Reading 13.

Electronic engineering

Electronic engineering (also called electronics and

communications engineering) is an electrical engineering
discipline which utilizes nonlinear and active electrical
components (such as semiconductor devices, especially
transistors, diodes and integrated circuits) (B) to design
electronic circuits, devices, VLSI devices and their
systems.
Electronic engineering has many subfields. Signal
processing deals with the analysis and manipulation of
signals. (A) Signals can be either analog, in which case
the signal varies continuously according to the
information, or digital, in which case the signal varies
according to a series of discrete values representing the
information. Telecommunications engineering deals with
the transmission of information across a channel.
Electromagnetics is an in-depth study about the signals
that are transmitted in a channel (wired or wireless).
Control engineering has a wide range of applications
from the flight and propulsion systems of commercial
airplanes to the cruise control present in many modern
cars. It also plays an important role in industrial
automation. Computer engineering deals with the design
of computers and computer systems. This may involve
the design of new computer hardware, the design of
PDAs or the use of computers to control an industrial
plant. Instrumentation engineering deals with the design
of devices (B) to measure physical quantities such as
pressure, flow and temperature.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_engineering)
Key Vocabulary

✥ discipline: 지식 분야, 학과목

ex) A discipline is a particular area of study,
especially a subject of study in a college or
university.
✥ utilize: 활용하다, 이용하다
ex) If you utilize something, you use it.
✥ nonlinear: 직선 모양이 아닌, 비선형의
✥ semiconductor: 반도체
ex) A semiconductor is a substance used in
electronics whose ability to conduct electricity
increases with greater heat.
✥ transistor: 트랜지스터
ex) A transistor is a small electronic part in
something such as a television or radio, which
controls the flow of electricity.
✥ diode: 다이오드, 2극 진공관
✥ circuit: (전기) 회로
ex) An electrical circuit is a complete route which an
electric current can flow around.
✥ wire: 전선을 연결하다, 배선 공사를 하다
ex) If you wire something such as a building or piece
of equipment, you put wires inside it so that
electricity or signals can pass into or through it.
✥ propulsion: 추진, 추진력
ex) Propulsion is the power that moves something,
especially a vehicle, in a forward direction.
✥ commercial: 상업의
✥ play a role: 역할을 맡다, 한몫을 하다.
✥ PDA: 휴대 정보 단말기(Personal Digital Assistant)
Essential Grammar

◆ 병렬(병치) 구문
두 구문을 등위접속사나 등위상관접속사로 연결할 때, 반드시
동등어구(명사, 형용사, 동사, 부사, 등)를 사용해서 연결하여야
한다.

[본문 A]
▶ Signals can be either analog, in which case the
signal varies continuously according to the information,
or digital, in which case the signal varies according to a
series of discrete values (which/that are) representing
the information.

☞ 등위상관접속사 either A or B 구조이고 두 개의 명사

(analog, digital)를 연결하고 있다.

◆ 부사(구, 절), 주어 + 동사 ~ (1형식~ 5형식) + 부사(구, 절)

To부정사(목적) To부정사(목적)

[본문 B]
▶ an electrical engineering discipline which utilizes
nonlinear and active electrical components (such as
semiconductor devices, especially transistors, diodes and
integrated circuits) to design electronic circuits, devices,
VLSI devices and their systems.

☞ to design은 부사적 용법의 ‘목적’을 나타낸다.

▶ Instrumentation engineering deals with the design of
devices to measure physical quantities such as pressure,
flow and temperature.

☞ to measure는 부사적 용법의 ‘목적’을 나타낸다.

☞ deal with: ~을 다루다, 대처하다, 처리하다, 해결하다

(= handle = manage)
Reading 14. Automotive design

Automotive design is the process of developing the

appearance of motor vehicles, including automobiles,
motorcycles, trucks, buses, and vans. (A) The functional
design and development of a modern motor vehicle is
typically done by a large team from many different
disciplines. (A) Automotive design is primarily concerned
with developing the visual appearance or aesthetics of
the vehicle, though (A) it is also involved in the creation
of the product concept. (A) Automotive design as a
professional vocation is practiced by designers who may
have an art background and a degree in industrial
design or transportation design.
(A) The task of the design team is usually split into
three main aspects: exterior design, interior design, and
color and trim design. (B) The stylist responsible for the
design of the exterior of the vehicle develops the
proportions, shape, and surfaces of the vehicle. (B) The
stylist responsible for the design of the vehicle interior
develops the proportions, shape, placement, and
surfaces for the instrument panel, seats, door trim
panels, headliner, etc. And The color and trim (or color
and materials) designer is responsible for the research,
design, and development of (B) all interior and exterior
colors and materials used on a vehicle.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_design)
Key Vocabulary

✥ appearance: (겉)모습, 외모
✥ functional: 기능 위주의, 실용적인
ex) Functional things are useful rather than
decorative.
✥ typically: 보통, 일반적으로
ex) You use typically to say that something usually
happens in the way that you are describing.
✥ aesthetics: 미학
ex) Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy concerned
with the study of the idea of beauty.
✥ split: (작은 부분들로) 나뉘다, 나누다
ex) If something splits or if you split it, it is divided
into two or more parts.
✥ exterior: (건물의) 외부, 외면
ex) The exterior of something is its outside surface.
✥ proportion: (전체의) 부분, 비율
ex) A proportion of a group or an amount is a part
of it.
✥ trim panel: (교통) 트림 패널
✥ materials: 자재
(the equipment necessary for a particular activity)
Essential Grammar

◆ 수동태를 많이 쓰는 경우

✥ 능동태의 주어가 불분명할 경우

✥ 수동태의 주어가 더 중요할 경우
✥ 행위자를 나타내지 않는 것이 더 좋을 경우
✥ 객관적인 사실 등을 나타낼 경우

[본문 A]
▶ The functional design and development of a modern
motor vehicle is typically done

▶ Automotive design is primarily concerned with

developing

▶ it is also involved in the creation of the product

concept.

▶ Automotive design as a professional vocation is

practiced

▶ The task of the design team is usually split into

three main aspects

◆ 주격관계대명사 + Be동사의 생략

✥선행사(사람) + (who+Be동사) + 형용사/현재분사/과거분사

✥선행사(사물) + (which/that+Be동사) + 형용사/현재분사
/과거분사
☞ 위의 구조에서 [주격관계대명사+Be동사]를 생략하는 경향이
있는데, 주로 난이도가 높은 영어구문에서 자주 확인할 수 있다.

[본문 B]
▶ The stylist (who is) responsible for the design of the
exterior of the vehicle

▶ The stylist (who is) responsible for the design of the

vehicle interior

▶ all interior and exterior colors and materials (that

are) used on a vehicle.
Reading 15. Vehicle Safety Technology

(A) Vehicle Safety Technology (VST) in the automotive

industry refers to special technology developed to ensure
the safety and security of automobiles and passengers. The
term encompasses a broad umbrella of projects and
devices within the automotive world. Notable examples
include car-to-computer communication devices (B) which
utilize GPS tracking features, remote speed sensing, theft
deterrence, damage mitigation, and vehicle-to-vehicle
communication.
The vehicle safety technology has its roots in the 18th
century. It started in the automobile industry as a
response to the attempts of the legislators, (B) who were
working towards reducing the number of road accidents.
The initial safety features were the safety glass,
four-wheel hydraulic brakes, and seat belts. A scientific
approach to vehicle safety began in 1934 when General
Motors conducted the first crash barrier test. Gradually,
the existing systems were stabilized followed by
introduction of disc brakes and anti-lock braking
system. Introduction of hi-tech safety systems began in
the year 1995 with Electronic Stability Control (ESC). (C)
The lane departure warning system was introduced in
the year 1999 and the radar assisted adaptive cruise
control was introduced in 2005. These advanced hi-tech
systems are not standard parts in all cars.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_safety_technology)
Key Vocabulary

✥ refer to: ~을 나타내다, ~와 관련 있다

(to mention or talk about somebody/something)
✥ encompass: 포함하다, 아우르다
ex) If something encompasses particular things, it
includes them.
✥ deterrence: 제지, 저지
ex) Deterrence is the prevention of something,
especially war or crime, by having something such as
weapons or punishment to use as a threat.
✥ mitigation: 완화, 경감
✥ legislator: 입법자, 국회의원
ex) A legislator is a person who is involved in
making or passing laws.
✥ feature: 특색, 특징, 특성
ex) A feature of something is an interesting or
important part or characteristic of it.
✥ hydraulic: 수압의, 유압의
ex) Hydraulic equipment or machinery involves or is
operated by a fluid that is under pressure, such as
water or oil.
✥ disc brake: (자동차의) 디스크 브레이크
✥ cruise control: (차량의) 자동주행 속도유지 장치
✥ adaptive cruise control: 적응식 자동주행 속도유지 장치
Essential Grammar

◆ 주격관계대명사 + Be동사의 생략

✥선행사(사람) + (who+Be동사) + 형용사/현재분사/과거분사

✥선행사(사물) + (which/that+Be동사) + 형용사/현재분사
/과거분사

☞ 위의 구조에서 [주격관계대명사+Be동사]를 생략하는 경향이

있는데, 주로 난이도가 높은 영어구문에서 자주 확인할 수 있다.

[본문 A]
▶ Vehicle Safety Technology (VST) in the automotive
industry refers to special technology (which/that is)
developed to ensure the safety and security of
automobiles and passengers.
☞ to ensure는 부사적 용법 중에서 ‘목적’으로 사용되었다.

◆ 관계대명사의 제한(한정)적 용법과 계속적 용법

✥ 제한(한정)적 용법: ← 해석방향

ex) I have three friends who became doctors.
‘나는 의사가 된 3명의 친구가 있다. (친구는 3명 이상)’

✥ 계속적 용법: 해석방향 →

ex) I have three friends, who(= and they) became
doctors.
‘나는 3명의 친구가 있고, 그들은 의사가 되었다. (친구는 3명)’
[본문 B]
▶ Notable examples include car-to-computer
communication devices which utilize GPS tracking
features, remote speed sensing, theft deterrence,
damage mitigation, and vehicle-to-vehicle
communication. (제한적 용법)

▶ It started in the automobile industry as a response to

the attempts of the legislators, who were working
towards reducing the number of road accidents.
(계속적 용법)

◆ 수동태를 많이 쓰는 경우

✥ 능동태의 주어가 불분명할 경우

✥ 수동태의 주어가 더 중요할 경우
✥ 행위자를 나타내지 않는 것이 더 좋을 경우
✥ 객관적인 사실 등을 나타낼 경우

[본문 C]
▶ The lane departure warning system was introduced in
the year 1999 and the radar assisted adaptive cruise
control was introduced in 2005.