OBJECTIVE:

To understand the fundamentals and operation of the basic and standard logic Gates.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Trainer Board, 7408, 7432, 7486, 7404, 7411, and 7400.

THEORY:

A logic gate is a fundamental component of digital circuitry that conducts logical operations
critical to the operation of electronic devices. These gates are widely used in a variety of
technologies, including smartphones, tablets, and memory devices.

In general, a logic gate functions within a circuit by making judgments depending on digital
signal combinations received from its inputs. The majority of logic gates have two inputs and
one output. These gates are the foundation of Boolean algebra, a branch of mathematics
concerned with binary logic in which each terminal has two states: false (0) or true (1). A logic
gate's binary output changes based on its type and input combination.

Consider a logic gate to be a light switch: in one position, the output is off (0), and in the other, it
is on (1). These gates are generally built into microchips and integrated circuits (ICs), which
serve as the essential logic that allows electronic devices to analyze and alter digital data.

There are seven basic logic gates: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and XNOR.

AND Gate:

In electronics and digital circuits, a "AND gate" is a fundamental digital logic gate. It has two
inputs and performs a logical AND operation on them. An AND gate's output is "high" (typically
expressed as '1' or 'true') when both of its inputs are also high. If one or both of the inputs are low
(often expressed as '0' or 'false'), the AND gate output is also low.
Truth Table of AND Gate:

Input 1 Input 2 Output

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

Pin Diagram of AND Gate:

Fig 1: Circuit of AND GATE(IC 7408)

An OR gate is a basic digital logic gate that performs a logical OR function. It features two or
more input terminals and one output terminal. If at least one of its input signals is high, the OR
gate outputs a high (1 or true) signal. In other words, it only returns a low (0 or false) output if all
of its input signals are low.

Truth Table of OR Gate:

Input 1 Input 2 Output

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1

Pin Diagram of OR Gate:

Fig 2: Circuit of OR GATE(IC 7432)

NOT gates, also known as inverters, are basic digital logic gates that perform a simple operation
on a binary input. The primary function of this component is to invert or reverse the incoming
signal. If the input is high (1), the NOT gate produces a low (0), and if the input is low (0), the
NOT gate produces a high (1).

Truth Table of NOT Gate:

Input Output

1 0

0 1

Pin Diagram of NOT Gate:

Fig 3: Circuit of NOT GATE(IC 7404)

An XOR gate, sometimes known as an "exclusive OR" gate, is a type of digital logic gate that
performs an exclusive OR operation on two binary inputs. The XOR gate has two inputs, which
are commonly called A and B, and one output. If the number of true inputs is odd, the output of
an XOR gate is true (1), indicating that either input A is true and input B is false, or input A is
false and input B is true. The output is false (0) if both inputs are the same (both true or both
false).

Truth Table of XOR Gate:

Input1 Input2 Output

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0
Pin Diagram of XOR Gate:

Circuit Diagram Of XOR GATE For IC 7486:

Fig 4: Circuit of XOR GATE (IC 7486)

A NAND gate, which stands for "NOT-AND gate," is a basic digital logic gate in electronics. It
is a logic gate that has two or more inputs and one output. A NAND gate's output is the inverse
(complement) of the logical AND operation applied to its inputs.

Truth Table of NAND Gate:

Input1 Input2 Output

0 0 1

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

Pin Diagram of NAND Gate:

Fig 5: Circuit of NAND GATE (IC 7400)

A B C F

0 0 0 1

0 0 1 0

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

1 0 0 1

1 0 1 0

1 1 0 1

1 1 1 1
Student Workshit:
Discussion:

This experiment has been helpful in improving our practical comprehension of basic logic gates
by reinforcing our understanding of their operational principles and truth tables. The experiment
proved that these gates faithfully conform to the logical ideas they are meant to reflect. It also
gave us vital insights into their real-world applications in the realm of digital electronics.

Our investigation and experimentation with these fundamental logic gates is the first step toward
building more complicated digital circuits and systems. This initiative serves as a critical starting
point for further research and development in the field of digital electronics.