Catalina V Genevira
Catalina V Genevira
Catalina V Genevira
CATALINA F. ISLA, ELIZABETH ISLA, AND GILBERT F. ISLA, Petitioners, v. GENEVIRA*P. ESTORGA, Respondent.
DECISION
PERLAS-BERNABE, J.:
Before the Court is a petition for review on certiorari1 filed by petitioners Catalina F. Isla (Catalina), Elizabeth
Isla, and Gilbert F. Isla (collectively, petitioners) assailing the Decision2 dated May 31, 2017 and the
Resolution3 dated August 24, 2017 of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. CV No. 101743, which affirmed with
modification the Decision4 dated December 10, 2012 of the Regional Trial Court of Pasay City, Branch 112 (RTC)
in Civil Case No. 07-0014, directing petitioners to pay respondent Genevira P. Estorga (respondent) the
following sums: (a) P100,000.00 representing the principal of the loan obligation; (b) an amount equivalent to
twelve percent (12%) of P100,000.00 computed from November 16, 2006 until full payment, representing
interest on the loan; (c) an amount equivalent to six percent (6%) of the sums due in (a) and (b) per
annumcomputed from the finality of the CA Decision until full payment, representing legal interest; and (d)
P20,000.00 as attorney's fees.
The Facts
On December 6, 2004, petitioners obtained a loan in the amount of P100,000.00 from respondent, payable
anytime from six (6) months to one (1) year and subject to interest at the rate of ten percent (10%) per month,
payable on or before the end of each month. As security, a real estate mortgage5 was constituted over a parcel
of land located in Pasay City, covered by Transfer Certificate of Title (TCT) No. 1326736 and registered under the
name of Edilberto Isla (Edilberto), who is married to Catalina (subject property). When petitioners failed to pay
the said loan, respondent sought assistance from the barangay, and consequently, a Kasulatan ng
Pautang7 dated December 8, 2005 was executed. Petitioners, however, failed to comply with its terms,
prompting respondent to send a demand letter8 dated November 16, 2006. Once more, petitioners failed to
comply with the demand, causing respondent to file a Petition for Judicial Foreclosure9 against them before the
RTC.10
For their part,11petitioners maintained that the subject mortgage was not a real estate mortgage but a mere
loan, and that the stipulated interest of ten percent (10%) per month was exorbitant and grossly
unconscionable.12 They also insisted that since petitioners were not the absolute owners of the subject
property - as the same was allegedly owned by Edilberto – they could not have validly constituted the subject
mortgage thereon.13
In a Decision14 dated December 10, 2012, the RTC granted the Petition for Judicial Foreclosure, finding that
petitioners themselves admitted that: (a) they obtained a loan in the amount of P100,000.00 and that the said
loan was secured by a real estate mortgage over the subject property; and (b) the subject mortgage was
annotated on TCT No. 132673.15 Further, the RTC observed that while it is true that the present action pertains
to a judicial foreclosure, the underlying principle is that a real estate mortgage is but a security and not a
satisfaction of indebtedness. Thus, it is only proper to render petitioners solidarily liable to pay respondent
and/or foreclose the subject mortgage should they fail to fulfill their obligation.16
Consequently, the RTC directed petitioners to pay respondent the amounts of P100,000.00 with twelve percent
(12%) interest per annum from December 2007 until fully paid and P20,000.00 as attorney's fees. Alternatively,
in the event that petitioners fail to pay or deposit with the Clerk of Court the said amounts within a period of six
(6) months from receipt of a copy of the RTC Decision, it held that the subject property will be foreclosed and
sold at public auction to satisfy the mortgage debt, and the surplus, if any, will be delivered to petitioners with
reasonable interest under the law.17
The CA Ruling
In a Decision19 dated May 31, 2017, the CA affirmed with modification the RTC Decision, and accordingly,
ordered petitioners to pay respondent the following sums: (a) P100,000.00 representing the principal of the
loan obligation; (b) an amount equivalent to twelve percent (12%) of P100,000.00 computed per year from
November 16, 2006 until full payment, representing interest on the loan; (c) an amount equivalent to six
percent (6%) of the sums due in (a) and (b) per annum computed from the finality of the CA Decision until full
payment, representing legal interest; and (d) P20,000.00 as attorney's fees.20
The CA held that in light of the registry return receipt bearing the signature of Catalina, it was established that
petitioners indeed received the demand letter dated November 16, 2006.21 Meanwhile, it did not agree with
the RTC's order providing petitioners alternative remedies, which remedies are, by law, mutually exclusive.
Thus, since respondent's Petition for Judicial Foreclosure was essentially an action to collect a sum of money,
she is then barred from causing the foreclosure of the subject mortgage.22
Moreover, the CA ruled that the RTC erred in imposing the interest rate of twelve percent (12%) per annum
from December 2007 until full payment. It likewise held that the stipulated interest of ten percent (10%) per
month on the real estate mortgage is exorbitant. And finally, it declared that respondent is entitled to the
award of attorney's fees based on equity and in the exercise of its discretion.23
Undaunted, petitioners sought partial reconsideration,24 claiming that the award of attorney's fees was without
factual, legal, and equitable justification and should therefore be deleted.25 The same, however, was denied in a
Resolution26 dated August 24, 2017; hence, the instant petition, claiming that the CA gravely erred not only in
awarding attorney's fees despite the absence of factual justification in the body of its Decision but also in
imposing interest of twelve percent (12%) per annum interest until full payment.27
In her Comment,28 respondent retorted that the CA's award of attorney's fees was proper and within the
discretion of the court. Likewise, the CA correctly imposed interest at the rate of twelve percent (12%) per
annum to the principal loan obligation of petitioners.29
The issue for the Court's resolution is whether or not the CA erred in awarding: (a) twelve percent (12%)
interest on the principal obligation until full payment; and (b) attorney's fees.
I.
In their petition, petitioners contest the interest imposed on the principal amount of the loan at the rate of
twelve percent (12%) per annum from the date of extrajudicial demand until full payment, as stated in
paragraph 2 of the CA ruling. In this regard, they argue that pursuant to ECE Realty and Development, Inc. v.
Hernandez (ECE Realty),30 the applicable interest rate should only be six percent (6%).31
Case law states that there are two (2) types of interest, namely, monetary interest and compensatory interest.
Monetary interest is the compensation fixed by the parties for the use or forbearance of money. On the other
hand, compensatory interest is that imposed by law or by the courts as penalty or indemnity for damages.
Accordingly, the right to recover interest arises only either by virtue of a contract (monetary interest) or as
damages for delay or failure to pay the principal loan on which the interest is demanded (compensatory
interest).32
Anent monetary interest, the parties are free to stipulate their preferred rate. However, courts are allowed to
equitably temper interest rates that are found to be excessive, iniquitous, unconscionable, and/or
exorbitant,33 such as stipulated interest rates of three percent (3%) per month or higher.34In such instances, it is
well to clarify that only the unconscionable interest rate is nullified and deemed not written in the contract;
whereas the parties' agreement on the payment of interest on the principal loan obligation subsists.35 It is as if
the parties failed to specify the interest rate to be imposed on the principal amount, in which case the legal rate
of interest prevailing at the time the agreement was entered into is applied by the Court.36 This is because,
according to jurisprudence, the legal rate of interest is the presumptive reasonable compensation for borrowed
money.37
In this case, petitioners and respondent entered into a loan obligation and clearly stipulated for the payment of
monetary interest. However, the stipulated interest of ten percent (10%) per month was found to be
unconscionable, and thus, the courts a quostruck down the same and pegged a new monetary interest of
twelve percent (12%) per annum, which was the prevailing legal rate of interest for loans and forbearances of
money at the time the loan was contracted on December 6, 2004.
In Spouses Abella v. Spouses Abella,38 the Court was also faced with a situation where the parties entered into a
loan with an agreement to pay monetary interest. Since the stipulated rate of interest by the parties was found
to be unconscionable, the Court struck down the same and substituted it with the prevailing legal interest rate
at the time the loan was perfected, i.e., twelve percent (12%) per annum. In holding that such rate shall persist
in spite of supervening events, the Court held:
Jurisprudence is clear about the applicable interest rate if a written instrument fails to specify a
rate. In Spouses Toring v. Spouses Olan [(589 Phil. 362 [2008])], this court clarified the effect of
Article 1956 of the Civil Code and noted that the legal rate of interest (then at 12%) is to apply:
"In a loan or forbearance of money, according to the Civil Code, the interest due should be that
stipulated in writing, and in the absence thereof, the rate shall be 12% per annum."
Spouses Toring cites and restates (practically verbatim) what this court settled in Security Bank
and Trust Company v. Regional Trial Court of Makati, Branch 61 [(331 Phil. 787 [1996])]: "In a
loan or forbearance of money, the interest due should be that stipulated in writing, and in the
absence thereof, the rate shall be 12% per annum."
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The rule is not only definite; it is cast in mandatory language. From Eastern Shipping [Lines, Inc.
v. CA][(G.R. No. 97412, July 12, 1994, 234 SCRA 78)] to Security Bank to Spouses Toring,
jurisprudence has repeatedly used the word "shall," a term that has long been settled to denote
something imperative or operating to impose a duty. Thus, the rule leaves no room for
alternatives or otherwise does not allow for discretion. It requires the application of the legal
rate of interest.
Our intervening Decision in Nacar v. Gallery Frames [(716 Phil. 267 [2013])] recognized that the
legal rate of interest has been reduced to 6% per annum[.]
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Nevertheless, both Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Circular No. 799, Series of 2013 and Nacar retain
the definite and mandatory framing of the rule articulated in Eastern Shipping, Security Bank,
and Spouses Toring. Nacar even restates Eastern Shipping:
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Thus, it remains that where interest was stipulated in writing by the debtor and creditor in a
simple loan or mutuum, but no exact interest rate was mentioned, the legal rate of interest shall
apply. At present, this is 6% per annum, subject to Nacar 's qualification on prospective
application.
Applying this, the loan obtained by respondents from petitioners is deemed subjected to
conventional interest at the rate of 12% per annum, the legal rate of interest at the time the
parties executed their agreement. Moreover, should conventional interest still be due as of July
1, 2013, the rate of 12% per annum shall persist as the rate of conventional interest.
This is so because interest in this respect is used as a surrogate for the parties' intent, as
expressed as of the time of the execution of their contract. In this sense, the legal rate of interest
is an affirmation of the contracting parties' intent; that is, by their contract's silence on a specific
rate, the then prevailing legal rate of interest shall be the cost of borrowing money. This rate,
which by their contract the parties have settled on, is deemed to persist regardless of shifts in
the legal rate of interest. Stated otherwise, the legal rate of interest, whenapplied as
conventional interest, shall always be the legal rate at the time the agreement was executed and
shall not be susceptible to shifts in rate.39 (Emphases and underscoring supplied)
Following this pronouncement, the Court rules that the CA correctly imposed a straight monetary interest rate
of twelve percent (12%) per annum on the principal loan obligation of petitioners to respondent, reckoned from
the date of extrajudicial demand until finality of this ruling. At this point, suffice it to say that petitioner's
reliance on ECE Realty is misplaced primarily because unlike in this case, the amount due therein does not
partake of a loan obligation or forbearance of money.
In addition, not only the principal amount but also the monetary interest due to respondent as discussed above
shall itself earn compensatory interest at the legal rate, pursuant to Article 2212 of the Civil Code, which states
that "[i]nterest due shall earn legal interest from the time it is judicially demanded, although the obligation may
be silent upon this point."40 To be sure, Article 2212 contemplates the presence of stipulated or conventional
interest, i.e., monetary interest, which has accrued when demand was judicially made. In cases where no
monetary interest had been stipulated by the parties, no accrued monetary interest could further earn
compensatory .interest upon judicial demand.41 Thus, the principal amount and monetary interest due to
respondent shall earn compensatory interest of twelve percent (12%) per annum from judicial demand, i.e., the
date of the filing of the complaint on July 24, 2007,42 to June 30, 2013, and thereafter, at the rate of six percent
(6%) per annum from July 1, 2013 until fully paid.
II.
On the issue of attorney's fees, the general rule is that the same cannot be recovered as part of damages
because of the policy that no premium should be placed on the right to litigate. They are not to be awarded
every time a party wins a suit.43 The power of the court to award attorney's fees under Article 220844 of the Civil
Code demands factual, legal, and equitable justification.45 It must clearly state the reasons for awarding
attorney's fees in the body of its decision, and not merely in its dispositive portion.46
In this case, the CA awarded the amount of P20,000.00 as attorney's fees premised merely on the general
statement "upon equity and in the exercise of [its] discretion."47 Hence, since the CA failed to "clearly state the
reasons for awarding attorney's fees in the body of its decision", the Court finds it proper to delete the same.
WHEREFORE, the petition is PARTIALLY GRANTED. The Decision dated May 31, 2017 and the Resolution dated
August 24, 2017 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 101743 are hereby MODIFIED as follows:
1. Petitioners Catalina F. Isla, Elizabeth Isla, and Gilbert F. Isla are ORDERED to pay respondent Genevira P.
Estorga:
(a)
P100,000.00 representing the principal loan obligation;
(b)
Monetary interest on the principal loan obligation at the rate of twelve percent (12%) per annum
from the date of default, i.e., extrajudicial demand on November 16, 2006, until finality of this
ruling;
(c)
Compensatory interest on the monetary interest as stated in letter (b) at the rate of twelve
percent (12%) per annum from judicial demand, i.e., July 24, 2007, to June 30, 2013, and
thereafter, at the rate of six percent (6%) per annum from July 1, 2013 until finality of this ruling;
and
(d)
Legal interest at the rate of six percent (6%) per annum imposed on the sums due in letters (a),
(b), and (c) from finality of this ruling until full payment; and