Array waveguides are arrangements of multiple waveguides on an integrated photonic chip that guide and confine light through interference and coupling effects, and are used for applications like wavelength division multiplexing, quantum photonics, and as components in complex photonic circuits due to their compactness and integration advantages.
Array waveguides are arrangements of multiple waveguides on an integrated photonic chip that guide and confine light through interference and coupling effects, and are used for applications like wavelength division multiplexing, quantum photonics, and as components in complex photonic circuits due to their compactness and integration advantages.
Array waveguides are arrangements of multiple waveguides on an integrated photonic chip that guide and confine light through interference and coupling effects, and are used for applications like wavelength division multiplexing, quantum photonics, and as components in complex photonic circuits due to their compactness and integration advantages.
Array waveguides are arrangements of multiple waveguides on an integrated photonic chip that guide and confine light through interference and coupling effects, and are used for applications like wavelength division multiplexing, quantum photonics, and as components in complex photonic circuits due to their compactness and integration advantages.
An array waveguide in a photonic integrated circuit refers to a specific
arrangement of multiple waveguides on the same chip or substrate. These
waveguides are typically made of materials with high refractive indices and are designed to guide and confine light, much like optical fibers do. Parallel Configuration: Array waveguides are usually designed in parallel, meaning that multiple waveguides run side by side on the chip Interference and Coupling: The close proximity of waveguides in an array allows for interference and coupling effects. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM): Array waveguides are frequently used in WDM systems, where multiple optical signals at different wavelengths are combined, routed, and separated. Mode Multiplexing: In addition to WDM, array waveguides can support mode- division multiplexing (MDM). MDM involves multiple modes of light traveling within a single waveguide. Photonic Components: Array waveguides are essential components for various photonic devices and circuits. They can be integrated with other elements such as grating couplers, modulators, detectors, and amplifiers to create complex photonic circuits tailored to specific applications. Quantum Photonics: In quantum photonic circuits, array waveguides are used to route and manipulate single photons for quantum information processing. Compact and Efficient: Array waveguides offer the advantage of compactness and integration, making them suitable for on-chip applications. They can significantly reduce the footprint of optical components and improve overall system efficiency.
Arrayed waveguide grating
Dynamic devices Electro optic effect: Electro-Optic Effect ❖ Fundamentally, the operating wavelength of the filter can be changed by various tuning mechanisms such as electro-optic, magneto-optic, thermo-optic and photo-elastic effect. ❖ Especially, the electro-optic effect is produced fast response than comparable to other tunable mechanisms ❖ The relationship between voltage and refractive index is expressed as: ❖ V is the voltage-Threshold level=50 V ❖ n is the BTO refractive index=2.29 ❖ D is the distance between two electrodes=6 µm ❖ re indicates the electro-optic coefficient =600 pmV-1 ❖ For every 1V, the BTO refractive indices are increased by 0.0006.
Example: Electro-Optic Tunable Filter
LiNbO3 Optical Modulator
Electro optic modulators
Electro-optic modulator A voltage applied to the modulator electrodes produces a relative phase retardation for the two arms of the interferometer, which results in intensity modulation of the output beam.
Electro Optic Switches:
❖ Electro-Optic Switches: The application of an electric field to changes the refractive index of the material.
+ v Thermo-Optic Switches The application of an temperature to changes the refractive index of the material.
Inpu Outp tI Heat uts I er 1
I 2
Photonic Crystal Ring Resonator Based Optical Switch
Ring Resonators-Based Switches-Problem • The ring resonator-based platform is widely used for switching operations due to flexible design and excellent light confinement . • However, this kind of structure can increase the propagation delay time due to strong coupling occurs at resonance wavelength. • As a result, the device response time, data rate and transmission efficiency are reduced. • Alternatively, the photonic crystal waveguides-based nanostructure is used to improve the perfomance of the switches.
• Reconfigurable Switches Mechanisms-Problem
• The reconfigurable switching mechanisms: Thermo-optic, Nonlinear, Electro-optic and All optical effect. • The external nanoscale heaters and electrodes are needed for thermo-optic and electro-optic effects, respectively. • These mechanisms generally increase power consumption and fabrication complexity. • Alternatively, the different wavelength-based all-optical mechanism is reduced the device power consumption and fabrication difficulty. Reconfigurable Switches-Novelty • Photonic crystal waveguides-based switches. • Wavelength-based all optical reconfigurable mechanism. • Two different Multiport Switching Platform design : 3×3 and 4×4. • Fast response time, low input power and high data rate. Silicon Based 3×3 Reconfigurable Switch Structural parameters: ❖ a= 568 nm ❖ r= 130 nm ❖ n= 3.47 ❖ W=1136 nm ❖ Size= 260 µm2
Silicon Based 4×4 Reconfigurable Switch
Structural parameters: ❖ a= 568 nm ❖ r= 130 nm ❖ n= 3.47 ❖ W=1136 nm ❖ Size= 470 µm2 Delta – beta couplers: Delta-beta couplers, also known as directional couplers, are essential components used in photonic integrated circuits (PICs) for coupling and transferring optical signals between waveguides on a chip. Role in Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs): Delta-beta couplers are passive optical devices designed to transfer light from one waveguide to another on the same photonic chip. Working Principle: Delta-beta couplers operate based on the principle of evanescent field coupling. When two waveguides are placed in close proximity on the photonic chip, the optical mode in one waveguide can interact with the neighboring waveguide through the evanescent field, allowing for efficient power transfer. Signal Splitting and Combining: Delta-beta couplers can split an incoming optical signal into two separate output ports or combine two optical signals into a single output port. By controlling the length and separation of the waveguides and the coupling region, designers can determine the coupling ratio, allowing for precise power distribution or signal combining. Waveguide Geometry: The geometry of delta-beta couplers, including the width, separation, and length of the waveguides, is critical in determining their performance. By adjusting these parameters, one can tailor the coupling strength and achieve specific coupling ratios or bandwidths.
Applications: Delta-beta couplers find applications in various photonic integrated
circuits, such as wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems for optical communication, interferometers for sensors, and Mach-Zehnder modulators for optical signal manipulation. They are also used in quantum photonic circuits for routing and manipulating single photons. Advantages: Delta-beta couplers offer the advantage of miniaturization and integration. They enable the compact design of photonic circuits, reduce the need for external optical components, and improve overall system efficiency.
