝐴 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑤 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
101. 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥.

102. 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑤 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥.

103. 𝐴+ 𝐴
𝑡
𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥.

104. 𝐴−
𝑡
𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑤 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

105. 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

106. 1 2 3
4 5 6 =0
7 8 9
P A G E | 10
 Mathematics Key Points All
Chapter-7

1. Matrix addition is commutative binary operation but matrix multiplication is not commutative
binary operation.

2. Addition of two vectors is a commutative binary operation on V.

3. Dot product of any two vectors is a commutative operation but not a binary operation on V.

4. Matrix addition is associative.

5. a  e = a then e is called identity element with respect to. 

6. Any order pair (S, ) having closure property is called a groupoid.

7. A groupoids with associative property is called semi group

8. (V, +) is a semi group

9. (ℕ, +) is a semi group.

10. (ℂ, +) is a semi group

11. (Mij,+) is a semi group

12. A groupoid (S, ) is said to commutative (Abelain group) if  is commutative

13. (ℝ,-)is a groupoid

14. For every non empty set s, (P(s),U) be an abelian semigroup with identity

15. (M3, x) is groupoid

16. (V, .) is not a groupoid

17. (ℕ, +) and (N, x) are not groups since 0 ∉ N and a-1 ∉ N.

18. For every set S,{p(s), ∩} be an abelian semi group

19. Any order pair containing identity, associative and inverse is called group w.r.t addition and
multiplication.

20. (𝕫, +) is a group.

21. (𝕫, . ) is not a group.

22. (𝑁, +) is not a group.

23. (ℝ, +) is a group.

24. (M3, +) is a group.

25. S={1, -1} is called a finite group.

26. (𝕨,×) is not a group.

27. A semi group with identity is called monoid

28. A monoid with inverse is called group

P A G E | 11
 Mathematics Key Points All
Chapter-8

1. An ordered set of number increase or decrease to definite rule are called sequence.
2. Sequence: a sequence is an ordered of number called term.
Ex: {1,2,3} , {1,2,4,8} , {2,3,4,5} , {1,3,5,7}, {2,4,6,8}
3. 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 , 𝑇3 … . 𝑇n (𝑇n is called general term or last term of)
4. The rule of formation of sequence is given in the formula of general term or last term.
𝑇n = 2n−1 put n{1,2,3 … } = 2𝑥1 − 1 = 2 − 1 = 2
2𝑛 − 1 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑛 = 2 = 2𝑥2 − 1 = 4 − 1 = 3
2𝑛 − 1 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑛 = 3 2𝑥3 − 1 = 6 − 1 = 5
𝑇n = {2,3,5,7 … } – 𝑆𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒.
5. 𝐹(𝑛) = 𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 1 ≤ 𝑛 < 100𝑛 > 100
6. 2,6,12 … 𝑡n= 𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)
7. 3,7,11 … 4𝑛 − 1
8. 2,4,8 … 2n
9. 1 1 1 1
, , …
3 5 7 2𝑛 +1
10. 3,6,9 … , 3𝑛, …
11. 1 1 1
1,3 , 4… 2𝑛 −1
12. A.p:- Arithmetic sequence in a sequence in which term increase or decrease by a constant
factor (diff) Ex{1,3,5 … } formula:- 𝑛 + 𝑛 term 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1) 𝑑 → common difference.
13. Standard form of A.P
T1 = 1st term = 𝑎 = 𝑎 + (1 − 1)𝑑
𝑇2 = 2nd term = 𝑎 + 𝑑 = 𝑎 + (2 − 1)𝑑
𝑇3 = 3𝑟𝑑 term = 𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 𝑎 + (3 − 1)𝑑
T4 = 4th term = a+3d = 𝑎 + (4 − 1)𝑑
𝑇n = 𝑛𝑡𝑕 term = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑎 − 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑, … 𝐴 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
14. 9𝑡𝑕 term of 𝐴. 𝑃 = 𝑇𝑎 = 𝑎 + 8𝑑 = + 8𝑥2 = 1 + 16 = 17 𝑝𝑟 𝑇9 = 17 +
15. What term of the following A.P is 125?
5,10,15,20,25, … 125
𝐴 = 5, 𝑑 – 10 − 5 = 5, 𝑇𝑛 = 125, 4 =?
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
125 = 5 + (𝑛 − 1)5
125 = 5 + 5𝑛 − 5
125 = 54
4 = 125
𝑛 = 25 𝑎𝑛𝑠.
16. Find the A.p whose 8th term is 23 and 102 and term is 305
𝑇8 = 𝑎 + 7𝑑 𝑇8 = 𝑎 + 7𝑑
23 = 𝑎 + 7𝑑 23 = 𝑎 + 7𝑥3
𝑇102 = 𝑎 + 101𝑑 23 = 𝑎 + 21
305 = 𝑎 + 101𝑑 𝐴 = 23 − 21
182
282 = 94𝑑 = 𝑑 94 = 3 put 𝐴 = 2 𝑑 = 3, 𝑎 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑠
17. 𝑇𝑝+𝑞 = then 𝐴. 𝑃 is 0
18. 1,3,5 … 2𝑛 − 1
19. 1,2,3 … 𝑛
20. 2,3,4 … . 𝑛 + 1
21. 3,4,5. 10 … 𝑛 + 2
22. 2,5,10 …. (𝑛2 + 1) or 12 + 1, 22 + 1, 32 + 1
23. 2,4,6 … 2𝑛
24. 12 ,32 ,52 … 2𝑛 − 1 2
25. 3,9,27 … 32
26. 2,8,26 … 32 − 1
27. 1.22 , 2.32 , 3.42 … 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2
28. 13, 53, 93… (4n−1)3
29. 7.1, 9.4, 11.7 … (7.1+(n−1)(2.3))

P A G E | 12
 Mathematics Key Points All
30. 1 2 𝑛−1
0, 3 , 4 … 𝑛+1
31. 1,3,7 … 2n−1
32. 1,4,12… n.2n−1
33. 1 −1 (−1)𝑛
-1, 4 , …
9 𝑛2
34. 1 1 𝑛−1
0, 2 , 3 … 𝑛
35. 1,7,13 … 6𝑛 − 5
36. 𝑇4 = 7 and 𝑇16 = 31 then 16o – 4= 12d=31-7=24 = d = 24/12 = 2, d=2 = a+3d= 7=a+3x2=7=
a=1
37. Tp +q + Tp-q = 2Tp a,b,c,d are in A.p = 2(d-c) d-c = e-d => 2d = e+c=> 2d–2c=2c=>2(d–c)=e–c
𝑛
1. Sum General formula = 𝑆𝑛 = 2 2𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 .
𝑛
2. 2nd formula =𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝐿 ∴ 𝐿 = 𝑇𝑛
2
𝑛𝑛
3. Arithmetic series 𝑆 standard form of a+a+d+a+2d+a+3d+ . . . + 𝑎 + 𝑛 + 1 𝑑
𝑛 𝑛 +1
(i) 𝑆 𝑛 = 1 + 2 + 3 +. . . +𝑛then general term is 2
38. A sequence where first term non zero and each term is obtained by multiplying a ratio is
called. Ans. G.P
39. ___________ Can neuter be a term of G.P. Ans. Zero
40. _________ is not permissible on a G.P. Ans. 0
41. If a=1 and r=2 thea the G.P will be. Ans. 1,2,4, 8, …
42. If n G.P Tn=? Ans. ar n-1
43. There may be complex noin G.P Ans. Yes
44. 512
Find the 9th term of 18, −12, 8, … Ans. 729
𝑡𝑕
45. 𝐼𝑓 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝐺. 𝑃 𝑖𝑠 7,21, 63, … 6 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = ? 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 1701
46. 1
32, 16, 8, … 𝐼𝑛 𝑎 𝐺. 𝑃 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑇9 =? 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
8
47. 1 1
𝐼𝑛 𝐺. 𝑃 2, 1−, … 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑇17 =? 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
2 215
48. 9 310
In G.P 4,3, 4, …. then T11 =? 49
49. 𝐼𝑓 𝑇𝑗 + 𝑘 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑗 – 𝑘 = 𝑦 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑇𝑗 =? 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑥𝑦
50. If in a G.P 𝑖, 1, -𝑖 …. the T16 = ? Ans: -1
51. 2 512
If a =18 𝑟 = 3 is Tn = 729 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑛 = ? Ans: 9
52. The fifth term from the of the G.P is 2,6,18, … 4374. Ans:
53. If Tn=x, T2n = y and T3=z then y2=_____. Ans: zx
54. The profit on Rs 1000 for 5 year at 4% per anum will be. Ans:
55. Sn =?
56. If r =1 then Sn = a+a+a+a ____n or Sn = na Ans:
57. Sn = -4,12 =36 then S7=? Ans:
58. If 1+4+16+ …. 341 find n=? Ans:
59. If 1+4+16+64+ ….. then S10 =? Ans:
60. If 2 -6+18-54+ … S8=? Ans:
61. Sn= - 1 –𝑖+1+𝑖 - , …. then S21=? Ans:
62. 27
If Sn= 1+3/2 + 914 + +… then S7=? Ans:
5
63. A –ar+ar2- ar3 + …. Sn=? Ans:
64. 1
If a =12 r=2, n=7 then Sn=? Ans:
65. If S6 = 9s3 then r=?
67. If 𝑆1 = 𝑛, 𝑆2 = 𝑆2= 𝑆2𝑛 and 𝑆3 = 𝑆3𝑛 then is. Ans:
68. 1 + 2 + 4 + … . + 𝑆𝑛 then 𝑆64 =? Ans:
69. If r<1 then Sn. Ans:
70. 2 4
𝑆𝑛 = 1 + + + … . 𝑟 < 1 then Sn =? Ans:
3 9
71. 𝑆∞ = 1 + 0.6 + 0.32 + 0.64 + … 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑆∞ =? Ans:
72. 1 1 1
5 2. 5 4. 5 6 … = ? Ans:
73. 1 1 1
+ 15 + 45 + … = ? Ans:
5

P A G E | 13
 Mathematics Key Points All
74. 5 1 5 8
+ 2 + 2 + 25 +… Ans:
8
75. 1 3
3 + 2+4 +…. Ans:
76. 1 1 1
1− + − +….. Ans:
3 9 27
77. 0.1 + 0.005 + 0.025 + … . 𝑆∞ Ans:
78. 2.5555 … 𝑛 common fraction. Ans:
79. 1 1 1 1
2 2 . 4 8 . 8 24 . 16 64 … ? Ans:
80. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ then 𝑥 =? Ans:
81. If there are three terms in A.P then Middle term is called. Ans:
82. If there three no are in G.P then middle term is called. Ans:
83. A, G,b then G=? Ans:
84. The main proportion btw a and b is called. Ans:
85. The G.M btw two number equal to the ____ of there. Ans:
86. If a, G1 G2 … 𝐺𝑛 be then r =? Ans:
87. If a, G1 G2 … 𝐺𝑛 be are in G.P then 𝐺1 =?
88. If 15, G 60 in G.P then G=?
89. In how many ways can Roohi take one apple one orange and one mango from a basket
containing 4 apples, 3 oranges and 5 mangoes? Ans:
90. The product of three numbers in G.P is 216 and the seun of their products in pairs is 156 find
the numbers. Ans:
91. 1
If 2, 𝐺, are in G.P then G=? Ans:
2
92. If 2.7, G 4.8 is in G.P then G=? Ans:
93. If 2 3, G 6 6 is in G.P then G=? Ans:
94. The sum of three no: in G.P is 19 and the sum of their squares is 133 then no are Ans:
95. The product of of n GM’s B/w a and b is ______ . Ans:
96. 𝑎 𝑛 +1 +𝑏 𝑛 +1
Find n = if = G.M btw a and b. Ans:
𝑎 𝑛 +𝑏 𝑛
97. If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in G.P than 𝑎 = 𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑐 =___. Ans:
98. 𝑎 1 1
If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in G.P then is 𝑎+𝑏 + 𝑏+𝑐 = 𝑏 Ans:
99. 1 1 1
If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in G.P then is 𝑎 2 +𝑏 2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑏 2 −𝑐 2 Ans:
100. If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 are in G.P (𝑎 + 𝑏), (𝑏 + 𝑐), (𝑐 + 𝑑) are in _______. Ans:
101. A sequence in which reciprocals are in A. Progression is called. Ans:
102. _____ name is derimed from the fact of musical strings. Ans:
103. In H.P the Tn=? Ans:
104. 2 2
If a = 39 and b= 37 then T20 in H.P. Ans:
105. If a,H,b are in H.P then H=? Ans:
106. If a=6, b=8 then T17 in H.P=? Ans:
107. If 1, H, 1 are H.P then H=? Ans:
2 3
108. Which term of H.P 6,2, 6, …. 2 . Ans:
5 33
109. If in H.P Tp=q and Tq=P then Tp+q=? Ans:
110. In H.P Tp=q and Tq=p then Tpq=?
111. Find n 𝑎 𝑛 +1 +𝑏 𝑛 +1 =H. Ans:
𝑎 𝑛 +𝑏 𝑛
112. G2=_________. Ans:
113. 𝐴 = − Ans:
𝐺 𝐻
114. Is 𝐴 > 𝐺 > 𝐻. Ans:

P A G E | 14
 Mathematics Key Points All
Chapter – (9)
Permutation and combination
1. The process which is used for determining the number of elements contained in a set is called
counting.
2. If A and B are two set joining then 𝑂(𝐴𝑈𝐵) = 𝑂(𝐴) + 𝑂(𝐵) – 𝑂(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) Ans:
3. For A and B disjoints sets then O(A)UB. = O A + O(B)
4. 𝐼𝑠 𝑂(𝐴𝑈𝐵𝑈𝐶) = 𝑂(𝐴) + 𝑂(𝐵) + 𝑂(𝑐) – 𝑂(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) − 𝑂(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑂(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) 𝐴𝑛𝑠:
5. Product of principle of counting 𝑂(𝐴 × 𝐵) =? 𝑂 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝑂 𝐴 𝑂(𝐵)
6. 5! = ? 5.4.3.2.1 = 120 Ans
7. 1! =? = 1
8. 0! = ? = 1
9. 9! = ? = 362880
10. 6! − 62 = 684
11. 8!
=? = 7
48.5!

12. 𝑛 +1 !
=? = 𝑛(𝑥 + 1)
𝑛 −1 !

13. An ordered triple all of (n,c,r) where elements (𝑛 ≥ 𝑟) Ans:

14. In how many ways Roohi take one apple one mango and one average from a basket
containing 4 apples, 3 oranges, and 5 mangoes. 4.3.5 = 60 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 Ans.
15. How many positive three digit whole numbers he formed from the digits1,2,3,4,5? Ans:
5.5.5 = 125
16. How many positive even no. each having three digits can be formed from the digits 1,2,3,4,5,6
if no digit is to be repeated?
17. If 𝐴 = {0,1,2,3}, 𝐵 = {2,3,4}, 𝐶 = {4,5,6,7,8} Ans: find 𝑂 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 , 𝑂(𝐴 × 𝐶)
18. There are 53 student taking mathematics or physics or both 38 student taking mathematics
and 40 students taking physics then how many student takes both physics and mathematics.
= 25 Ans:
19. Four persons enter a first class railways compartment in which there are six seats. In how
many ways can they take their seats? Ans: 4.3.2 = 24
20. Habib has 3 books and Taha has 2 books then in how many ways than they exchange a
book? Ans: 3 × 2 = 6
𝑛
21. 𝑃𝑟 =? Ans:
𝑛
22. 𝑃𝑜 =? Ans:
23. How many three number digits formed from 2, 3, 5, 7, 8: Ans:
24. How many different arrangement can be made from the using letter of the word “EQUATION”.
Ans:
25. 40 𝑃4 =? Ans: _____________
26. 8
𝑃2 =? ? Ans: _____________
8
27. 𝑃8 =? ? Ans: _____________
28. 5
⟹? Ans: _____________
3, 2
29. 6
=? Ans: _____________
2, 3, 1
30. 200
=? Ans: _____________
21198
31. If 𝑛 𝑃2 = 20 then 𝑛 =? Ans: _____________
32. 2𝑛 𝑛
If 𝑃3 =? 𝑃4 ⟹ then 𝑛 =? ? Ans: _____________
33. 𝑛
𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡 =? Ans: _____________

P A G E | 15
 Mathematics Key Points All

34. 7
In how many ways can the letters of the word “ARRANGE” be arranged so that ? = 1260
2, 2
Ans:
The two R’s are never together? If two R’s go together, we can treat them as one letter and
6!
then we have 6 letters, A,RR,A,N,G,E. They can be permuted in 2!
The number of permutation in which two R’s never together = 1260−360= 900 Ans:
35. A coin is tossed seven times repeatedly then how many ways possible to get 4 Head and 3
tails Ans:
36. The no: of ways of choosing 𝑟 elements from 𝑛 set of element method of reputation and
ordered them it is called: Ans: _____________
𝑛 𝑛
37. 𝐶𝑟 =? 𝐶𝑟 Ans: _____________
𝑛
38. 𝑃𝑟
Is 𝑛 𝐶𝑟 =? Ans: _____________
𝑟!

39. 𝑛 𝑛
𝐶𝑛 = =? Ans: _____________
𝑛
40. 𝑛
=? Ans: _____________
0
41. 10
=? Ans: _____________
4
42. 20
𝐶4 =? Ans: _____________
43. 19
𝐶14 =? Ans: _____________
44. If 𝑛 𝐶3 = 200 Ans: _____________
45. The no: of combination of the letter of the world “SEMINAR” takes 4 at a times: Ans:
_____________

P A G E | 16
 Mathematics Key Points All
Chapter No: 10 Probabilities

1. The chances of success or failure of an untold number of occurrence for mans benefit called:
Ans:

2. The process by which an experiment is made is called: Ans:

3. Energy possible outcome is called: Ans:

4. The set of all possible sample points is called: Ans:

5. A subset of a sample space have no: elements is called: Ans:

6. The sample of space of solving a due is: Ans:

7. The sample space of tossing a coin is: Ans:

8. The disjoints events are called: Ans:

9. I mutually exclusive events 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 =? Ans:

10. If 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝑆 A and B are celled: Ans:

11. The equally likely events are there events on which both has equal chances: Ans:

12. The number of outcomes which issues the occurrence of an event called: Ans:

13. The set of sample space containing single event called:

14. The set of simple space containing many events is called:

15. 𝑃 𝐴 + 𝑃 𝐴′ =? Ans:

16. 𝑃 ∅ =? Ans:

17. If 𝑚 is favorable events and 𝑛 is total event of simple space then: 𝑃 𝐴 =? Ans:

18. In how many ways can a cricket choose a captain a nice captain and a wicket keeper from amongst
them elues 11p3? Ans:

19. A qentteman has 6 spare rooms for quests, in how many ways can he aceomodate 3 guerts
each an a separate room. 6p3? Ans:

20. In how many different ways may 2 fair due comeap? Ans:

21. How many words can be formed out of the letters of the word “Courage” Ans:

22. How many will of them begin with R ? Ans:

23. How many of them begin with A and end with E? Ans:

24. How many three element Subsets are there of the five element set {1,2,3,4,5} there forms.
Ans:

25. How many four element Subsets does the set {a,b,c,d } have 4C4=?

26. From board of 18 members, one director and one deputy director is to be chosen in how many
they can be selected. Ans:

27. How many different arrangements can be made by using all the letters of the word
“Mathematics” Ans:

28. 10
How many begin with C ( ) Ans:
2,2,2

29. How many words can be made from the word “Daughter” Ans:

30. Find the permutation from Thatta words. Ans:

P A G E | 17
 Mathematics Key Points All

31. 8
Find the number of permutations of the letters word “Infinite” ( ) Ans:
3,2

32. How many permutation can be made from “Pakistan” Ans:

33. How many no of permutation can be made from “Institution” Ans:

34. If A⊆B then p(A) – (B) Ans:

35. Is 0 < P(A) < 1 Ans:

36. The probability cam of be less then Ans:

37. A bag one has red, one yellow, one blue hall what is probability to get red hall Ans:

38. Two coins are tossed together fiud probability getting at least one head? Ans:

39. A die rolled once find the probability of getting no: 4

40. Two dices are rolled what is probability that both has same no Ans:

41. P(AUB)= ________ for disjoint sets. Ans:

42. For joint sets P(AUB)=?

43. P(AUB)+P(A∩B)=?

44. A women have three boy child what is probability child is boy. Ans:

45. Three coin are tossed find the probability that getting at least 2 heads or 2 tails Ans:

46. P(A’) = 1 – P(A) Ans:

47. P(A)+ P(A’)=? Ans:

48. P(s) = ?

49. If A is any event and S is sample space than A’ is called complementary. Ans:

P A G E | 18
 Mathematics Key Points All
Chapter No. 11
Mathematical Induction

1. 𝑃(𝑛) 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 (𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟) 𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑕 𝑡𝑕𝑎𝑡

(1) 𝑃(𝑛) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑
(2) 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑝(𝑛) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑡𝑕 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 =
𝑘 + 1 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑃(𝑛) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 (𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟) 𝑛.

2. 𝐼𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑃 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑕 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝐴𝑛𝑠:

3. 2 + 4 + 6+. . . =? Ans: 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)

4. 𝑛 𝑛+1
1 + 2 + 3+ . . . +𝑛 =? Ans: 2

5. 𝑛 𝑛 +1 2𝑛 +1
12 + 22 + 32 +. . . +𝑛2 =? Ans: 6

6. 𝑛 𝑛 +1 2
13 + 23 + 33 + . . . +𝑛3 Ans: 2

7. 1 + 3 + 5+. .. + 2𝑛 − 1 =? Ans: 𝑛2

8. 4 + 8 + 12+ . . . .64𝑛 =? Ans: 2𝑛(𝑛 + 1)

9. 1
2+6+12+ . . . 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 Ans: 𝑛 2𝑛 − 1 2𝑛 + 1
3

10. 1 1 1 1 𝑛
+ 2.3 + 3.4 + . . .+ 𝑛. 𝑛+1 =? Ans:
1.2 𝑛+1

11. 1! .1 + 2! .2 + 3! .3 + . . . +𝑛!. 𝑛 =? Ans: 𝑛 − 1 . 2𝑛 +1 + 2

12. 𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2 + . . . +𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 =? , (𝑟 ≠ 1)
1−𝑟

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 Mathematics Key Points All
Chapter No: 12
The Binomial Theorem
Binomial Theorem
Bionomial Theorem:
An algebraic expression consisting of two terms such as 𝑎 + 𝑥, 𝑥– 2𝑦, 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 etc is called
a Binomial or a binomial expression.
Binomial formula:
The following expansions are valid for any 𝓃 ∈ 𝑍 + (n is called index)
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛 𝑛 −2 𝑛−2
1. (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 + 1! 𝑎−1 𝑏 −1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏 3 +……….+bn
2! 3!

2. 𝑎+
𝑏𝑛=𝑛 𝐶0𝑎𝑛+𝑛 𝐶1𝑎−1𝑏1+𝑛𝐶2𝑎−1𝑏2+………..+𝑛 𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑛−𝑟𝑏𝑟+…………𝑛+𝐶𝑛𝑎𝑛−𝑛𝑏𝑛

𝑛 𝑛
3. (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑟 =0 𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
Characteristics of the Binomial Expansion:
𝑛
Following points can be observed in the expansion of 𝑎 + 𝑏
1. The number of terms in the expansion in one greater then in its index. (i.e. number of
terms =n+1)
2. Sum of exponents of a and b in each term of the expansion is equal to its index.
3. The exponent of a decrease from index to zero.
4. The exponent of b increase fro zero to index.
5. The coefficients of the term equidistant from beginning and end of the expansion are
equal as n Cr =n Cn–r
𝑛 𝑛−𝑟 𝑟
6. The Tr+1 is the rth term in the expansion of (a + b) is given by 𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑎 𝑏
𝑟
n
7. Middle terms(s) in the expansion of (a + b)
𝑛+2
a. If n is even, then there is only one middle term i.e. 𝑡𝑕 term.
2
𝑛+1 𝑛+3
b. In n is odd, then where will be two middle terms i.e. 2 the term and 2 th
term.
i. In the expansion
𝑎 + 𝑏 =𝑛 𝐶0 𝑎𝑛 +𝑛 𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1 +𝑛 𝐶2 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏 2 +………+𝑛 𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟 +………+𝑛 𝐶𝑛 𝑎𝑛−𝑛 𝑏 𝑛
𝑛
𝑛
𝐶0 , 𝑛 𝐶1 , 𝑛 𝐶2 ,……., 𝑛 𝐶𝑟 are called binomial coefficients.
ii. Properties of binomial:
In the expansion of (1+x)n where nℕ
i) Sum of binomial coefficients is 2n i.e. nC0 +n C1+nC2 +….......+nCn=2n
ii) Sum of coefficients of odd terms = sum of coefficients of even terms= 2 n–1
i.e. C0 +n C2+nC4 +….......=nC1+nC3+nC5 +……….=2n–1
n

The Binomial Theorem when the index n is a negative integer or a fraction.

1. When n is negative integer or a fraction, then,
𝑛 𝑛 −1 𝑛 𝑛 −1 𝑛−2 𝑛 𝑛 −1 𝑛−2 .…(𝑛 −𝑟+1)
(1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 2! 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 +……….+ 𝑥 𝑟 +……….
3! 𝑟!
Provided that 𝑥 <1 (.i.e. –1< x <1)
𝑛 𝑛 −1 𝑛 −2 ….(𝑛−𝑟+1)
2. The general term in the expansion is 𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑥𝑟
𝑟!
3. The number of terms in the expansion is always infinite.
Some particular cases of the expansion of (1+x)n ,when n<0
Binomial Expansion (r+1)th term
(1+x)–1 (–1)r xr
(1+x)–2 (–1)r (r+1)xr
(1+x)–3 (–1)r
𝑟 +1 (𝑟+2) 𝑟
𝑥 2
(1–x)–1 𝑥 𝑟
(1–x)–2 (r+1)xr
(1–x)–3 𝑟+1 (𝑟+2)
𝑥𝑟
2

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 Mathematics Key Points All

1
2
3
4

7
8

9
10

Let, −1<×<1.
Column A Column B

𝑛
(a) Differentiable function (b) Integrable
1. 1 + 𝑥 where n is a finite negative function
integer
1. 𝑛 𝑐0 + 𝑛 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑛 𝑐2 𝑥 2 + 𝑛 𝑐3 𝑥 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 −1) 𝑛 𝑛 −1 (𝑛 −2)
2. 1 + 𝑥 where n is a positive fraction 2. 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛
2! 3!
𝑛
3. 1 + 𝑥 where n is a negative fraction 3. 𝑛 𝑐0 + 𝑛 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑛 𝑐2 𝑥 2 + 𝑛 𝑐3 𝑥 + ⋯ infinite
3

terms
𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 −1) 𝑛 𝑛 −1 (𝑛 −2)
4. 1 + 𝑥 where n is a finite natural 4. 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 2! 𝑥 2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯
3!
number
infinte terms
Expansion consisting two terms is called ____________ expansion. Ans: Binomial
expansion
𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛 , 𝑎 + 𝑏 is called Binomial and n is called index Ans:
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛+1
+ = is called ______________ rule. Ans:
𝑟−1 𝑟 𝑟
Pascal

The general binomial formula is given by ______________ Ans: Umer Khyam (1074
A.D)
𝑛 𝑛𝑎 𝑛 −1 𝑏 𝑛(𝑛−1)𝑎 𝑛 −2 𝑏 2
𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑎𝑛 + + + ⋯ + 𝑏𝑛
1! 2!

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 Mathematics Key Points All

To find an expansion for (a + b)8, we complete two more rows of Pascal’s triangle:

Thus the expansion of is

(a + b)8 = a8 + 8a7b + 28a6b2 + 56a5b3 + 70a4b4 + 56a3b5 + 28a2b6 + 8ab7 + b8.
We can generalize our results as follows.

In Binomial expansion terms the index a increases by one and index of b decreases by one.

The coefficient of successive term 𝑛 𝐶0 , 𝑛 𝐶1 , 𝑛 𝐶2 . . . 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 , are known as: Ans: Binomial

coefficient

If 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 1 then the binomial expansion will be: Ans: 2𝑛

𝑛 𝑛𝑎 𝑛 −1 𝑏 𝑛(𝑛−1)𝑎 𝑛 −2 𝑏 2
𝑎−𝑏 = 𝑎𝑛 − + − ⋯ + −1 𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 Ans:
1! 2!

𝑛 𝑛
𝑇1 = 𝑎 Ans:
0
𝑛
If 𝑎 + 𝑏 and 𝑛 is even then there will be __________ middle terms. Ans:
𝑛
If in 𝑎 + 𝑏 and 𝑛 is odd no: then there will be __________ middle terms. Ans:
2𝑦 10
The middle term in the expansion 𝑥 − will be: Ans:
3

1 7
The M team in the expansion 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 Ans:
2

1 20
𝑥−𝑥 Ans:

1 2𝑛
The M.T in the expansion 𝑥 − 𝑥 Ans:

1 2𝑛+1
The M.T in the expansion 𝑥 − 𝑥 Ans:

−1
1+𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 + . . . Ans:

(1 − 𝑥)−1 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + . . . Ans:
1
1 1 1
(1 + 𝑥)2 = 1 + 2 𝑥 − 8 𝑥 2 + 16 𝑥 3 Ans:

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 Mathematics Key Points All
Trigonometry

1. The branch of mathematics which deal with the measurement of earth is called geometry
2. The common point of lines making angle.
3. A complete of an revolution a measure of an arc in a circle is equal to
4. A degree is taken: Ans:
5. 1 = __________ minutes: Ans:
0

6. A radian is a unit of measure of an: Ans:

7. Angle which are measure in clockwise: Ans:
8. Angle which are measure in anticlockwise: Ans:
9. Radian is ___________ of the length of the radius: Ans:
10. 𝜋 Radians = __________ degree:
11. I radian =
180
degree: Ans:
𝜋
𝜋
12. 1 degree =180 radian =? Ans:
𝜋
13. 30° = Ans:
?
𝜋
14. 45° = Ans:
?
𝜋
15. 60° = Ans::
?
𝜋
16. 120° = − Ans:
17. 45° Ans:
18. The angle measuring 90° is also denoted by: Ans:
19. 135° =________________. Ans:
20. 180° =________________. Ans:
21. °
−45 =? Ans:
𝜋
22. radians =_________________ Ans:
2
23. 0.2𝜋 raidains Ans:
24. There are of a circle is to the measure of the central angle is: Ans:
25. 𝑆 = ______________ Ans:
26. 2
𝜋 radians Ans:
3
−𝜋
27. 𝑟𝑎𝑑=____________° Ans:
3
28. If 𝑆 = 20𝑐𝑚 and 𝑟 = 5𝑐𝑚then 𝜃 =? Ans:
29. If 𝑆 = 30.2 cm and 𝑟 = 2𝑐𝑚 Ans:
30. If 𝑆 = 10.2𝑐𝑚 and 𝜃=rad then 𝜃 =? Ans:
31. A car is moving the in a circular path and radius = 2 arc of the circle then 𝜃 =?
32. sin 𝜃 and cos 𝜃 are called circular function: Ans:
33. sin 𝜃 =
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝 :
=? Ans:
?
34. cos 𝜃 =
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
=? Ans:
?
35. sin 𝜃 =
1
Ans:
?
36. cos 𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 2
1
Ans:
37. tan 𝜃 =
1
Ans:
?
38. cot 𝜃 =
1
Ans:
?
39. sec 𝜃 =
1
Ans:
?
40. cot 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
Ans:
?
41. 𝛾, 𝑥, 𝑦 is called radian function: Ans:
42. 2 2
sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 =? Ans:
43. sin2 𝜃 − cos2 𝜃 =? Ans:
44. 2
1 + tan 𝜃 =? Ans:
45. In first quadrant sin 𝜃 is: Ans:
46. In first quadrant sin 𝜃and cos 𝜃 both are: Ans:
47. In second quadrant cos𝜃 is:

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Mathematics Key Points All

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Mathematics Key Points All

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Solution of Triangles

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 Mathematics Key Points All

Relation Between r, R, 𝒓𝟏 , 𝒓𝟐 , 𝒓𝟑 ,s and 𝚫

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Inverse Trigonometric Functions

The value of inverse trigonometric functions for – 𝒙

1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 −𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑥 ≤1
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 −𝑥 = 𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 𝑥 ≤1
3. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
4. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 −𝑥 = 𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
5. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 −𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 𝑥 ≥1
6. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 −𝑥 = 𝜋 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 𝑥 ≥1
𝟏
Value of I.T functions for 𝒙
1. 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 = sin−1 ; 𝑥 ≥ 1⁡
𝑥
2. 1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 = cos−1 ; 𝑥 ≥1
𝑥

3. 1 1
cot −1 𝑥 = tan−1 ; 𝑥 > 0 and cot −1 𝑥 = tan−1 − 𝜋 ;𝑥 < 0
𝑥 𝑥

4. 1
sin−1 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 ; 𝑥 ≤1
𝑥

5. 1
cos−1 𝑥 = sec −1 ; 𝑥 ≤1
𝑥

6. 1 1
tan−1 𝑥 = cot −1 ; 𝑥 > 0 and tan−1 𝑥 = cot −1 −𝜋 𝑥 <0
𝑥 𝑥

Formulae for complementary inverse functions.

1. 𝜋
sin−1 𝑥 + cos −1 𝑥 = 𝑥 ≤1
2
𝜋
2. tan−1 𝑥 + cot −1 𝑥 = 𝑥 ≥1
2
𝜋
3. tan−1 𝑥 + cot −1 𝑥 = 2 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
Addition and subtraction formulae
If 𝒙 > 0 and 𝒚 > 0 then.
1. 𝑥+𝑦
tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 ; 𝑥𝑦 > 1
1−𝑥𝑦

2. 𝑥+𝑦
tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 +𝜋 𝑥𝑦>
1−𝑥𝑦
𝜋
3. tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 2 ; 𝑥𝑦 = 1
4. 𝑥−𝑦
tan−1 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 1−𝑥𝑦

Inter relation between the inverse functions.

𝑥
1. sin−1 𝑥 = cos −1 1 − 𝑥 2 = tan−1 0 < 𝑥<
1−𝑥 2

2. 1−𝑥 2
cos−1 𝑥 = sin−1 1 − 𝑥 2 = tan−1 0 < 𝑥<
𝑥

3. 1 𝑥
tan−1 𝑥 = cos −1 = sin−1 ;𝑥 > 0
1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥2

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 Mathematics Key Points All
Chapter-15

1. A function 𝐹𝑛 → 𝑦 is called a periodic function then 𝑃 is the smallest such as positive number.
𝑁+𝑃 =𝐹 𝑁 𝑁 ∈𝑋

2. sin 𝜃 + 2𝑛𝜋 = sin 𝜃

3. cos 𝜃 + 2𝑛𝜋 = cos 𝜃

4. Sine and cosine are periodic function of period2𝜋.

5. Period
Formula cofficient of angle

𝜋
6. 𝜋 2 −𝜋
𝑦 = sin 3𝑘 + 2 phase shif= =
3 6

1 2𝜋
7. sin 3 𝑘 = period = 1 = 6𝜋
3

2𝜋
8. sin 3𝑥= ∴ 𝑃 = 3

9. sin2 𝑥 = 𝑃 = 𝜋
1 2𝜋 4𝜋
10. sin 2 𝑃 = 1 = 5
2

1
11. cos 2 𝑘 𝑃 = 4𝜋

12. 5 2𝜋 4𝜋
sin 2 𝑘 𝑃= 5 = 5
2

2𝜋
13. sec 𝑎𝑥 𝑃= 𝑎

1
14. sec 2 𝑘 𝑃 = 2𝜋𝑎

1
15. tan 7 𝑘 𝑃 7𝑥 period.

16. Period of sin 𝜃 = 2𝜋 and phase shift is 0 then amplitude is 1.

17. 𝑓 𝑥 = asin 𝜃 ∴ 𝑎 is amplitude.

18. 𝑓 𝑥 = 5 sin 𝑥 ∴ 5 is Amplitude and phase shift is 0.

𝑐
19 𝑓 𝑥 = sin(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) ∴ phase shift = − 𝑏

20. 𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 𝑥 = sin 3𝑥 − 6 ∴ phase shift = 6

5𝜋
21. cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 =𝑃= 4

𝜋
22. tan 3𝑥 =𝑝= 3

23. The period of tan 𝜃 is 𝜋

1
24. sin 2𝑥 then period =4𝜋
2

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