Introduction

to ICT 1
 Paulo Elmer Q. Vasquez
Course No. BTLED 204

Course Code

Descriptive Title Introduction to ICT 1

Credit Units 3

Academic Year/Term 1st Sem. 2021 - 2022

Mode of Delivery Online/Offline Learning

Name of Paulo Elmer Q. Vasquez

Instructor/Professor
Course Description The course introduces BTLED students to the basic
concepts, theories, and principles on the different
specializations they may take in their course. Specifically,
this course will give an overview on Computer System,
enhance in keyboarding skill, Word processing and
presentation overview, Illustration and 2D Animation. It
also establishes the basics of Medical Transcription, Digital
Media Production and Web Application.

Course Outcomes 1. Understand the basics of computer systems

including computer applications and media
productions.
2. Adopt the trends in ICT that will impact on
information management and business decisions.
3. Apply computer applications and programs that
integrates appropriate solution that meets the
specified needs and requirements.

A high-quality corporate science and technology university.

SLSU Mission SLSU will 1) produces S and T Leaders and competitive

professionals; 2) generate breakthrough research in S and
T based disciplines; 3) transform and improve the quality
of life in the communities in the service areas; and 4) be
self
sufficient and financially viable.

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Southern Leyte State University- San Juan Campus
San Juan, Southern Leyte
6611

Midterm Module
TLED203 – Introduction to ICT 1
 By:
Paulo Elmer Q. Vasquez
Instructor

Academic Year: 2021 – 2022

Lesson 1

Computer Basic and History

Computers are everywhere and everyone is using them! They are used to communicate, to play,
and to make everyday tasks easier. Using a computer and the Internet will help you to keep in touch
with friends and family.

Objectives:
 At the end of the lesson, learners will be able to:

a. Describe what computer is.

b. Identify the classification of computers as well as its elements.
c. Describe the computer hardware and software.
d. Identify the input and output devices.
e. Categorize the kinds of storage devices.
f. Identify the types of operating systems.

What is a computer?
o Derived from the Latin term ‘computare’, this means to calculate or programmable machine.
Charles Babbage is the “grandfather” of the computer. He designed the First mechanical
computer which was called Analytical Engine. It uses read-only memory in the form of punch
cards.
o An electronic device that you can use to store and process information.
o Computers help you perform a variety of tasks such as receiving and sending messages to
family and friends, making presentations, and maintaining records.
o Computers are also used in education, research, broadcasting news, making weather forecasts,
and for various other business and recreational activities.

History of Computers
The first counting device was used by the primitive people. They used sticks, stones and bones as
counting tools. As human mind and technology improved with time more computing devices were
developed. Some of the popular computing devices starting with the first to recent ones are described
below;

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Abacus
The history of computer begins with the birth
of abacus which is believed to be the first
computer. It is said that Chinese invented
Abacus around 4,000 years ago. It was a
wooden rack which has metal rods with beads
mounted on them. The beads were moved by
the abacus operator according to some rules
to perform arithmetic calculations. Abacus is
still used in some countries like China, Russia
and Japan. An image of this tool is shown;
Napier's Bones
It was a
manually-operated
calculating device
which
was invented by John
Napier (1550-1617) of
Merchiston. In this
calculating tool, he
used 9
different ivory strips or
bones marked with
numbers to multiply
and
divide. So, the tool
became
known as "Napier's
Bones.
It was also the first machine
to use the decimal point.

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Pascaline
Pascaline is also known as Arithmetic Machine
or
Adding Machine. It was invented between 1642
and
1644 by a French mathematician-philosopher Biaise
Pascal. It is believed that it was the first mechanical
and automatic calculator. Pascal invented this
machine to help his father, a tax accountant. It
could only perform addition and subtraction. It was
a wooden box with a series of gears and wheels.
When a wheel is rotated one revolution, it rotates
the neighboring wheel. A series of windows is given
on the top of the wheels to read the totals. An image
of this tool is shown below;

Stepped Reckoner or Leibnitz wheel

It was developed by a German mathematician

philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz in 1673. He
improved Pascal's invention to develop this machine. It
was a digital mechanical calculator which was called
the stepped reckoner as instead of gears it was made
of fluted drums. See the following image;

Difference Engine
In the early 1820s, it was designed by Charles Babbage who is known as "Father of Modern Computer". It
was a mechanical computer which could perform simple calculations. It was a steam driven calculating
machine designed to solve tables of numbers like logarithm tables.

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Analytical Engine
This calculating machine was also developed by Charles Babbage in 1830. It was a mechanical computer
that used punch-cards as input. It was capable of solving any mathematical problem and storing
information as a permanent memory.

Tabulating Machine
It was invented in 1890, by Herman Hollerith, an American statistician. It was a mechanical tabulator
based on punch cards. It could tabulate statistics and record or sort data or information. This machine
was used in the 1890 U.S. Census. Hollerith also started the Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine Company
which later became International Business Machine (IBM) in 1924.

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Differential Analyzer
It was the first electronic computer introduced in the United States in 1930. It was an analog device
invented by Vannevar Bush. This machine has vacuum tubes to switch electrical signals to perform
calculations. It could do 25 calculations in few minutes.

Mark I
The next major changes in the history of computer began in 1937 when Howard Aiken planned to
develop a machine that could perform calculations involving large numbers. In 1944, Mark I computer
was built as a partnership between IBM and Harvard. It was the first programmable digital computer.
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Generations of Computers
A generation of computers refers to the specific improvements in computer technology with time. In
1946, electronic pathways called circuits were developed to perform the counting. It replaced the gears
and other mechanical parts used for counting in previous computing machines. In each new generation,
the circuits became smaller and more advanced than the previous generation circuits. The
miniaturization helped increase the speed, memory and power of computers. There are five generations
of computers which are described below.

First Generation Computers

The first generation (1946-1959) computers were slow, huge and expensive. In these computers, vacuum
tubes were used as the basic components of CPU and memory. These computers were mainly depended
on batch operating system and punch cards. Magnetic tape and paper tape were used as output and
input devices in this generation;

Some of the popular first generation computers are;

o ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
o EDVAC ( Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)
o UNIVACI( Universal Automatic Computer)
o IBM-701
o IBM-650
Second Generation Computers
The second generation (1959-1965) was the era of the transistor computers. These computers used
transistors which were cheap, compact and consuming less power; it made transistor computers faster
than the first generation computers.

In this generation, magnetic cores were used as the primary memory and magnetic disc and tapes were
used as the secondary storage. Assembly language and programming languages like COBOL and
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FORTRAN, and Batch processing and multiprogramming operating systems were used in these
computers.

Some of the popular second generation computers are;

o IBM 1620
o IBM 7094
o CDC 1604
o CDC 3600
o UNIVAC 1108
Third Generation Computers

The third generation computers used integrated circuits (ICs) instead of transistors. A single IC can pack
huge number of transistors which increased the power of a computer and reduced the cost. The
computers also became more reliable, efficient and smaller in size. These generation computers used
remote processing, time-sharing, multi programming as operating system. Also, the high-level
programming languages like FORTRON-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, ALGOL-68 were used in this
generation.

Some of the popular third generation computers are;

o IBM-360 series
o Honeywell-6000 series
o PDP(Personal Data Processor)
o IBM-370/168
o TDC-316
Fourth Generation Computers

The fourth generation (1971-1980) computers used very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits; a chip
containing millions of transistors and other circuit elements. These chips made this generation
computers more compact, powerful, fast and affordable. These generation computers used real time,
time sharing and distributed operating system. The programming languages like C, C++, DBASE were also
used in this generation.

Some of the popular fourth generation computers are;

o DEC 10
o STAR 1000
o PDP 11
o CRAY-1(Super Computer)
o CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)
Fifth Generation Computers
In fifth generation (1980-till date) computers, the VLSI technology was replaced with ULSI (Ultra Large
Scale Integration). It made possible the production of microprocessor chips with ten million electronic

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components. This generation computers used parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence)
software. The programming languages used in this generation were C, C++, Java, .Net, etc.

Some of the popular fifth generation computers are;

o Desktop
o Laptop
o NoteBook
o UltraBook
o ChromeBook

Classification of Computers
The computer systems can be classified on the following basis:
1. On the basis of data handling.
2. On the basis of functionality.
3. On the basis of size.

1. ON THE BASIS OF DATA HANDLING.

➢ Analog Computer
An analog computer (spelt analogue in British English) is a form of computer that uses
continuous physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to
model the problem being solved.

➢ Digital Computer
A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities represented as
digits, usually in the binary number system.

➢ Hybrid Computer (Analog + Digital)

A combination of computers those are capable of inputting and outputting in both digital
and analog signals. A hybrid computer system setup offers a cost effective method of
performing complex simulations.

2. ON THE BASIS OF FUNCTIONALITY.

➢ Servers
Servers are nothing but dedicated computers which are set-up to offer some services to the
clients. They are named depending on the type of service they offered. Eg: security server,
 database server.

➢ Workstation

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Those are the computers designed to primarily to be used by single user at a time. They run
multi-user operating systems. They are the ones which we use for our day to day personal /
commercial work.

➢ Information Appliances
They are the portable devices which are designed to perform a limited set of tasks like basic
calculations, playing multimedia, browsing internet etc. They are generally referred as the
mobile devices. They have very limited memory and flexibility and generally run on “as-is”
basis.

3. ON THE BASIS OF SIZE.

➢ Supercomputers
Supercomputers are the most powerful computer available. The super computers are
the highest performing system. A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance
compared to a general-purpose computer. These high capacity computers that run continuously
are being used by very large organizations, mostly big corporations and government
institutions.

The main difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a

supercomputer channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible,
whereas a mainframe uses its power to execute many programs concurrently.

➢ Mainframe Computers

Mainframe computers are less powerful than supercomputers but are capable of great
processing speed, multi-tasking capability, and high data storage. They are mostly used by
banks and insurance companies to process information of depositors.

➢ Mini Computers
A minicomputer, or colloquially mini, is a class of smaller computers that was developed
in the mid-1960s and sold for much less than mainframe and mid-size computers from IBM and
its direct competitors.

A minicomputer fills the space between the mainframe and microcomputer, and is
smaller than the former but larger than the latter. Minicomputers are mainly used as small or
mid-range servers operating business and scientific applications. However, the use of the term
minicomputer has diminished and has merged with servers.

A minicomputer may also be called a mid-range computer.

 A minicomputer may also be called a mid-range computer.
➢ Micro Computers
A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as
its CPU. It includes a microprocessor, memory, and minimal I/O circuitry mounted on a single
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printed circuit board. The previous to these computers, mainframes and minicomputers, were
comparatively much larger, hard to maintain and more expensive. They actually formed the
foundation for present day microcomputers and smart gadgets that we use in day to day life.

Microcomputers are also called personal computers, are the most common and widely
used computers today which you can see in homes, schools, and in most businesses.

PERSONAL COMPUTERS
1. Desktop Computer
A desktop computer (or desktop PC) is a computer that is designed
to stay in
a single location. It may be a tower (also known as a system unit) or
an all-in
one machine, such as an iMac. Unlike laptops and other portable
devices,
desktop computers cannot be powered from an internal battery and therefore
must remain connected to a wall outlet.

2. Laptop Computer
Laptop computers, also known as notebooks, are portable
computers that you can take with you and use in different
environments. They include a screen, keyboard, and a trackpad or
trackball, which serves as the mouse. Because laptops are meant to
be used on the go, they have a battery which allows them to operate
without being plugged into a power outlet. Laptops also include a
power adapter that allows them to use power from an outlet and recharges the battery.

3. Multi-touch
Multitouch functionality enables users to perform multiple
finger
gestures, such as pinching the screen for zooming in, or
spreading the
screen for zooming out. Multitouch also enables wiping and rotating,
which offers enhanced user and virtual object interaction. The earliest
touchscreens were built with single touch detection. Today's most popular smartphones and
 tablets have multiple touch detection capability.

4. Nettop
A nettop (or miniature PC, Mini PC or Smart Micro PC) is a small-sized,
inexpensive, low-power, legacy-free desktop computer designed for basic
tasks such as web browsing, accessing web-based applications, document
processing, and audio/video playback. Compared to ordinary desktop
computers, nettops are not only smaller and cheaper, but they also consume much less power.

It is relatively cheap making it ideal for internet tasks and basic word processing, spreadsheet,
PowerPoint, and playing music or video. Most Nettops have built-in Wi-Fi.

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5. Netbook
A netbook is a device that can perform the majority of the
functions
of a desktop or laptop, but is extremely mobile. Netbooks
look like
miniature laptops, with screens rarely exceeding 10 or 12
inches.

6. Table PC
A tablet computer, commonly shortened to tablet, is a mobile device,
typically with a mobile operating system and touchscreen display
processing circuitry, and a rechargeable battery in a single, thin and flat
package.

7. Smartphone

A smartphone is a cell phone that allows you to do more than

make phone
calls and send text messages. Smartphones can browse the
Internet and
run software programs like a computer. Smartphones use a touch
screen to
allow users to interact with them. There are thousands of smartphone apps
including games, personal-use, and business-use programs that all run on
the phone. The picture is an example of the Apple iPhone, one of the most
popular smartphones available today.

CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER HARDWARE

Hardware is the physical parts or components of a computer as follows:

• Input/output Units
• Memory unit or storage device, two types are:
o Random Access Memory (RAM)
o Read Only Memory (ROM)
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Communication devices

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INPUT UNITS/DEVICES
Input units convert data and instructions into electronic form for input into the computer. Below are the
following examples of input devices/units:
Input Devices Description

Mouse A handheld hardware input device that controls a

cursor in a GUI (graphical user interface) and can
move and select text, icons, files, and folders on
your computer. A standard mouse has a left and a
right button. You use the left button to select items
and provide instructions by clicking an active area
on the screen. You use the right button to display
commonly used menu items on the screen.

Keyboard A is a typewriter-style device. You use the

keyboard to type text such as letters or numbers
into the computer.
Microphone A device allows computer users to input audio into
their computers. You can record sound into a
computer by using a microphone. You can also
record your speech and let the computer convert it
into text.

Scanner An input device that scans documents such as

photographs and pages of text. This creates an
electronic version of the document that can be
viewed and edited on a computer. You can use
this device to transfer an exact copy of a
photograph or document into a computer.

Webcam A device that is similar to a video camera. It is a

video camera that feeds or streams an image or
video in real time to or through a computer to a
computer network, such as the Internet.

Stylus A small pen-shaped instrument whose tip position

on a touchscreen can be detected by the screen.
You can use it to make selections and enter
information by tapping on a touch sensitive
surface. For example, to enter information on a
personal digital assistant (PDA), you use a stylus. A
PDA is a lightweight, palmtop computer.

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Trackball A pointing device that is an alternative to a mouse.

A trackball consists of a ball that is rotated to
move the pointer on a computer screen. You can
use a trackball when you have limited desk space.

Graphic Tablet Also called a drawing tablet or a pen tablet, a graphics

tablet is a natural input device that converts information
from a handheld stylus. The user uses the stylus like a pen,
pencil, or paintbrush, pressing its tip on the tablet surface.
The device can also be used in replacement of a computer
mouse. Pictured is an example of a graphics tablet and
 stylus, manufactured by Wacom.

Barcode reader A barcode reader is an optical scanner that can read printed
barcodes, decode the data contained in the barcode and
send the data to a computer. Like a flatbed scanner, it
consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor
translating for optical impulses into electrical signals.

Touch screen A touchscreen, or touch screen, is both an input and output

device and normally layered on the top of an electronic
visual display of an information processing system. The
display is often an LCD or OLED display while the system is
usually a laptop computer, tablet, or smartphone.

OUTPUT UNITS/ DEVICES

It ensures the convertibility of output into human readable form that is understandable by the user.
Below are the following examples of output devices/units:
Output Devices Description

Monitor A device that is similar to a television. It is used to

display information in visual form, using text and
graphics.

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Printer A device that you use to transfer text and images from a
computer to a paper or to another medium, such as a
transparency film. You can use a printer to create a
paper copy of whatever you see on your monitor.

Speaker/Headphone A device that allows you to hear sounds. Speakers

may either be external or built into the computer.
Projector A projector is an output device that takes images generated by a
computer or Blu-ray player and reproduce them by projection
onto a screen, wall, or another surface. In most cases, the
surface projected onto is large, flat, and lightly colored. For
example, you could use a projector to show a presentation on a
large screen so that everyone in the room can see it. Projectors
can produce either still (slides) or moving images (videos). A
projector is often about the size of a toaster and weighs only a
few pounds.

Plotter A plotter is a computer hardware device much like a printer that

is used for printing vector graphics. Instead of toner, plotters
use a pen, pencil, marker, or another writing tool to draw
multiple, continuous lines onto paper rather than a series of
dots like a traditional printer. Though once widely used for
computer-aided design, these devices have more or less been
phased out by wide format printers. Plotters produce a hard
copy of schematics and other similar applications.

MEMORY UNIT OR STORAGE DEVICES

Memory unit is where the programs and data are stored.
Primary Storage

Primary memory is also known as main memory or may also refer to "Internal memory.". All
those types of computer memories that are directly accessed by the processor using data bus
are called primary memory. That allows a processor to access stores running programs and
currently processed data that stored in a memory location.

Types of Primary Memory

➢ RAM (Random Access Memory)

The Word “RAM” stands for “random access memory” or may also refer to short-term
memory. It’s called “random” because you can read store data randomly at any time and
from any physical location. It is a temporal storage memory. RAM is volatile that only retains

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all the data as long as the computer powered. It is the fastest type of memory. RAM stores
the currently processed data from the CPU and sends them to the graphics unit.

RAM is an essential component of a computer system. This memory is connected to the CPU
usually located in a motherboard. The characteristics of a RAM are as follows:

1. It can be accessed randomly thereby making faster loading and retrieval of programs and
data.
2. It is a temporary storage for programs and data, therefore its contents change frequently.
3. Information in the RAM stay in the memory as long as there is electrical power supplied
 to it, otherwise all information are lost.

➢ ROM (Read Only Memory)

ROM is the long-term internal memory. ROM is “Non-Volatile Memory” that retains data
without the flow of electricity. ROM is an essential chip with permanently written data or
programs. It is similar to the RAM that is accessed by the CPU. ROM comes with pre-written
by the computer manufacturer to hold the instructions for booting-up the computer.

Secondary Storage

➢ Floppy disk
A floppy disk is a magnetic storage medium for computer
systems. The
floppy disk is composed of a thin, flexible magnetic disk
sealed in a
square plastic carrier. In order to read and write data from a
floppy disk,
a computer system must have a floppy disk drive (FDD). A floppy disk is
also referred to simply as a floppy. Since the early days of personal
computing, floppy disks were widely used to distribute software, transfer
files, and create back-up copies of data.

➢ Optical Disk
❖ Compact Disc (CD)
Also commonly known as the CD, is the most widely used optical disc with a standard
capacity of around 700MB (megabytes). There are three types of CD: the CD-ROMS, CDRs
and Rewritable CD.

▪ CD-ROMs (Compact Disc Read Only Memory)

CD-ROM are commonly used for software installation programs, such as
you might buy at your local retail store. Prior to DVDs and downloadable
software, CD-ROMs were the only means of installing large program files. In
addition to software, CD-ROMs have long been used for computer games, which
often require you to have a physical copy of the CD-ROM in your computer’s
optical drive while playing the game, as proof of ownership.

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CD-ROMs are non-writeable, meaning they have data already burned
into them, which cannot be erased or written over, and no additional data can
be added.

▪ CD-R (Compact Disk Recordable)

CD-Rs can be used to record computer data files, such as audio, video,
 images, documents and other data, or to create dedicated music CDs. Once data
is burned to a CD-R, it cannot be altered or erased. A CD-RW or Compact Disc
ReWritable, on the other hand, can be written to, erased, and written to again
many times.

▪ CD-RW (Compact Disk Re-writable)

Stands for "Compact Disc Re-Writable." A CD-RW is a blank CD that can
be written to by a CD burner. Unlike a CD-R (CD-Recordable), a CD-RW can be
written to multiple times. The data burned on a CD-RW cannot be changed, but
it can be erased. Therefore, you have to completely erase a CD-RW every time
you want to change the files or add new data. While it may be somewhat
inconvenient, this capability makes CD-RWs a good choice for making frequent
backups.
❖ Blu-ray
Blu-ray is an optical disc format such as CD and DVD. It was developed for recording and
playing back high-definition (HD) video and for storing large amounts of data. While a CD can
hold 700 MB of data and a basic DVD can hold 4.7 GB of data, a single Blu-ray disc can hold up to
25 GB of data. Even a double sided, dual layer DVD (which are not common) can only hold 17 GB
of data. Dual-layer Blu-ray discs will be able to store 50 GB of data. That is equivalent to 4 hours
of HDTV.

❖ DVD (Digital Versatile Disc)

DVD is better than CDs in terms of capacity; it looks like a CD but has a capacity of 4.7
GB, which is 17 times the capacity of CD. DVDs can be accessed by the use of DVD drive;
most DVD drives can also read CDs. DVDs also have DVD-ROM, DVD Recordable, and DVD
Rewritable.

▪ DVD-ROM
Digital versatile disc-read only memory (DVD-ROM) is a read-only digital
versatile disc (DVD) commonly used for storing large software applications. It is
similar to a compact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM) but has a larger capacity.
A DVD-ROM stores around 4.38 GB of data. A CD-ROM usually stores 650 MB of
data.

▪ DVD-R

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DVD Recordable has two formats, the DVD-R and DVD+R. A DVD-R can
only record data once and then the data becomes permanent on the disc. The
disc cannot be recorded onto a second time.

▪ DVD-RW
 A DVD-RW is like a DVD-R but can be erased and written to again. Like
CD-RWs, DVD-RWs must be erased in order for new data to be added. DVD-RWs
can hold 4.7GB of data and do not come in double-layered or double-sided
versions like DVD-Rs do. Because of their large capacity and ability to be used
multiple times, DVD-RW discs are a great solution for frequent backups. To
record data onto a DVD-RW disc, you'll need a DVD burner that supports the DVD
RW format.

❖ Mini-CD and Mini-DVD

Are CDs and DVDs in a smaller size format also known the 3-inch CDs or DVDs.
They function just like the standard CDs and DVDs but of smaller capacity but have the
advantage of being small. They also come in CD-ROM, CD-R, and CD-Writable; or DVD
ROM, DVD-R, and DVD-Writable.

➢ Hard Disks
Hard disk is a non-volatile storage device which is essential component of a computer
system. The disk is constantly spinning at high speeds and has to wait for the drive heads to
align to the correct position to read and write data. HDDs are the more traditional kind. They
use rotating disks to retrieve and store information, so the faster a hard drive can spin, the
quicker your computer will be. These hard drives are relatively inexpensive and can provide
ample amounts of storage.

Hard disk drive was developed for IBM by Reynold B. Johnson. The HDD is usually
located at the bottom inside the computer case. The parts of the hard disk are as follows:
Platter, spindle, read/write head, actuator arm, actuator axis, power connector, SATA
connector, and jumper.

➢ Kinds of Hard Disks

o Internal hard disk
Internal hard drives are located inside your computer. Unlike an external
hard drive, these drives are not portable and only be used by the computer they
inhabit.

o External Hard disk

External hard drives are not located inside your computer like internal
hard drives. Rather, they provide a means for external, portable storage by
connecting to your computer via USB.

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➢ Flash Memory
➢ Kinds of Flash Memory
o Flash Drive
Flash memory is a non-volatile memory chip used for storage and for
 transferring data between a personal computer (PC) and digital devices. It has
the ability to be electronically reprogrammed and erased. It is often found in
USB flash drives, MP3 players, digital cameras and solid-state drives.

o Solid State Drive

Solid State Drive has the same characteristic of a flash drive but it has more
memory capacity and is used as an alternative to hard disk drives. It has the
advantage of having no moving parts and therefore it is resistant to movements
and shock, run silently, have faster access time and can be manufactured in
smaller packaging.

o Memory Cards
A memory card is a type of storage device that is used for storing media and
data files. It provides a permanent and non-volatile medium to store data and
files from the attached device. Memory cards are commonly used in small,
portable devices, such as cameras and phones. A memory card is also known as
a flash memory card.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

Central Processing Unit is the electronic circuitry inside the CPU case where the operations of
data and information are controlled and where programs are executed. The CPU is the brain of a
computer, containing all the circuitry needed to process input, store data, and output results. The CPU
is constantly following instructions of computer programs that tell it which data to process and how to
process it. Without a CPU, we could not run programs on a computer.

COMMUNICATION DEVICES
Communication devices are components that connect the computer to the Internet and other
external devices. For example: modem, network card, Wi-Fi card and Bluetooth.

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OPERATING SYSTEM
What is an Operating system?
 An operating system or OS is a software installed on a computer's hard drive that enables the
computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. Without a computer
operating system, a computer and software programs would be useless.

There is an operating system for mobile and desktop devices. Mobile and computer operating systems
have been developed in different ways and for different uses.

For a mobile operating system, which is also called a mobile OS, is an operating system that is
specifically designed to run on mobile devices such as mobile phones, smartphones, PDAs, tablet
computers and other handheld devices.

What is a Mobile Operating System (Mobile OS)?

Much like the Linux or Windows operating system controls your desktop or laptop computer, a mobile
operating system is the software platform on top of which other programs can run on mobile devices.
The operating system is responsible for determining the functions and features available on your
device, such as thumb wheel, keyboards, WAP, synchronization with applications, email, text messaging
and more. The mobile OS will also determine which third-party applications (mobile apps) can be used
on your device.

Types of Mobile Operating Systems

When you purchase a mobile device, the manufacturer will have chosen the operating system for that
specific device. Often, you will want to learn about the mobile operating system before you purchase a
device to ensure compatibility and support for the mobile applications you want to use.

9 Popular Mobile Operating Systems

1. Android OS (Google Inc.)

The Android mobile operating system is Google's open and free software stack that includes an
operating system, middleware and also key applications for use on mobile devices, including
smartphones. Updates for the open source Android mobile operating system have been developed
under "dessert-inspired" version names (Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice Cream
Sandwich) with each new version arriving in alphabetical order with new enhancements and
improvements.

2. Bada (Samsung Electronics)

Bada is a proprietary Samsung mobile OS that was first launched in 2010. The Samsung Wave was the
first smartphone to use this mobile OS. Bada provides mobile features such as multipoint-touch, 3D
graphics and of course, application downloads and installation.
22
3. BlackBerry OS (Research in Motion)
 The BlackBerry OS is a proprietary mobile operating system developed by Research in Motion for use
on the company’s popular BlackBerry handheld devices. The BlackBerry platform is popular with
corporate users as it offers synchronization with Microsoft Exchange, Lotus Domino, Novell GroupWise
email and other business software, when used with the BlackBerry Enterprise Server.

4. iPhone OS / iOS (Apple)

Apple's iPhone OS was originally developed for use on its iPhone devices. Now, the mobile operating
system is referred to as iOS and is supported on a number of Apple devices including the iPhone, iPad,
iPad 2 and iPod Touch. The iOS mobile operating system is available only on Apple's own manufactured
devices as the company does not license the OS for third-party hardware. Apple iOS is derived from
Apple's Mac OS X operating system.

5. MeeGo OS (Nokia and Intel)

A joint open source mobile operating system which is the result of merging two products based on
open source technologies: Maemo (Nokia) and Moblin (Intel). MeeGo is a mobile OS designed to work on
a number of devices including smartphones, netbooks, tablets, in-vehicle information systems and
various devices using Intel Atom and ARMv7 architectures.

6. Palm OS (Garnet OS)

The Palm OS is a proprietary mobile operating system (PDA operating system) that was originally
released in 1996 on the Pilot 1000 handheld. Newer versions of the Palm OS have added support for
expansion ports, new processors, external memory cards, improved security and support for ARM
processors and smartphones. Palm OS 5 was extended to provide support for a broad range of screen
resolutions, wireless connections and enhanced multimedia capabilities and is called Garnet OS.

7. Symbian OS (Nokia)

Symbian is a mobile operating system (OS) targeted at mobile phones that offers a high-level of
integration with communication and personal information management (PIM) functionality. Symbian OS
combines middleware with wireless communications through an integrated mailbox and the integration
of Java and PIM functionality (agenda and contacts). Nokia has made the Symbian platform available
under an alternative, open and direct model, to work with some OEMs and the small community of
platform development collaborators. Nokia does not maintain Symbian as an open source development
project.

8. webOS (Palm/HP)
WebOS is a mobile operating system that runs on the Linux kernel. WebOS was initially developed by
Palm as the successor to its Palm OS mobile operating system. It is a proprietary Mobile OS which was
eventually acquired by HP and now referred to as webOS (lower-case w) in HP literature. HP uses webOS
in a number of devices including several smartphones and HP TouchPads. HP has pushed its webOS into
the enterprise mobile market by focusing on improving security features and management with the
release of webOS 3.x. HP has also announced plans for a version of webOS to run within the Microsoft
Windows operating system and to be installed on all HP desktop and notebook computers in 2012.
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9. Windows Mobile (Windows Phone)
Windows Mobile is Microsoft's mobile operating system used in smartphones and mobile devices –
with or without touchscreens. The Mobile OS is based on the Windows CE 5.2 kernel. In 2010 Microsoft
announced a new smartphone platform called Windows Phone 7.

There are three most common operating systems for personal or desktop computers such as
Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac OS X, and Linux.

Modern operating systems use a Graphical User Interface, or GUI (pronounced "gooey"). A GUI
lets you use your mouse to click on icons, buttons, and menus, and everything is clearly displayed on
the screen using a combination of graphics and text.

Each operating system's GUI has a different look and feel, so if you switch to a different
operating system it may seem unfamiliar at first. However, modern operating systems are designed to
be easy to use, and most of the basic principles are the same. Before GUIs, computers had a
Command-Line Interface (CLI), which meant the user had to type every single command to the
computer, and the computer would only display text.

3 Most Common Operating Systems for Personal Computers

Microsoft Windows
Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s. Over the years, there have
been many different versions of Windows, but the most popular ones are Windows 7 (released in 2009),
Windows Vista (2007), and Windows XP (2001). Windows comes preloaded on most new PCs, which helps
to make it the most popular operating system in the world.

Apple Mac OS X

Mac OS is a line of operating systems created by Apple Inc. It comes preloaded on all new
Macintosh computers, or Macs. All of the recent versions are known as Mac OS X (pronounced Mac O-S
Ten), and their specific version names are Lion (released in 2011), Snow Leopard (2009) and Leopard
(2007). Apple also offers a version called Mac OS X Server, which is designed to be run on servers.

Linux

Linux (pronounce LINN-ux) is a family of open source operating systems, which means that they
can be modified and distributed by anyone around the world. This is very different from proprietary
software like Windows, which can only be modified by the company that owns it (Microsoft). The
advantages of Linux are that it is free, and there are many different distributions (or versions) that you
can choose from. Each distribution has a different look and feel, and the most popular ones include
Ubuntu, Mint, and Fedora.
 24
Activity 1: Identification
Direction: List five (5) hardware and software you are familiar with. Write your answer on the bubbles
provided below:
HARDWARE SOFTWARE

Monitor Safari

Motherboard MS Access

Central Processing Unit (CPU) MS Excel

Random Access Memory (RAM) Firefox

Expansion cards Chrome

Activity 2: Essay
Joseph wants to save his 3GB software installer copy to an optical disk, however; he doesn’t know what
type of optical disk to use. If he will ask you the best optical disk to use, what will be your suggestion
and ideas to be shared with Joseph?

❖ If Joseph asks me what will be the best optical disk to be used for his 3GB software installer, my
suggestion for him is the CD-ROM because it can hold large files.
 25

Lesson 2

Keyboarding Basic
Keyboard is a set of keys that enables you to enter data into computer. It is the main input device of the
computer. It has many keys which can be pressed to make characters like numbers, letters or symbols
appear on the screen. However, to produce some symbols requires to produce some symbols requires
pressing and holding several keys simultaneously and this process can produce some actions or execute
computer commands as well.

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, learners will be able to:

a. Learn keyboard shortcut keys.

 b. Improve the speed and accuracy in encoding data or text through proper
fingering.

Keyboard Layouts
There are a number of different arrangements of alphabetic, numeric, and punctuation symbols on keys.
These different keyboard layouts arise mainly because different people need easy access to different
symbols, either because they are inputting text in different languages, or because they need a
specialized layout for mathematics, accounting, computer programming, or other purposes.

Keyboards are basically of two types:

1. Qwerty: Qwerty refers to the type of keyboard on a standard English. The name was given from
the first six letters on the row above the home row keys. This layout is most widely used
because of its convenience and universal standard.

26
2. Dvorak: Dvorak keyboard is the type of keyboard used for speed typing. The most commonly used
letters are arranged in home row which makes it easy to type. Dvorak is designed differently for
left-handed and right-handed people. It makes typing easier to one hand people.

Keyboard Keys

Keyboard has many keys which performs their own functions. Following are the various types of keys
found in standard keyboard categorized according to their function or type:

1. Alphanumeric keys: These are the keys which consists of alphabets (a,b,c.......y,z) and numbers (1,2.....0)
2. Punctuation keys : These are the keys which lies in the numeric keys and displays the punctuation
symbols when pressed simultaneously with the shift key.

3. Lock keys: Lock keys lock a part of a keyboard depending on the lock setting selected. There are three
lock in a keyboard and they are number lock, scrolling lock and capital lock.

4. Direction keys : Direction keys are the arrow keys which helps in moving left, right, up and down.

5. Function keys : Function keys are the soft keys which may have default actions accessible on power
on. these keys lies on the top row of the keyboard. The keys are (F1, F2,.......F12).

Key combination
Here are the details on the use of combination of various types of keyboard:

• Alternate (ALT) + Right Arrow will go forward to a page you've previously accessed in your current
browser session

• ALT + Left Arrow will go back to a page you've previously accessed in your current browser session
(Remember that the Backspace key will also go Manual for typing tutorial with Ktouch back to a page
you've previously accessed in your current browser session)

• Control (CTRL) + F will open a Find dialog to search a page for text.
• Open Start menu = CTRL+ESC

27
• Highlight items in window = CTRL+A
• Undo = CTRL+Z

• Holding down CTRL + ALT and pressing the letter C will insert the copyright symbol (©), unless you have
already assigned the letter C to a quick launch shortcut, in which case it will launch the associated
application.

• Press the Windows key + the Pause/Break key - Opens up the System Properties dialog.
• SHIFT+F10: Equivalent of right-click

• SHIFT+DEL: Deletes immediately without removing to the Recycle Bin

• SHIFT+TAB: Moves to previous control in the dialog box (TAB alone goes forward, SHIFT+TAB backward) •
Press Shift when inserting a CD-ROM - Skips auto-run

Here are some additional shortcuts for use with the Windows key (the one with the Windows logo on
it):

• Windows: Display Start menu.

• Windows + D: Minimize or restore all Windows (Win98 and later only).

• Windows + Tab: Cycle through buttons on taskbar; when you release the Windows key, just press the
space bar or ENTER key to switch to the window which corresponds to the currently highlighted button.

• Windows + Ctrl + F: Display find: computer.

• Windows + F1: Display Help.

• Windows + break: Display system properties dialog box.

• Windows key + M - Minimizes all currently running programs on your desktop.

• Holding down the Windows Start key and depressing the E key - Starts Windows Explorer without
having to choose it from the Start | Programs menu.

• Holding down the CTRL key while depressing either the left or right arrow keys - Cause your cursor to
jump from one whole word to another in any word processor.

• CTRL + C will copy any highlighted text to your Windows Clipboard.

• CTRL + V will paste any text from your Windows Clipboard to the point where your cursor is currently
located.

• Pressing the Home key will move the cursor or screen display to the very beginning of a line in a
Windows document or to the very beginning of a browser page view (in Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE)
5.5 and Netscape 6 only).
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• Pressing the End key- Moves the cursor or screen display to the very end of a line in a Windows
document or to the very end of a browser page view (in MSIE 5.5 and Netscape 6 only).

• CTRL + Home - Moves your cursor or screen display to the very beginning of a Windows document or
browser page view (in MSIE 5.5 and Netscape 6 only).

• CTRL + End - Moves your cursor or screen display to the very end of a Windows document or browser
page view (in MSIE 5.5 and Netscape 6 only).

• Holding down the CTRL + Shift keys while depressing either of your arrow keys will highlight text
and/or select graphics in the direction of the arrow key you choose.

• CTRL + Shift + Home will select all text and/or graphics from the present cursor position to the very
beginning of a Windows document.

• CTRL + Shift + End will selects all text and/or graphics from the present cursor position to the very end
of a Windows document.

• You can also skip files and continue selecting or even go back and unselect files by holding down the
CTRL key and clicking your mouse pointer on the additional files or the previous files you decided
against selecting.

• ALT + F4 will close whichever program you are currently using. To close additional programs using this
shortcut, click on the program's button on the Windows taskbar then hold down the ALT key and depress
the F4 key.

• The Windows Menu key - Activates a pop-up menu identical to the one activated by your right mouse
button. It's a quick way to Undo an action, Cut, Copy, Paste, Delete or Select All on-screen.

• Holding down the Windows Start key and depressing the F key - Opens the File Search dialog without
having to go through two menu levels on the Start | Programs menu. Pressing the F3 key from your
Windows desktop will do the same thing.

• Holding down the ALT key and depressing the TAB key - Displays on-screen currently running programs
to which you can switch your screen view. An icon is highlighted when a box encases it. Continue holding
the ALT key and press the TAB key repeatedly to cycle through the on-screen icons. When you highlight
the icon of the program to which you want to switch, let go of the ALT key, and your PC will switch to that
program onscreen. You may also reverse TAB directions by holding down the SHIFT key with the ALT key
and pressing the TAB key.

• To restart the Windows operating system without completely rebooting your computer, follow these
steps: 1. On the Start Menu, click Shutdown. 2. Check Restart. 3. As you click Yes/OK, hold down the Shift
Key. 4. Continue pressing Shift until you see the words, "Windows is now restarting." This tip does not
work with Windows Me, however.

29
• To shut down Windows without having to use the Start menu, click your mouse on your Windows
taskbar or anywhere on your desktop (except on an icon), hold down the ALT key and press the F4 key.
When the shutdown confirmation dialog appears, make sure the option you desire is checked, and
press ENTER.

Keys and finger mapping

Each finger rests on a particular key, the home keys (ASDF JKL;) in the home row of the keyboard when
not typing, in order to keep "grounded" and oriented at all times. The thumbs remain in the air, or very
gently in contact with the space bar key. Each finger is responsible for a vertical column of keys, which
you can think of as a "home column". The column is not straight up and down, but rather slopes up to
the left. Both index fingers are responsible for an additional column, the one next to their home
columns towards the middle of the keyboard.

The left-hand pinky is also responsible for all the keys to the left of its home column, including the left
shift key, caps lock, tab, tilde, escape and others. The right-hand pinky is a real workhorse, covering
everything to the right of its home column.

30
31
 32
Improving Typing Speed

The ability to type quickly, accurately and without seeing at the keyboard is a huge advantage beside
the nature of your work at computer system. Typing is a skill that is used in many career paths, so
improving your speed might be a necessity if you want to be more proficient in your job. Having good
typing skills is essential in today's society where almost everything is computer based and hence
requires typing on a keyboard to input texts and messages frequently. Increasing your typing speed is
something that can be done on your own or with proper training, but whatever you decide, learning how
to improve typing speed must be ongoing in order to maintain your skill.

Here are some tips that will help you in improving your typing skill:
• Familiarize with the keyboard you are using.
• Type with your both hands and the right fingers placed in the right place.
• Get into the habit of sitting in a good poster so that you can focus on better typing speed and
accuracy.
• Practice typing as often as possible so that you become familiar with the keys.
• Try not looking at the keyboard rather look at the screen while typing.

• Do the lessons repeatedly which will ingrain those movements in your muscles memory.
• Do not hurry, practice with the right moves in a accurate manner.

• Say the each letter either loudly or silently when you are typing it.

Body Posture
This is the basic of learning the typing skills. You have to sit straight with a comfortable height of the
chair from where you can see to your monitor. Your end of the palm must be grounded to the end of
the keyboard or surface where your keyboard is placed. Place your fingers correctly on the keyboard.
Never try to type with your fingertips or nails

33
Key ideas
1. Place your indexes on 'F' and 'J'.
2. Use same finger all time to type each key.
3. Don't look at the Keyboard, your eyes should always look at the screen

Let’s install a typing software to your PC:

1. Go to …
2. Download..
3. ..
 34
Let’s ANSWER!

Activity 1. Match (connect) the letter to the proper finger.

1. Quite 2. Ctrl + v

2.
3. Go! 4. Ctrl + i

4.
 5. 5>9

35
Activity 2.
A. Using the internet find the shortcut keys of the given command.
1. Help = F1
2. Print = Ctrl + P
3. Paste = Ctrl+V
4. Underline = CTRL+U
5. Close an open window = Alt+Spacebar+C
6. Decrease font size = Ctrl+[
7. Increase font size = Ctrl+]
8. Save = Ctrl+S
9. Select all text = Ctrl+A
10. Center (text) = Ctrl+E

B. Give at least 5 shortcut command keys.

1.Ctrl+X - cut text
2. Ctrl+C- copy
3. Alt+F- makes the menu bar appear if hidden
4.Alt+Enter- open search in a new tab
5.Ctrl+F4- closes the current tab
 36

Lesson 3

Word
Processing Software
When you use a computer app to create, edit, and format text documents, you are performing a
task known as word processing. Word 2016 is one of the most sophisticated word-processing apps
available. You can use Word to efficiently create a wide range of business and personal documents, from
the simplest letter to the most complex report. Word includes many desktop publishing features that
you can use to enhance the appearance of documents so that they are visually appealing and easy to
read.
The elements that control the appearance of Word and the way you interact with it while you
create documents are collectively referred to as the user interface. Some user interface elements, such
as the color scheme, are cosmetic. Others, such as toolbars, menus, and buttons, are functional. The
default Word configuration and functionality is based on the way that most people work with the app.
You can modify cosmetic and functional user interface elements to suit your preferences and working
style.
This lesson guides you through procedures related to starting Word, working in the Word user
interface, and managing Office and app settings.

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, learners will be able to:

a. Explore the tools of MS Word software.

b. Create and save their own document.

Work in the Word user interface

The Word user interface provides intuitive access to all the tools you need to develop a sophisticated
document tailored to the needs of your audience. You can use Word 2016 to do the following:

• Create professional-looking documents that incorporate impressive graphics. • Give documents a

consistent look by applying styles and themes that control the font, size, color, and effects of text
and the page background.
• Store and reuse preformatted elements such as cover pages and sidebars. • Create personalized
mailings to multiple recipients without repetitive typing. • Track reference information and compile
tables of contents, indexes, and bibliographies. Coauthor documents with team members.
• Safeguard documents by controlling who can make changes and the types of changes that can be
made, and by removing personal and confidential information.

37
When you’re working with a document, it is displayed in an app window that contains all the tools you
need to add and format content.
Title bar
At the top of the app window, this bar displays the name of the active file, identifies the app, and
provides tools for managing the app window, ribbon, and content.

The Quick Access Toolbar at the left end of the title bar can be customized to include any commands
that you want to have easily available. The default Quick Access Toolbar in the Word app window
displays the Save, Undo, and Redo/Repeat buttons. On a touchscreen device, the default Quick Access
Toolbar also includes the Touch/Mouse Mode button.

Ribbon
The ribbon is located below the title bar. The commands you’ll use when working with a document are
gathered together in this central location for efficiency.
38
Across the top of the ribbon is a set of tabs. Clicking a tab displays an associated set of commands
arranged in groups.

Commands related to managing Word and documents (rather than document content) are gathered
together in the Backstage view, which you display by clicking the File tab located at the left end of the
ribbon. Commands available in the Backstage view are organized on named pages, which you display by
clicking the page tabs in the colored left pane. You redisplay the document and the ribbon by clicking
the Back arrow located above the page tabs.

39
Status bar
Across the bottom of the app window, the status bar displays information about Across the bottom of
the app window, the status bar displays information about the current document and provides access to
certain Word functions. You can choose which statistics and tools appear on the status bar. Some items,
such as Document Updates Available, appear on the status bar only when that condition is true.

The View Shortcuts toolbar, Zoom Slider tool, and Zoom button are at the right end of the status bar.
These tools provide you with convenient methods for changing the display of document content.

Create and Manage Documents: Create documents

When creating a document in Word, you can create a blank document of the default file type or create a
document based on one of the templates provided with Word. Each template incorporates specific
design elements such as fonts and colors. Many templates also include typical information that you can

40
modify or build on to create a useful document. When you start Word, the app displays a Start screen
that gives you options for opening an existing file or creating a new one.

Open existing documents

If the document you want to open appears on the Start screen, you can open it directly from there.
Otherwise, you can open documents that are stored locally directly from there. Otherwise, you can open
documents that are stored locally on your computer, or in a remote storage location such as a Microsoft
OneDrive folder or a Microsoft SharePoint document library, either from within Word or from the
document storage location.

41
Save and close documents
When you save a document in Word, it is saved in the default .docx file format, but you can also choose
a different format from many other choices. For example, if you plan to distribute the document
electronically to people who use a different word-processing program, you can choose a compatible
format, or if you want to protect the document content, you can save it as a PDF file.

Manually save documents

You save a document the first time by clicking the Save button on the Quick Access Toolbar or by
displaying the Backstage view and then clicking Save As. Both actions open the Save As page, where you
can select a storage location.
 42

You can save the document in a folder on your computer or, if you have an Internet connection, in a
folder on your OneDrive. If your company is running SharePoint, you can add a SharePoint site so that it
is available from the Places pane of the Save As page, just like any other folder.

Clicking Browse at the bottom of the left pane displays the Save As dialog box, in which you assign a
name to the document.
 43

After you save a document for the first time, you can save changes simply by clicking the Save button on
the Quick Access Toolbar. The new version of the document then overwrites the previous version.

To save a document for the first time

1. Click the File tab to display the Backstage view.

2. In the left pane of the Backstage view, click Save As.
3. On the Save As page of the Backstage view, click a storage location, and then click a recently accessed
folder in the right pane, or click Browse.

4. In the Save As dialog box, browse to the folder you want to save the document in.
5. In the File name box, enter a name for the document.

6. If you want to save a document in a format other than the one shown in the Save As Type box, click
the Save as type arrow and then, in the Save as type list, click the file format you want.

7. In the Save As dialog box, click Save.

To add a cloud storage location

1. On the Save As page of the Backstage view, click Add a Place.

2. In the Add a Place list, click Office 365 SharePoint or OneDrive.

3. In the Add a service dialog box, enter the email address you use to sign in to the cloud storage
service, and then click Next.
44
4. In the Sign in dialog box, enter the password associated with the account, and then click Sign In to
add the cloud storage location associated with that account to the Places list.

To save a copy of a document

1. Display the Save As page of the Backstage view.

2. Save the document with a different name in the same location or with any name in a different
location. (You can’t store two documents with the same name in the same folder.)

To save a document without changing its name or location

1. Do any of the following:

• On the Quick Access Toolbar, click the Save button.

• In the left pane of the Backstage view, click Save.

• Press Ctrl+S.

Save documents in other formats

The default file format for files created in Word 2016 is the .docx format, which provides the following
benefits over the .doc file format that was the previous standard:

• Decreased file size Files are compressed when saved, decreasing the amount of disk space and
bandwidth needed to store and transmit files.
• Simpler retrieval and editing of content XML files can be opened in text-editing apps such as
 Notepad.
• Increased security Personal data can be located and removed from the document, and files can’t
store macros. (The .docm file format is designed for documents that contain macros.)

If you want to save a Word document in a format that can be opened by the widest variety of programs
(including text editors that are installed with most operating systems), use one of these two formats:

• Rich Text Format (*.rtf) This format preserves the document’s formatting.
• Plain Text (*.txt) This format preserves only the document’s text.
If you want people to be able to view a document exactly as it appears on your screen, use one of these
two formats:

• PDF (.pdf) This format is preferred by commercial printing facilities. Recipients can display the file
in the free Microsoft Reader or Adobe Reader apps, and can display and edit the file in Word
2016 or Adobe Acrobat.
• XPS (.xps) This format precisely renders all fonts, images, and colors. Recipients can display the
file in Microsoft Reader or the free XPS Viewer app.

The PDF and XPS formats are designed to deliver documents as electronic representations of the way
they appear when printed. Both types of files can easily be sent by email to many recipients and can be

45
made available on a webpage for downloading by anyone who wants them. However, the files are no
longer Word documents. A PDF file can be converted to the editable Word longer Word documents. A PDF
file can be converted to the editable Word format. An XPS file cannot be opened, viewed, or edited in
Word.

When you save a Word document in PDF or XPS format, you can optimize the file size of the document
for your intended distribution method—the larger Standard file size is better for printing, whereas the
Minimum file size is suitable for online publishing.

To close a document
1. Do any of the following:
• At the right end of the title bar, click the Close button to close the document and the Word
window.
• Display the Backstage view, and then click Close to close the document without exiting
Word.
• On the Windows taskbar, point to the Word button to display thumbnails of all open
documents. Point to the thumbnail of the document you want to close, and then click the
Close button that appears in its upper-right corner.

Enter and Edit Text: Move, copy, and delete text

To select text

1. Do any of the following:

• To select adjacent words, lines, or paragraphs, drag through the text.

46
• Position the cursor at the beginning of the text you want to select, and then do any of the
following:
• To select one character at a time, hold down the Shift key and then press the Left Arrow or
Right Arrow key.
• To select one word at a time, hold down the Shift and Ctrl keys and then press the Left
Arrow or Right Arrow key.
• To select one line at a time, hold down the Shift key and then press the Up Arrow or Down
Arrow key.
• To select any amount of adjacent content, hold down the Shift key and then click at the
end of the content that you want to select.
• To select a word, double-click anywhere in the word. Word selects the word and the space
immediately after the word, but not any punctuation after the word.
• To select a sentence, hold down the Ctrl key and click anywhere in the sentence. Word
selects all the characters in the sentence, from the first character through the space
following the ending punctuation mark.
To release a selection
1. Click anywhere in the window other than the selection area.
To cut text to the Clipboard
1. Select the text, and then do any of the following:
• On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the Cut button.
• Right-click the selection, and then click Cut.
• Press Ctrl+X.
To copy text to the Clipboard

1. Select the text, and then do any of the following:

• On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the Copy button.
• Right-click the selection, and then click Copy.
• Press Ctrl+C.
To paste the most recent item from the Clipboard
1. Position the cursor where you want to insert the text, and then do any of the following:
47
• On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the Paste button.
• Press Ctrl+V.
or
1. Right-click where you want to insert the text, and then in the Paste Options section of the
menu, click a paste option.

To move text

1. Do either of the following:

• Cut the text from the original location, and then paste it into the new location.
• Drag the text from the original location to the new location.

To copy text from one location to another

1. Do either of the following:

• Copy the text from the original location, and then paste it into the new location. • Hold
down the Ctrl key and drag the text from the original location to the new location.
Modify the structure and appearance of text: Apply paragraph formatting

You can change the look of a paragraph by changing its indentation, alignment, and line spacing, in
addition to the space before and after it. You can also put borders around it and shade its background.
Collectively, the settings you use to vary the look of a paragraph are called paragraph formatting.

You can modify a paragraph’s left and right edge alignment and vertical spacing by using tools on the
Home tab of the ribbon, and its left and right indents from the Home tab or from the ruler. The ruler is
usually hidden to provide more space for the document content.

If you modify a paragraph and aren’t happy with the changes, you can restore the original paragraph
and character settings by clearing the formatting to reset the paragraph to its base style.

When you want to make several adjustments to the alignment, indentation, and spacing of selected
paragraphs, it is sometimes quicker to make changes in the Paragraph dialog box than to click buttons
and drag markers.

48
Configure alignment
The alignment settings control the horizontal position of the paragraph text between the page margins.
There are four alignment options:

• Align Left This is the default paragraph alignment. It sets the left end of each line of the paragraph
at the left page margin or left indent. It results in a straight left edge and a ragged right edge.
• Align Right This sets the right end of each line of the paragraph at the right page margin or right
indent. It results in a straight right edge and a ragged left edge.
• Center This centers each line of the paragraph between the left and right page margins or indents.
It results in ragged left and right edges.
• Justify This alignment adjusts the spacing between words so that the left end of each line of the
paragraph is at the left page margin or indent and the right end of each line of the paragraph
(other than the last line) is at the right margin or indent. It results in straight left and right
edges.

The icons on the alignment buttons on the ribbon depict the effect of each alignment option.
To open the Paragraph dialog box

1. Do either of the following:

• On the Home tab or the Layout tab, in the Paragraph group, click the Paragraph dialog box
launcher.

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 • On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click the Line and Paragraph Spacing button, and
then click Line Spacing Options.

To set paragraph alignment

1. Position the cursor anywhere in the paragraph, or select all the paragraphs you want to adjust.
2. Do either of the following:

• On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click the Align Left, Center, Align Right, or Justify
button.
• Open the Paragraph dialog box. On the Indents and Spacing tab, in the General area, click
Left, Centered, Right, or Justified in the Alignment list.

Configure vertical spacing

Paragraphs have two types of vertical spacing:

• Paragraph spacing The space between paragraphs, defined by setting the space before and after
each paragraph. This space is usually measured in points.
• Line spacing The space between the lines of the paragraph, defined by setting the height of the
lines either in relation to the height of the text (Single, Double, or a specific number of lines) or
by specifying a minimum or exact point measurement.

The default line spacing for documents created in Word 2016 is 1.08 lines. Changing the line spacing
changes the appearance and readability of the text in the paragraph and, of course, also changes the
amount of space it occupies on the page.

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The following table describes the effect of each Paragraph Spacing option on the paragraph and line
spacing settings.

Configure indents
In Word, you don’t define the width of paragraphs and the length of pages by defining the area occupied
by the text; instead, you define the size of the white space—the left, right, top, and bottom margins—
around the text.

Although the left and right margins are set for a whole document or for a section of a document, you
can vary the position of the paragraphs between the margins by indenting the left or right edge of the
paragraph.

A paragraph indent is the space from the page margin to the text. You can change the left indent by
clicking buttons on the Home tab, or you can set the indents directly on the ruler. Three indent markers
are always present on the ruler:

• Left Indent This defines the outermost left edge of each line of the paragraph. •
Right Indent This defines the outermost right edge of each line of the paragraph. •
First Line Indent This defines the starting point of the first line of the paragraph.

The ruler indicates the space between the left and right page margins in a lighter color than the space
outside of the page margins.

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The default setting for the Left Indent and First Line Indent markers is 0.0”, which aligns with the left
page margin. The default setting for the Right Indent marker is the distance from the left margin to the
right margin. For example, if the page size is set to 8.5” wide and the left and right margins are set to
1.0”, the default Right Indent marker setting is 6.5”.

Modify the structure and appearance of text: Apply character formatting

The appearance of your document helps to convey not only the document’s message but also
information about the document’s creator—you. A neatly organized document that contains consistently
formatted content and appropriate graphic elements, and that doesn’t contain spelling or grammatical
errors, invokes greater confidence in your ability to provide any product or service.

Earlier in this chapter, you learned about methods of applying formatting to paragraphs. This topic
covers methods of formatting the text of a document. Formatting that you apply to text is referred to as
character formatting. In Word documents, you can apply three types of character formatting:

• Individual character formats including font, font size, bold, italic, underline, strikethrough,
subscript, superscript, font color, and highlight color
• Artistic text effects that incorporate character outline and fill colors
• Preformatted styles associated with the document template, many of which convey structural
information (such as titles and headings)

When you enter text in a document, it is displayed in a specific font. By default, the font used for text in
a new blank document is 11-point Calibri, but you can change the font of any element at any time. The
available fonts vary from one computer to another, depending on the apps installed. computer to
another, depending on the apps installed.

You can vary the look of a font by changing the following attributes:

• Size Almost every font has a range of sizes you can select from. (Sometimes you can set additional
sizes beyond those listed.) The font size is measured in points, from the top of the ascenders to
the bottom of the descenders. A point is approximately 1/72 of an inch (about 0.04
centimeters).
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• Style Almost every font has a range of font styles. The most common are regular (or plain), italic,
bold, and bold italic.
• Effects Fonts can be enhanced by applying effects, such as underlining, small capital letters (small
caps), or shadows.
• Character spacing You can alter the spacing between characters by pushing them apart or
squeezing them together.

Although some attributes might cancel each other out, they are usually cumulative. For example, you
might use a bold font style in various sizes and various shades of green to make words stand out in a
newsletter.

You apply character formatting from one of three locations:

• Mini Toolbar Several common formatting buttons are available on the Mini Toolbar that
appears when you select text.

• Font group on the Home tab This group includes buttons for changing the font and most of the
font attributes you are likely to use.

• Font dialog box Less-commonly applied attributes such as small caps and special underlining
are available from the Font dialog box.
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In addition to applying character formatting to change the look of characters, you can apply predefined
text effects (sometimes referred to as WordArt) to a selection to add more zing. The available effects
match the current theme colors.
To change the font of selected text
1. On the Mini Toolbar or in the Font group on the Home tab, in the Font list, click the font you
want to apply.

To change the font size of selected text

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1. Do any of the following on the Mini Toolbar or in the Font group on the Home tab: •
In the Font Size list, click the font size you want to apply.
• In the Font Size box, enter the font size you want to apply (even a size that doesn’t appear
in the list). Then press the Enter key.
• To increase the font size in set increments, click the Increase Font Size button, or press
Ctrl+>.
• To decrease the font size in set increments, click the Decrease Font Size button, or press
Ctrl+<.

To format selected text as bold, italic, or underlined

1. Do any of the following:
• On the Mini Toolbar, click the Bold, Italic, or Underline button.
• On the Home tab, in the Font group, click the Bold, Italic, or Underline button.
• Press Ctrl+B to format the text as bold.
• Press Ctrl+I to format the text as italic.
• Press Ctrl+U to underline the text.

To cross out selected text by drawing a line through it

1. On the Home tab, in the Font group, click the Strikethrough button.
To display superscript or subscript characters
1. Select the characters you want to reposition.
2. On the Home tab, in the Font group, do either of the following:

• Click the Subscript button to shift the characters to the bottom of the line.
• Click the Superscript button to shift the characters to the top of the line.

To apply artistic effects to selected text

1. On the Home tab, in the Font group, click the Text Effects and Typography button, and then do
either of the following:
• In the gallery, click the preformatted effect combination that you want to apply. • On the
menu, click Outline, Shadow, Reflection, Glow, Number Styles, Ligatures, or Stylistic Sets.
Then make selections on the submenus to apply and modify those effects.

To change the font color of selected text

1. On the Home tab, in the Font group, click the Font Color arrow to display the Font Color menu.

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2. In the Theme Colors or Standard Colors palette, select a color swatch to apply that color to
the selected text.

To change the case of selected text

1. Do either of the following:

• On the Home tab, in the Font group, click the Change Case button, and then click Sentence
case, lowercase, UPPERCASE, Capitalize Each Word, or tOGGLE cASE.
• Press Shift+F3 repeatedly to cycle through the standard case options (Sentence case,
UPPERCASE, lowercase, and Capitalize Each Word).

To highlight text
1. Select the text you want to change, and then do either of the following in the Mini Toolbar or
in the Font group on the Home tab:
• Click the Text Highlight Color button to apply the default highlight color.
• Click the Text Highlight Color arrow, and then click a color swatch to apply the selected
highlight color and change the default highlight color.

1. Without first selecting text, do either of the following:

 • Click the Text Highlight Color button to select the default highlight color.
• Click the Text Highlight Color arrow, and then click a color swatch to select that
highlight color.

2. When the pointer changes to a highlighter, drag it across one or more sections of text to
apply the highlight.

3. Click the Text Highlight Color button or press the Esc key to deactivate the highlighter.

Organize information in columns and tables: Columns

By default, Word displays text in one column that spans the width of the page between the left and right
margins. If you prefer, however, you can specify that text be displayed in two, three, or more columns to
create layouts like those used in newspapers and magazines.

When you format text to flow in columns, the text fills the first column on each page and then moves to
the top of the next column. When all the columns on one page are full, the text moves to the next page.
You can manually indicate where you want the text within each column to end.

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The Columns gallery in the Page Setup group on the Layout tab displays several standard options for
dividing text into columns. You can choose one, two, or three columns of equal width or two columns of
unequal width. three columns of equal width or two columns of unequal width.

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If the standard options don’t suit your needs, choose More Columns. This opens the Columns dialog
box, where you can specify the number and width of columns. The number of columns is limited by the
width and margins of the page. Each column must be at least a half inch (or 0.27 centimeter) wide.

To lay out text in columns

1. Do either of the following:
• To format only a section of the document, select the paragraphs that you want to display in
columns.
• To format the entire document with the same number of columns, click anywhere in the
document—you don’t have to select the text.
2. On the Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click the Columns button.
3. In the Columns gallery, do either of the following:
• Select one of the thumbnails to flow the selected text into that column configuration. • At the
bottom of the gallery, click More Columns to display the Columns dialog box. Make the
adjustments you want, and then click OK.

To justify column text

1. Select the columns you want to align.

2. Do either of the following:
• On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click the Justify button.
• Press Ctrl+J.

To resize columns

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 1. Click anywhere in the columnar text.
2. On the Layout tab, at the bottom of the Columns gallery, click More Columnsto open the Columns
dialog box.
3. In the Width box for any of the columns, enter or select a new width. The Width measurements
for the other columns change to match, and the width of all the columns changes. The columns
in the Preview thumbnail reflect the new settings.
4. When the column width is changed to your satisfaction, click OK.

1. Click anywhere in the columnar text.

2. On the horizontal ruler, drag the margins to expand or contract the columns to the width you
want.

To hyphenate document content

1. In the Page Setup group of the Layout tab,click the Hyphenation button, and then click Automatic
to hyphenate the text of the document.

To change the indentation of a paragraph in a column

1. Click anywhere in the paragraph you want to indent.
2. On the horizontal ruler, do any of the following:
• Drag the column’s First Line Indent marker to the right to indent only the first line of the
paragraph.
• Drag the column’s Hanging Indent marker to the right to indent all but the first line of the
paragraph.
• Drag the column’s Left Indent marker to the right to indent all lines of the paragraph.
To insert a column break

1. Click at the beginning of the line you want to flow to the next column.
2. In the Page Setup group of the Layout tab, click the Breaks button, and then click Column to
insert a column break. The text that follows moves to the top of the next column.

Organize information in columns and tables: Tables

A table is a structure of vertical columns and horizontal rows. Each column and each row can be
identified by a heading, although some tables have only column headings or only row headings. The box
at the junction of each column and row is a cell in which you can store data (text or numeric
information).

You can create tables in a Word document in the following ways:

• To create a blank table of up to 10 columns and eight rows, you can display the Insert Table
gallery and menu. The gallery is a simple grid that represents columns and rows of cells. When
you point to a cell in the grid, Word outlines the cells that would be included in a table created
by clicking that cell and displays a live preview of the prospective table. Clicking a cell in the
grid inserts an empty table the width of the text column. The table has the number of rows and
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columns you indicated in the grid, with each row one line high and all the columns of an equal
width.

• To create a
more customized empty table, use the Insert Table dialog box. Here, you can specify the number of
columns and rows and the width of the table and its columns.

• To manually create an empty table, use the Draw Table feature, available from the Insert Table
menu. This displays a pencil with which you can draw cells directly in the Word document to
create a table. The cells you draw connect by snapping to a grid, but you have some control over
the size and spacing of the rows and columns.

You can modify a table’s structure in any number of ways. These include the following:

• Insert rows or columns With Word 2016, you can insert a row or column with just one click. Adding
multiple rows and columns is also very easy.
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• Insert cells You can insert cells in a Word table. When you do, you must specify the direction in
which adjacent cells should move to accommodate the new cells.

• Resize
an entire table You can easily make a table larger or smaller, maintaining its original aspect ratio if
you want.
• Resize a single column or row You can drag to resize a single column or row. For finer control, you
can use the commands in the Cell Size group on the Layout tool tab.
• Merge and split cells You can merge cells so they span multiple columns or rows. For example, if
you wanted to enter a title for a table in the table’s first row, you could merge the cells in that
row to create one merged cell that spans the table’s width. You could then enter the title in the
merged cell. (For added flair, you could even center the title.) In addition to merging multiple
cells to create a single cell, you can split a single cell to create multiple cells. When you do, you
must specify the number of columns and rows into which you want to split the cell.
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• Delete table elements You can delete table elements, including cells, columns, rows, and the
entire table, from the Mini Toolbar or the Layout tool tab.

To create a table from a preset grid

1. Position the cursor where you want to insert the table.
2. On the Insert tab, in the Tables group, click the Table button.
3. In the Insert Table gallery, point to (don’t click) a cell in the gallery to preview the effect of
creating the table in the document.
4. Select a cell to create a blank table consisting of the selected number of columns and rows.
To create a custom table

1. Position the cursor where you want to insert the table.

2. In the Insert Table gallery, click Insert Table to open the Insert Table dialog box. 3.
In the AutoFit behavior area, do any of the following, and then click OK:
• Click Fixed column width, and then specify a standard width for the table columns. • Click
AutoFit to contents to size the table columns to fit their contents. The width of the resulting
table can be less than the width of the page.
• Click AutoFit to window to create a table that fits within the page margins and is divided into
columns of equal size.

To draw a table
1. In the Insert Table gallery, click Draw Table. The cursor changes to a pencil. 2. In the document,
point to the location where you want the upper-left corner of the table to be, and then click to start
 the table.
3. Move the cursor to the location where you want the lower-right corner of the table to be, and
click to complete the table footprint. If there is text within the footprint of the table, it moves to
accommodate the table.
4. Click along the table borders to create columns and rows.
5. When you have finished adding columns and rows, click the Esc key to turn off the table-drawing
function.
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To insert a table column
1. Point to the top of the table where you want to insert a column. A gray insertion indicator with a
plus sign appears.
2. Point to the plus sign. Then, when it turns blue, click it to insert a column where indicated.
To insert one table row

1. To insert a row at the end of a table, click in the last cell of the last row, and then press Tab to
create a new row with the same formatting as the previous row.

1. Point to the left of the table where you want to insert a row. A gray insertion indicator with a plus
sign appears.
2. Point to the plus sign. When it turns blue, click it to insert a row where indicated.
To insert multiple table rows

1. Select the number of rows that you want to insert in the table, adjacent to the location you want
to insert them.
2. Do either of the following:
• On the Mini Toolbar that appears, click Insert, and then click Insert Above or Insert Below.
• On the Layout tool tab, in the Rows & Columns group, click Insert Above or Insert Below.

To insert table cells

1. Select the number of cells you want to insert adjacent to the location where you want to insert
them.
2. Click the Rows & Columns dialog box launcher on the Layout tool tab to open the Insert Cells
dialog box.
3. Specify the direction to move adjacent cells to accommodate the new cells.
4. Click OK.

To merge table cells

1. Select the cells you want to merge.
2. On the Layout tool tab, in the Merge group, click the Merge Cells button to combine the selected
cells into one cell.
To delete table elements
1. Select one or more cells, columns, or rows that you want to delete.
2. Do either of the following:
• On the Mini Toolbar that appears, click Delete, and then click Delete Cells, Delete Columns, or
Delete Rows.
• On the Layout tool tab, in the Rows & Columns group, click the Delete button and choose from
the same set of options.

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To delete a table
1. Click anywhere in the table.
2. On the Mini Toolbar or on the Layout tool tab, in the Rows & Columns group, click the Delete
button.

Format tables
If you want to control the appearance of a table more precisely, you can use the commands on the
Design and Layout tool tabs for tables to format the table elements.

To apply a table style to a table

1. Click anywhere in the table.

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2. On the Design tool tab, in the Table Styles group, click the More button to expand the gallery of
available table styles.
3. Scroll through the gallery and preview styles that you like.
4. Select a thumbnail to format the table to match the thumbnail. The selected thumbnail moves
to the visible row of the Table Style gallery on the ribbon.

To apply special formatting to the header or total row

1. Click anywhere in the table.

 2. In the Table Style Options group, select the Header Row or Total Row check box.
To apply special formatting to the first or last column

1. Click anywhere in the table.

2. In the Table Style Options group, select the First Column or Last Column check box.
To apply banding to table rows or columns

1. Click anywhere in the table.

2. In the Table Style Options group, select the Banded Rows or Banded Columns check box.
To add a border to a table element

1. Select the cell, row, or column to which you want to add a border, or select the whole table. 2.
On the Design tool tab, in the Borders group, in the Line Weight list, click a border thickness. 3.
In the Borders group, in the Borders list, click the border option you want.

To change the background color of a table element

1. In the table, select the cell, row, or column to which you want to add a background color. 2.
In the Table Styles group, in the Shading list, click a color swatch.

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Let’s ANSWER!

Activity 1.
Instruction: (a) Create a storybook with a beginning, middle, and end of a story. (b) Use a book
template with a title page and three-story pages to write.

(c) Save the document in PDF format and post it to our google classroom account.

Here is the sample template:

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