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A Comprehensive Study of Different Types of Seepage Control Measures for

Earth Dam Using FEM

Article · March 2019

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2610954

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 Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering
e-ISSN: 2457-001X
Volume 5 Issue 1

A Comprehensive Study of Different Types of Seepage Control

Measures for Earth Dam Using FEM
1
Md. Mahmud Sazzad, 2Md. Mohayminul Islam
1
Professor, 2Undergraduate student
Department of Civil Engineering
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
Dam failure involves a huge amount of economic, financial, structural losses as well as loss
of numerous numbers of lives and properties. In most instances, seepage failure of earth-fill
dams occurs because of inadequate seepage control measures. The objective of this paper is
to perform a comprehensive study of the incorporation of different seepage control measures
to an earth dam using Finite Element Method (FEM). SEEP/W, a FEM based software, has
been used for modelling and analysis of different seepage control measures. From the
numerical analysis, it is observed that use of rock toe combined with horizontal filter is more
beneficiary than they are used alone. The length of horizontal blanket filter is a controlling
factor to reduce the pore water pressure rather than its thickness. Horizontal blanket filter
comprises of coarse sand layer at top and fine sand layer at bottom gives preferable results
for all flow properties. Performance of inclined rock toe is better than vertical rock toe to
reduce pore water pressure and gradient. It is also noticed that trapezoidal shape of internal
clay core is better than other shapes of the internal clay core. Moreover, it performs more
efficiently if transition filter is adopted.

Keywords: Earth dam, Rock toe, Seepage control measures, Horizontal filter, Internal clay
core, FEM

INTRODUCTION hydraulic failure (ii) structural failure and

A dam is a hydraulic structure of fairly (iii) seepage failure. It is reported that 35%
impervious material built across a river to of dam fails due to hydraulic failure, 20%
create a reservoir on its upstream side for of dam fails due to structural failure, 38%
impounding water for various purposes of dam fails due to seepage failure and the
[1]. The purposes of impounding may rest 7% dam fails due to miscellaneous
include the irrigation, hydropower causes [2]. As stated earlier, seepage
generation, water-supply, flood control, failure possesses the large share of the dam
navigation, fishing and recreation. Dams failures; consequently, it is alarming and
may be built to meet any one of the above requires further enhanced study. The
stated purposes or they may be constructed hydraulic failure (due to overtopping,
to fulfil more than one. On the basis of erosion by waves, erosion by rainfall, etc.)
purposes, dam can be classified as single- and structural failure (due to sliding of
purpose and multipurpose dam. Dam’s slope, burrowing by animal, damage by
failures have been taken place all over the earth quake, etc.) are mainly external
world over a long period of time in history. failures. These failures can be detected by
Effects of dam’s failure on man and naked eye as well as they can be repaired
environment are widespread destructive. or treated externally. Seepage failure
These failures require both preventive and occurs due to lack of monitoring and
extenuation measures. Dam failure may be instrumentation to detect earlier symptoms
divided into three major categories: (i) before failure occurred [3]. However, in

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Volume 5 Issue 1

case of seepage failure, it occurs behind upstream blanket were justified. Sazzad et
the eye and it leads to a potential failure. al. [9] investigated the effect of various
Seepage through an earth dam is neither parameters of dam and different conditions
possible nor expected to be stopped such as mesh shape and size, shape of
permanently but obviously, it can be internal clay core, upstream and
controlled by adopting some control downstream slope angle, permeability of
measures. Seepage problem can be base material, etc. on the seepage
discussed on various aspects. Discharge discharge through the dam body
out of water through the reservoir dam numerically and analytically. Recently,
involves a great economic loss whereas the Sazzad and Islam [10] reported the effect
exit gradients, pore water pressure, of width, length and position of cutoff wall
seepage velocity and exposure of phreatic on the seepage characteristics of earth
line compromises the physical stability of dam.
both reservoir and embankment dam.
Seepage is accountable for piping, Although several studies has been carried
sloughing and leakage failure. out on the specific seepage control
measures, sill there is a lack in performing
For homogeneous earth fill dams and a comprehensive study in a comparative
zoned earth fill dams, piping in the dam and alternative manner of all control
body or foundation is a dominant failure. measures to justify their applicability. In
Piping through dam body and foundation most of the available literatures, either the
is responsible for 58.3% of dam failure [4]. stability of dam is investigated or the use
Literature [2- 7] suggested several of any particular seepage control measure
techniques to control the seepage through is adopted. Besides, the effect of
the dam body as well as the foundation. It dimensions on the seepage control
is suggested to use horizontal drainage, measures has not been studied. So, there
rock toe, chimney drains, transition filter, remains scope of investigating their
usage of impervious core, horizontal permissible dimension, shape, position as
blanket drains, rock toe combine with well as the material used for better
horizontal drains, etc. [2, 5]. The operation without compromising the
researcher around the globe has studied quality. Moreover, most of the literatures
various aspects of these seepage control mentioned above are based on the
measures to prove their applicability as analytical approach. So, this study has
well as economy. For example, Sazzad and been conducted based on Finite Element
Rahman [4] studied the effect of chimney Method using the computer program
filter and clay blanket on the seepage SEEP/W [11].
through dam body using FEM. Their study
indicated that the use of chimney filter at The aims of this study are: (i) to evaluate
downstream side is beneficial. Aboelela the applicability of different seepage
[5] conducted a comparative study using control measures (horizontal drainage,
analytical method between the studied toe rock toe, transition filter, usage of
drainage systems to enable the designers impervious core, horizontal blanket drains,
the better choice for design purposes. Al- rock toe combine with horizontal drains,
Labban [8] analyzed the seepage problem etc.), (ii) to analyze different seepage flow
of earth dams by using SEEP/W software properties (i.e. pore water pressure,
where the effect of several parameters gradient, discharge, velocity and phreatic
including the permeability of the shell line), (iii) to compare one control measure
material, the presence of impervious core to others and (iv) to testify the effect of
and its location and thickness, the presence alternation of materials on the seepage
of vertical and horizontal filters, the characteristics.
presence of cutoff wall and impervious

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Volume 5 Issue 1

Methodology bottom and fined at top is denoted as

Numerical model C2F1. For both combinations, analyses
In this study, the numerical models were were carried out for various lengths and
developed using Seep/W [11] and the widths of the drain.
necessary analyses were carried out using
FEM. The geometric models of the earth Models in Figures 2 and 3 were analyzed
dams considered in this study are for different lengths and thicknesses of the
represented in Figures 1 to 6 with their drain. Model of rock toe was considered
specifications. For all cases, dimensions of for the following conditions a. i:ii:iii:iv ≡
the dam were considered to be identical fine sand: coarse sand: gravel: impervious
which is annotated in the respective rock, b. i:ii:iii:iv ≡ gravel: coarse sand:
figures. The angle of inclination of the fine sand: impervious rock. For both the
dam face is 30.96° with the horizontal axis combinations, analyses were carried out
or horizontal: vertical = 10: 6 for both the for various lengths (6 m and 12 m) and
upstream and downstream faces. Same thicknesses (0.2 m and 0.4 m).
slope is also considered for all models. A
constant water level of 5 m from the base Material properties
of the dam for all the analyses was In this study, materials used for different
considered. All the analyses were carried elements of the dam are considered to be
out for steady state of seepage flow. saturated condition and to overlook the
complexity; the unsaturated conditions are
For Figure 1, analyses were carried out for not taken into consideration. The materials
alternating combination of fine and coarse used for different elements of dam in this
sand as horizontal blanket drain. Blanket, study are shown in Table 1 and the
comprising of coarse sand at top and fine coefficients of permeability of those
sand at bottom, is denoted as C1F2, while materials are shown the Table 2,
blanket comprising of coarse sand at

Table 1: Materials used in different elements of the dam

Name of Elements No. of Figure Name of Material
Dam body 1 to 6 Silty clay
Blanket filter 1 Discrete layer of fine and coarse sand
Horizontal filter 2 Coarse sand
Rock toe combined with horizontal
3 Coarse sand
drains
Rock toe 4 Fine sand, coarse sand, gravel and rock
Internal clay core 5 Clay
Transition filter 6 Coarse sand

Table 2: Coefficients of permeability of various materials used in this study

Materials Coefficient of Permeability, k (m/sec)
Silty clay 5 × 10-7
Fine sand 4 × 10-5
Coarse sand 4 × 10-3
Gravel 9.84 × 10-2
Impervious rock 6.56 × 10-10

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15

Elevation (m) 4m
10

6m
5m
5 24 m

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Distance (m)
Figure 1: Geometric model of earth dam with horizontal blanket filter.

15

4m
Elevation (m)

10

6m
5m

5 24 m

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Distance (m)
Figure 2: Geometric model of earth dam with horizontal filter.

15

4m
Elevation (m)

10
6m
5m

5
24 m

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Distance (m)
Figure 3: Geometric model of earth dam with rock toe combined with horizontal drains.

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Figure 4: Geometric model of earth dam with provision of rock toe: (a) inclined layer (with
an angle of 63.43°), (b) vertical layer.

Figure 5: Geometric model of earth dam with provision of internal clay core (core area= 24
m2): (a) rectangular clay core, (b) trapezoidal clay core, (c) parallelogram shaped clay core
(inclination angle of arm= 135°), (d) parallelogram shaped clay core (inclination angle of
arm= 45°).

Figure 6: Geometric model of earth dam with provision of transition filter: (a) full transition
filter over the clay core, (b) partial transition filter over the clay core.

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e-ISSN: 2457-001X
Volume 5 Issue 1

Seepage control measures layers on the seepage characteristics are

Horizontal blanket filter investigated and depicted in Figure 7.
The function of a filter is to facilitate the Figure 7(a) depicts the effect of horizontal
drainage of the seepage water in a blanket filter on the pore water pressure.
controlled manner through the downstream From Figure 7(a), it is noticed that the
toe of the dam body. It is extended from variation of thickness (0.25 m and 0.5 m)
the downstream toe towards the body of of the horizontal blanket has very
dam by 25% to 100% of the distance from negligible effect on the reduction of pore
the center of the dam to toe of the dam. In water pressure for both of the material
the present study, this filter consists of two combinations considering the length of 9
layers (Figure 1). Those two layers are m. But, increasing the length from 9 m to
comprised of fine and coarse sand having 12 m results a significant decrease in pore
identical thickness. Here, analysis is water pressure. It reveals that the length of
carried out considering both the C1F2 and horizontal blanket filter is a controlling
C2F1 conditions. After the numerical factor to reduce the pore water pressure
analysis, the effects of the length (L), rather than its thickness.
thickness (t), and combination of different

Figure 7: Relationship between distance and flow parameters for blanket filters: (a) Pore
water pressure vs. distance, (b) Gradient vs. distance, (c) Rate of flow for different
configurations of blanket filter and (d) Velocity of flow vs. distance.

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From Figure 7(b), it is noticed that the dimensions are changed. From this figure,
maximum gradient does not dependent on it is evident that the pore water pressure
the combination of materials (i.e. whether decreases with the increment in the length
coarse sand is placed at top or fine sand is of the length of the horizontal filter same
placed at top of horizontal blanket filter). as the horizontal blanket filter. Moreover,
Rather, it depends on the dimension of the the change in thickness has negligible
horizontal blanket filter. Increase in effect on the variation of pore water
thickness of the filter, maximum gradient pressure.
decreases. However, with the increase in
length, maximum gradient increases. As However, from Figure 8 (b), it is depicted
the length and width of blanket decreases that the maximum gradients increase with
the discharge of water also decreases (see the increment of the length. The change of
Figure 7 (c)). The material alternation (i.e., thickness of the horizontal filter, on the
coarse sand is placed at top or fine sand is other hand, depicts no distinct change in
placed at top of horizontal blanket filter) maximum gradient. Most importantly, it is
has no effect on the discharge. To guide noticeable here that, for any dimension of
the discharge through a controlled path, the horizontal filter, the exit gradient is
blanket drain is incorporated. So, to zero. So, it is advisable not to increase the
decrease the amount of discharge through length of the horizontal filter unnecessarily
earth dam, horizontal blanket filter of as short length serves the same purpose.
small length and width is preferable. Exit
velocity depends on the combination of the Discharge through the dam follows the
filter materials which is evident from same trend as observed in case of pore
Figure 7 (d). The combination, in which water pressure (see Figure 8 (c)). Larger
coarse sand is place at top and fine at the dimension more the discharge velocity
bottom of horizontal blanket filter, results of seepage flow increases with the increase
in lower exit velocity than the reverse in length of the filter (see Figure 8(d)) and
combination (i.e. fine sand is place at top it decreases with the increment in
and coarse sand is placed at bottom of thickness of filter.
horizontal blanket filter). The effect of
dimension (i.e. length and width) of So, for the controlled seepage flow, lowest
horizontal blanket filter on the velocity of length of filter (i.e. 25% of the distance
flow follows the same trend as noticed in from the center to toe of dam) is to be
case of discharge. adopted.

Horizontal filter Horizontal filter combined with rock toe

Horizontal filter consists of granular Horizontal filter combined with rock toe is
materials having large coefficient of depicted in Figure 3. The combination of
permeability than the shell material of dam rock toe with the horizontal filter is
body to drain out the seepage water adopted to obtain the facility of both
through a specified path. In this study, four techniques. In case of small dam with high
lengths (3, 6, 9 and 12 m) and three chance of erosion at downstream toe, this
thicknesses (0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 m) of the measure can be used economically. The
horizontal filter were taken into filter facilitates the dam with controlled
consideration. seepage whereas the rock is used to resist
the erosion at the downstream toe. In the
Figure 8 (a) depicts that the pore water present study, models for different lengths
pressure changes with the distance as the and widths are prepared.

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Figure 8: Relationship between distance and flow parameters for horizontal filter: (a) Pore
water pressure vs. distance (b) Gradient vs. distance (c) Rate of flow for different dimension
of filters (d) Velocity vs. distance.

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Figure 9: Relationship between distance and flow parameters for horizontal filter combined
with Rock toe: (a) Pore water pressure vs. distance (b) Gradient vs. distance (c) Rate of flow
for different dimension of filter (d) Velocity vs. distance.

The influence of horizontal filter has rock toe is incorporated or not, but there is
already been presented in earlier sections. a decent reduction in velocity due to
Although the trend of the evolution for incorporation of rock toe which can be
pore water pressure or gradient or noticed by comparing Figure 9 (d) with
discharge is similar for horizontal filter Figure 8 (d).
alone and horizontal filter combined with
rock toe, however, there is a significant
Rock toe
reduction in magnitude in case of
Rock toe is a control measure which
horizontal filter combined with rock toe
than those for the horizontal filter alone. includes the dual features of controlling
From Figure 9 (a), a reduction in pore seepage and stabilizing the slope of the
water pressure is noticed with the increase dam of moderated height. It consists of
in the length for obvious reason. Pore some distinct layer of filter materials
water pressure decreases with the increase having different coefficients of
of length because phreatic line falls rapidly permeability to impose more control over
for the long length. The effect of thickness the seepage flow. The cross-section of the
is also negligible. rock toe is represented in the Figure 4. The
results of the study due to the variation of
In Figure 9 (b), it is noticed that the exit different parameters such as the variation
gradients are about zero. The incorporation of layer thickness, length of the toe,
of the rock toe not only serves to control inclination of the layers, alternation of the
the erosion but also helps to reduce the layers, etc. are represented as follows. In
gradients as obvious in Figure 9(b). the legend of the Figures 10 and 11, I
stand for inclined rock toe and V stands
The width of the filter has a negligible for vertical rock toe. Also a model in
effect but the length has a significant effect Figure 4(a) indicates type “a” and that in
as noticed in Figure 9(c). Increase in Figure 4(b) indicates type “b”.
length causes more discharge which may
cause erosion at the downstream toe. So a It can be realized comparing Figure 10 (a)
moderated length is desirable. Although with Figure 11(a) that the effect of the
the trend of the graph is same whether inclination and the thickness of the rock

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toe layers on pore water pressure is increases with length and thickness.
negligible. Length plays a role to reduce From Figure 10 (c) and Figure 11 (c), it is
pore water pressure. From those figures, it clear that the angle of inclination
is evident that for rock toe of type “a”, dominates the discharge. Inclined toe with
there remains a pore water pressure same dimension gives less discharge than
throughout the base where for the type the vertical one. The effect of material
“b”, it falls zero from starting point of toe. combination is also very negligible.

Angle on inclination of toe has a little bit From Figure 10 (d), a sudden increase in
effect on the gradient. From Figures 10 (b) velocity is noticed whereas a stage wise
and 11 (b), it is evident that the vertical gradual increase is noticed in Figure 11
rock toe develops a lower maximum (d). This is because of the layer
gradient than the inclined rock toe. For combination for type “b”. The material
both type “a” and “b”, the maximum becomes more permeable towards the
gradient is almost same but exit gradient is outer face which allows the increment in
difference. For type “a”, exit gradient is flow rate. The exit velocity for type “b” is
zero for all dimensions where for type b, it twice or more than that of the type “a”.

Figure 10: Relationship between distance and flow parameters for rock toe of type “a”
(i:ii:iii:iv ≡ fine sand: coarse sand: gravel: impervious rock): (a) Pore water pressure vs.
distance (b) Gradient vs. distance (c) Rate of flow for different dimension of Rock toe, (d)
Velocity vs. distance.

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Figure 11: Relationship between distance and flow parameters for Rock toe of type “b”
(i:ii:iii:iv ≡ gravel: coarse sand: fine sand: impervious rock): (a) Pore water pressure vs.
distance (b) Gradient vs. distance (c) Rate of flow for different dimension of rock toe (d)
Velocity vs. distance.

Internal clay core Pore water pressure drops down for

Providing internal clay core is one of the parallelogram shape of internal clay core
widespread methods of seepage control. In with inclination of 45° as it encounters the
this method, a core of less permeable flow lines earlier than the other shape;
material than the shell material of different however, at the base of dam, the pore
shape is provided inside the body of the water pressure does not drop down to the
dam. In this study, the effect of the shape zero. When the rectangular and the
of the core having the same area (24 m2) trapezoidal shape of internal clay core are
on seepage properties is investigated. The used, it drops the pore water pressure to
core shapes considered in the present study zero.
are represented in Figure 5 and the results
are described as follows. In the legend, the Exit gradient for all shapes is zero which is
Parallelogram 45 and parallelogram 135 desirable. But the maximum gradient is
indicate the parallelogram clay core of largest for parallelograms and lowest for
angle 45 degree and 135 degree with the trapezoidal shape. Discharge is lowest for
horizontal measured anticlockwise. rectangular shape of internal clay core but

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the difference of rate of discharge for parallelogram shapes as depicted in Figure

trapezoidal and rectangular is negligible. 12 (d). Drop down of phreatic line is more
Exit velocity is exactly same for both of gradual for trapezoidal shape of clay core
trapezoidal and the rectangular shape and where for other cases, drop downs are
they are lower than that for both of sharper (see Figure 13).

Figure 12: Relationship between distance and flow parameters for internal clay core of
different shape: (a) Pore water pressure vs. distance (b) Gradient vs. distance (c) Rate of
flow for different shape (d) Velocity vs. distance.

Figure 13: Phreatic line for different shapes of internal core.

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Transition filter decreases the pore water pressure faster

Transition filter is a filter of granular than the partial one which is noticed in the
material that is placed round the internal Figure 14 (a). But the maximum gradient
core to facilitate the seepage control more developed by partial transition filter is
effectively. It drains out the seepage water lower than that of the full transition filter
in a safe manner without damaging dam (see Figure 14 (b)). However, for both
body. The considered models are depicted cases, a result of zero gradients is noticed.
in Figure 6. In Figure 6 (a), full transition Discharge through the base of the dam with
filter over the core is used while in Figure 6 the incorporation of full transition is very
(b), partial transition filter over the core is little than that of the partial one as noticed
used. in Figure 14 (c). Exit velocity for partial
filter is around four times less than for the
Transition filter covering full core full transition filter (see Figure 14(d)).

Figure 14: Relationship between distance and flow parameters for transition filter: (a) Pore
water pressure vs. distance (b) Gradient vs. distance (c) Rate of flow for different shape (d)
Velocity vs. distance.

CONCLUSION were analyzed numerically using SEEP/W.

In this study, the effect of different It is observed that horizontal blanket filter
seepage control measures like horizontal comprises of coarse sand layer at top and
filter, rock toe, internal core, transition fine sand layer at bottom gives preferable
filter etc. with the variation of their length results for all flow properties. Larger
and width on the seepage characteristics horizontal filter decreases the pore water

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e-ISSN: 2457-001X
Volume 5 Issue 1

pressure but increases gradient inside the 4. Sazzad, M. M.; Rahman, M. M. Effect
dam and also increases the velocity at of clay blanket and chimney filter
downstream side. So, the adoption of filter against seepage failure. IJASGE,
having a length of 25% of the distance 2017; 6(2), 77-83
from the center to the toe of the dam and a 5. Aboelela, M. M. Control of seepage
moderated thickness is a better option to through earth dams based on pervious
control seepage as well as stability foundation using toe drainage systems.
simultaneously. Incorporation of rock toe Journal of Water Resource and
along with the horizontal filter reduces the Protection, 2016; 8, 1158-1174.
magnitude of gradient and the velocity of 6. Greager, V., Hinds, N. Engineering of
seepage flow significantly. Performance of dams. John Wiley and sons, New
inclined rock toe is better than vertical York; 2002.
rock toe for pore water pressure and 7. Dahigaonkar J. K. Irrigation
gradient. On the basis of all flow engineering. Kamal Jagasia Publisher,
parameters, the clay core of trapezoidal Shahdera, Delhi, 2007.
shapes performs better than any other 8. Al-Labban, S. N. Y. Seepage analysis
shape having same area. The transition of earth dams by finite elements. M.Sc.
filter which covers the total internal core Thesis, Collage of Engineering,
performs better than the partial one for University of Kufa, Iraq, 2007.
almost all seepage parameters except exit 9. Sazzad, M. M.; Roy, M.; Rahman, M.
velocity. M. FEM based Seepage Analysis
through Earth Dam.” International
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