THE CENTER OF MASS

for GENERAL PHYSICS 1/ Grade 12

Quarter 1/ Week 7

NegOr_Q1_GenPhysics1_SLKWeek7_v2
 FOREWORD

This Self-Learning Kit is designed to cater your needs as STEM Students for
Modular Distance Learning. It is carefully planned to holistically develop your
life-long learning skills. This serves as guide in understanding the center of mass
and its difference with geometric center. Relating the motion of the center of
mass of a system to the momentum and net external force acting on the
system is also emphasized in this learning kit.

In this kit, the essential concepts on center of mass are covered where
you will learn how to locate the center of mass of an object or a system. You will
also perform short activities related to this. In addition, you will know how to
appreciate the knowledge gained in locating the center of mass considering
the momentum and net external force acting on it as they do their day-to-day
activities.

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 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this Self-Learning Kit, you should be able to:
K: differentiate center of mass and geometric center;
: relate the motion of center of mass of a system to the momentum and net
external force acting on the system;
S: illustrate samples showing center of mass and geometric center;
: solve problems involving center of mass; and
A: recognize the importance of determining the center of mass among
objects
in a system in performing day-to-day activities.

LEARNING COMPETENCIES
Differentiate center of mass and geometric center
STEM_GP12WE – Ih – i – 56

Relate the motion of center of mass of a system to the momentum and

net external force acting on the system
STEM_GP12MMICIh- 57

I. WHAT HAPPENED

I am Rose. I will be your guide

today as we discover the
mystery world of equilibrium.

But before we will continue our journey,

let me check first if you have your ball
pen and notebooks with you because
that will be very essential for this mini-
journey of ours.
Source: https://bit.ly/3mBqPtf

Source: https://bit.ly/2TzobHH

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PRE-ACTIVITIES/PRE-TEST

First, let us check your

knowledge for today’s
topic.

PRE-ACTIVITY 1 Source: https://bit.ly/3mBqPtf

Directions: Observe the pictures below carefully. Determine which of the

four scenarios shows equilibrium. Answer the questions that follow on your
Science notebook/Answer Sheet.

A C
B D
Source: https://bit.ly/35BANE3

Figure 1. Using see-saw to understand equilibrium

1. Which of the following shows equilibrium? Explain.

2. When can you say a body or an object is in equilibrium?

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 PRE-ACTIVITY 2

Directions: Observe the picture below carefully. Which part of this fidget
spinner will you hold to make it balance when playing? Why? Write your answer
on your Science notebook/Activity Sheet.

Source: https://bit.ly/3kB96RV

Figure 2. Fidget Spinner

II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

Hello there! You already have a glimpse of what we will

be talking today in your pretest. Let’s have an overview first
about the concept of what you will be learning today.
You will understand why you need to hold the center of a
fidget spinner when playing. You will also discover other
concepts like the center of mass and geometric figure
underlying equilibrium. Also, you will learn how to illustrate them.

Source: https://bit.ly/3mBqPtf

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DISCUSSION

Let us now begin our

journey so buckle up! To start
with, let us first define what is
equilibrium.

Source: https://bit.ly/3mBqPtf

Equilibrium

You might think that an object or a body is at rest or in uniform motion.

However, it does not mean that there are no forces acting on them. The fact
is that there are forces acting but they simply cancel out. In this situation, the
object or the body is said to be in equilibrium.

Equilibrium is a condition where there is no change in the state of

motion of a body. An object in equilibrium may be at rest or it can also be in
motion, provided that it moves with a constant speed in the same direction.
Newton’s law of motion dictates, “A body at rest will remain at rest or when in
motion continue to move with constant velocity unless there is an
unbalanced force acting on it”.

Source: https://bit.ly/3e2gkM

g
Figure 4. Equilibrium Rules

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 Eyes here for more!
When dealing with equilibrium
problems we have to know and
understand the concept of center of
mass and geometric center.

Source: https://bit.ly/3mBqPtf

What is the Center of Mass?

In physics, the center of mass of a distribution of mass in space (sometimes

referred to as the balance point) is the unique point where
the weighted relative position of the distributed mass sums to zero. It is the point at
which the object can be balanced. The center of mass is a position defined
relative to an object or system of objects. It is the average position of all the parts
of the system, weighted according to their masses.

In the case of a single rigid body, the center of mass is fixed in relation to
the body, and if the body has uniform density, it will be located at the centroid.
The center of mass may be located outside the physical body, as is sometimes
the case for hollow or open-shaped objects.
For example, the center of mass of a uniform disc shape would be at its
center. Sometimes the center of mass doesn't fall anywhere on the object. The
center of mass of a ring for example is located at its center, where there isn't any
material.

In the case of a distribution of separate bodies, such as the planets of

the Solar System, the center of mass may not correspond to the position of any
individual member of the system. For more complicated shapes, we need a more
general mathematical definition of the center of mass: it is the unique position at
which the weighted position vectors of all the parts of a system sum up to zero.

A ball pen Center of Mass (CM)

Figure 5. Center of Mass of a ball pen

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 Hold still and enjoy!

Source: https://bit.ly/3mBqPtf

What is Useful about the Center of Mass?

The interesting thing about the center of mass of an object or system is that
it is the point where any uniform force on the object acts. This is useful because it
makes it easy to solve mechanics problems where we have to describe the
motion of oddly-shaped objects and complicated systems.

For the purposes of calculation, we can treat an oddly-shaped object as if

all its mass is concentrated in a tiny object located at the center of mass. We
sometimes call this imaginary object a point mass.

If we push on a rigid object at its center of mass, then the object will always
move as if it is a point mass. It will not rotate about any axis, regardless of its actual
shape. If the object is subjected to an unbalanced force at some other point,
then it will begin rotating about the center of mass.

The center of mass is a useful reference point for calculations

in mechanics that involve masses distributed in space, such as
the linear and angular momentum of planetary bodies and rigid body dynamics.
In orbital mechanics, the equations of motion of planets are formulated as point
masses located at the centers of mass. The center of mass frame is an inertial
frame in which the center of mass of a system is at rest with respect to the origin of
the coordinate system.

Now, what about

geometric center?

Don’t worry, you will also

learn geometric center
as we move along. Source: https://bit.ly/3jwJSTj

Source: https://bit.ly/3mBqPtf NegOr_Q1_GenPhysics1_SLKWeek7_v2

8
 So now let us tackle
geometric center!

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What is Geometric Center?

In mathematics and physics, the centroid or geometric center of
a plane figure or geometric shape is the arithmetic mean or simply
the mean or the average position of all the points in the figure. It is the middle
part of any object or geometric figures.

Informally, it is the point at which a cutout of the shape could be

perfectly balanced on the tip of a pin. The definition extends to any object
in n-dimensional space or is informally defined as the minimum number
of coordinates needed to specify any point within it: its centroid is the mean
position of all the points in all of the coordinate directions.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centroid#/media/File:Triangle.Centroid.svg

Figure 6. Centroid of a Triangle

History

The term "centroid" is of recent coinage (1814). It is used as a substitute for

the older terms "center of gravity," and "center of mass", when the purely
geometrical aspects of that point are to be emphasized. The term is peculiar to
the English language.
The geometric centroid of a convex object always lies in the object. A
non-convex object might have a centroid that is outside the figure itself. The
NegOr_Q1_GenPhysics1_SLKWeek7_v2
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centroid of a ring or a bowl, for example, lies in the object's central void.
 The Center of Mass
The terms “center of mass” and “center of gravity” are used
synonymously in a uniform gravity field to represent the unique point in an
object or system which can be used to describe the system’s response to
external forces and torques. The concept of the center of mass is that of an
average of the masses factored by their distances from a reference point.

To determine the center of mass of an object, it is helpful to think of the

object as a system of particles. Consider, for example, a simple system that
consists of two-point particles located on the x axis at positions and
(Figure 1). If the particles have masses and , then the center-of-mass is
located on the x axis at position defined by:

Equation 1

where is the total mass of the system. If we choose the position

of the origin and the direction such that the position of is at the origin
and that of is on the positive x axis, then and where is the
distance between the particles. The center of mass is then given by:

Equation 2

Figure 7. Locating the center of mass

In the case of just two particles, the center of mass lies at some point
on the line between the particles; if the particles have equal masses, then the
center of mass is midway between them (Figure 8.a). If the two particles are
of unequal mass, then the center of mass is closer to the more massive
particle (Figure 8.b).

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 Figure 8.a. The center of mass for particles with equal masses; 8.b the center of mass
for two particles with unequal mass

We can generalize from two particles in one dimension to a system of

many particles in three dimensions. For N particles in three dimensions,

Using more concise notation, this is written

Equation 3

where again,

is the total mass of the system. Similarly, in the y and z directions,

Equation 4

and

Equation 5

In vector notation, is the position vector of the ith

particle. The position of the center of mass, is defined by

Equation 6
(Definition: Center of Mass)

where

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Motion of the Center of Mass
Consider a mechanical system consisting of pair
of particles that have different masses and are
connected by a light, rigid rod (Figure 9). One can
describe the position of the center of mass of a system
as being the average position of the system’s mass. The
center of mass of the system is located somewhere on
the line joining the particles and is closer to the particle
having the larger mass. If a single force is applied at
some point on the rod somewhere between the center
of mass and the less massive particle, the system
rotates clockwise (Fig 9.a). If the force is applied at a
point on the rod somewhere between the center of
mass and the more massive particle, the system rotates
counterclockwise (Fig 9.b). If the force is applied at the
center of mass, the system moves in the direction of F
without rotating (Fig. 9.c). Thus, the center of mass can
be easily located.

Adapted from Thomson Learning Inc.

Figure 9. Two particles of
unequal mass are connected
by a light, rigid rod

The motion of any object or system of particles can be described in

terms of the motion of the center of mass plus the motion of individual
particles in the system relative to the center of mass. The multiple image
photograph in Figure 10 shows a hammer thrown into the air. While the
hammer is in the air, the center of mass follows a parabolic path, the same
path that would be followed by a point particle. The other parts of the
hammer rotate about this point as the hammer moves through the air.

Figure 10. The center of mass (the black dot) of the

hammer moves in a smooth parabolic path

(LorenWinters/Visual Unlimited)

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 The motion of the center of mass for a system of particles is related to
the net force on the system as a whole. We can show this by examining the
motion of a system of n particles of total mass M. First, we find the velocity of
the center-of-mass system by differentiating both sides of Equation
( ) with respect to time:

Because the time derivative of position is velocity, this gives

Equation 7

Differentiating both sides again, we obtain the accelerations:

Equation 8

where is the acceleration of the ith particle and is the acceleration of

the center of mass. From Newton’s second law, equals the sum of the
forces acting on the ith particle, so

where the sum on the right is the sum of all the forces acting on each and
every particle in the system. Some of these forces are internal forces (exerted
on a particle in the system by some other particle in the system) and others
are external forces (exerted on a particle in the system by something external
to the system). Thus,

Equation 9

According to Newton’s third law, forces come in equal and opposite

pairs. Therefore, for each internal force acting on a particle in the system
there is an equal and opposite internal force acting on some other particle in
the system. When we sum all the internal forces, each third-law force pair
sums to zero, so Equation 9 then becomes

Equation 10 – Newton’s
Second Law for a System

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 That is, the net external force acting on the system equals the total
mass M times the acceleration of the center of mass Thus,

The center of mass of a system moves like a particle of mass

under the influence of the net external force acting on the system.

This theorem is important because it describes the motion of the center

of mass for any system of particles: The center of mass moves exactly like a
single point particle of mass M acted on by only the external forces. The
individual motion of a particle in the system is typically much more complex
and is not described by Equation 10. The hammer thrown into the air in Figure
3 is an example. The only external force acting is gravity, so the center of
mass of the hammer moves in a simple parabolic path, as would a point
particle. However, Equation 10 does not describe the rotational motion of the
head of the hammer about the center of mass.

If a system has a zero net external force acting on it, then In this
case the center of mass either remains at rest or moves with constant
velocity. The internal forces and motion may be complex, but the motion of
the center of mass is simple. Further, if the component of the net next force in
a given direction, say the x direction, remains zero, then remains zero
and remains constant. An example of this is a projectile in the absence
of air drag. The net external force on the projectile is the gravitational force.
This force acts straight downward, so its component in any horizontal
direction remains zero. It follows that the horizontal component of the velocity
of the center of mass remains constant.
Example: An Exploding Projectile
A projectile is fired into the air over level ground on a trajectory that
would result in it landing 55 m away. However, at its highest point it explodes
into two fragments of equal mass. Immediately following the explosion one
fragment has a momentary speed of zero and then falls straight down to the
ground. Where does the other fragment land? Neglect air resistance.

Figure 11. An Exploding Projectile

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 Picture: Let the projectile be the system. Then, the forces of the
explosion are all internal forces. Because the only external force acting on
the system is that due to gravity, the center of mass, which is midway
between the two fragments, continues on its parabolic path as if there had
been no explosion (Figure 11).
Solve:
1. Let be the initial position of the projectile. The landing positions
and of the fragments are related to the final position of the
center of mass by:
or

2. At impact, and where is the horizontal

range for the unexploded projectile. Solve for :

Check: Fragment #1 was pushed backwards by the explosive forces, so

fragment #2 was pushed forward by an equal but opposite force. As
expected, fragment #2 impacts the ground at a distance farther from the
launch point than the projectile would have impacted had it not exploded
into two pieces.

PERFORMANCE TASK

“X” Marks the Spot: Finding the Center of Mass

Directions: Perform the activity. Answer the follow-up questions found in

procedures 6-10 and write it in your notebook/Activity sheet. In addition, submit the
resulting project to your teacher upon retrieval of this Self-Learning Kit.

Background
How do you define the exact center of an object? One way to do this is to
find the object’s center of mass. The center of mass is the point about which an
object will balance if you try to rest it on your fingertip. Or if you hang an object, for
example a picture frame from a nail, the center of mass will hang directly below the
nail.

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Materials:
• Paper (heavier paper, such as construction paper)
• Scissors
• String
• Pencil
• Ruler
• Two paper clips

Preparation:
1. Cut a piece of string about one foot and tie a paper clip to each end.
Procedure:
2. Start with an easy shape: Cut out a rectangular piece of paper or
cardboard. Can you guess where the center of mass of the rectangle is?
If so, use a ruler to measure where you think it will be and mark this spot
with your pencil.
3. Punch several small holes around the edge of the paper. Make them as
close to the edge as possible without ripping the paper. The exact
location of the of the holes does not matter but this technique will work
best if you space them all the way around the edge (not just put two
holes right next to each other).
4. Now poke one end of one paper clip through one of the holes to act like
a hanging hook. Make sure the paper can swing easily from the hook and
does not get stuck (Rotate it back and forth a few times to loosen the
hole if necessary).
5. Hold on to your hook and hold the paper up against the wall. Let the
paper swing freely and make sure the string can hang straight down and
does not get stuck.
6. Use a pencil and ruler to draw a straight line on the paper along the
string. Does this line go through the center of mass you predicted earlier?
7. Now, hang your paper from a different hole and repeat the process.
Where does this line intersect the first time?
8. Repeat the process several more times with different holes. Do all the lines
intersect at the same point?
9. Now cut an irregular shape. You can cut out a “blob” or draw something
like a dog or cat and then cut out the outline. Make sure the shape you
cut out remains stiff and flat. (That is, do not cut very thin sections that
might be floppy). Can you use a ruler to predict where the center of mass
of your irregular shape will be?
10. Punch holes around the edge of your irregular shape and repeat the
activity. One at a time, hang the shape and the string from one of the
holes and draw a line along the string. Where do the lines intersect? Does
this match up with what you predicted?

Source: https://bit.ly/3mnpQg2

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 III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

Good Job! I am so proud of you

for reaching this part of the
module with me.

What have you learned from the topic we

have discussed today? Can you define
equilibrium? Can you now differentiate center of
mass and geometric center?
Yes, you are correct! Equilibrium is a
condition where there is no change in the state of
Source: https://bit.ly/3mBqPtf motion of a body or object.
Center of mass is the average position of all
parts of the system, weighted according to
masses. On the other hand, geometric center is
the average position of all the points in a figure or
geometric shape.

Now, I think you are ready to face the final

stage of this journey. You will refresh your memories
by answering the set of activities.

Good Luck! Don’t forget to check your notes

at all times as reference.

Source: https://bit.ly/3mBqPtf

Source: https://bit.ly/2TzobHH

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EVALUATION/POST TEST:

Assessment 1: IDENTIFICATION

Directions: Write the letters CM if the statement describes center

of mass and GC if it pertains to geometric center. Write your answers
in your notebook/Activity Sheet.

1. The unique point where the weighted relative position of the distributed
mass sums to zero.

2. The point at which a cutout of the shape could be perfectly balanced

on the tip of a pin.

3. The arithmetic mean or simply the mean or the average position of all
the points in the figure.

4. It is the point at which the object can be balanced.

5. Its motion for a system of particles is related to the net force on the
system as a whole.

6. A position defined relative to an object or system of objects.

7. The average position of all the parts of the system, weighted according
to their masses.

8. When the hammer is thrown in the air, this follows a parabolic path, the
same path that would be followed by a point particle.

9. The average position of all the points in a figure or geometric shape.

10. In a system, this moves like a particle of mass under the

influence of the net external force acting on the system.

Assessment 2: ILLUSTRATION

Directions: Illustrate the center of mass and the geometric

center of the following geometric shapes. Do this on your
notebook/Answer Sheet (2 points each).

1. Triangle
2. Square
3. Circle

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 Assessment 3: PROBLEM SOLVING

Directions: Solve the given problem below. Show your solution in

your notebook/Answer Sheet (15 points).

A Tug-of-War on a Frozen Pond

James and Ramon are pulling the two ends of a rope on a slippery surface of
a frozen pond. James is 90.0 kg, whereas Ramon is 60.0 kg. They are initially 20.0 m
apart, and midway between them is their favorite bar of chocolate.

1. With respect to the bar of chocolate, where is their center of mass?

The initial x-coordinates of James and Ramon are -10.0 m and +10.0 m respectively,
so the x-coordinate of the center of mass is:

Formula:
Solution:
Final Answer

2. When James has moved 6.0 m toward the bar of chocolate, how far and in
what direction has Ramon moved?
When James moves 6.0 m toward the bar of chocolate, his new x-coordinate is -4.0
m’ we’ll call Ramon’s new x-coordinate The center of mass doesn’t move, so…

Formula:
Solution:
Final Answer

Congratulations for having

reached this part of our journey!
I am so glad you nailed it!

Got all answers correctly? Check it

from the answer key. Source: https://bit.ly/3mBqPtf
NegOr_Q1_GenPhysics1_SLKWeek7_v2
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 REFERENCES

Arevalo, Ryan L. and Mulig, Charity I. General Physics 1. Makati City,

Philippines: DIWA Learning Systems Inc., 2017.

Center of Mass/Boundless Physics. Retrieved from

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-physics/chapter/center-
of-mass/. Retrieved on September 9, 2020.

Centre of Mass — Isaac Physics. Retrieved from

https://isaacphysics.org/concepts/cp_centre_mass

Exploring Life Through Science PHYSICS by Angelina A. Silverio

Santos, Gil Nonato C. General Physics 1. Sampaloc, Manila,

Philippines: REX Bookstore, 2017.

Serway, Raymond A. and Beichner, Robert J. Physics for Scientists

and Engineers with Modern Physics, Fifth Edition. United States of
America: Thomson Learning Inc., 2000.

What is center of mass? (article) | Khan Academy.

Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/linear-
momentum/center-of-mass/a/what-is-center-of-mass

“X” Marks the Spot: Finding the Center of Mass. Retrieved from
https:/www.scientificamerican.com/article/x-marks-the-spot-finding-
the-center-of-mass/. Retrieved on September 9, 2020.

NegOr_Q1_GenPhysics1_SLKWeek7_v2
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 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Division of Negros Oriental

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

JOELYZA M. ARCILLA EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

MARCELO K. PALISPIS EdD JD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent/CID Chief

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMDS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS-Division Science Coordinator

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

MA. MICHELROSE G. BALDADO

ROWENA R. DINOKOT
Writers

ROSEWIN P. ROCERO
Illustrator/Lay-out Artist
_________________________________

ALPHA QA TEAM
LIEZEL A. AGOR
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
JOAN Y. BUBULI
MA. OFELIA I. BUSCATO
DEXTER D. PAIRA
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA

BETA QA TEAM
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA RANJEL D. ESTIMAR
ALLAN Z. ALBERTO MARIA SALOME B. GOMEZ
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR. JUSTIN PAUL ARSENIO C. KINAMOT
DORIN FAYE D. CADAYDAY LESTER C. PABALINAS
MERCY G. DAGOY ARJIE T. PALUMPA
ROWENA R. DINOKOT
DISCLAIMER

The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide accessible
learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The contents of this module
are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set learning competencies. The writers
and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to information and illustrations used to substantiate this
material. All content is subject to copyright and may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written
consent from the division.
NegOr_Q1_GenPhysics1_SLKWeek7_v2
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 SYNOPSIS AND ABOUT THE AUTHORS
ANSWER KEY
His coordinate is now 1,0.
direction of where James is standing.
Ramon has to move 9 meters in the
meter from the origin. Therefore,
This self-learning kit contains interactive Ramon should be standing 1

approach in differentiating center of mass Final Answer:

and geometric center by means of illustration.

The module is just less than a week for Formula: 2.

discussing the difference between the two Final Answer:

concepts. This module also relates the motion

of center of mass of a system to the
1. Formula:
III. PROBLEM SOLVING:

momentum and net external force acting on

the system. There were also problem solving
that can enhance learners logical and
mathematical thinking skills. This module also
helps learners recognize the importance of
determining the center of mass among ILLUSTRATING: II.
objects in a system in performing day-to-day
activities. It is made simple and interactive to
10. CM
9. GC

help facilitate independent learning while

8. CM
7. GC

learners are at home.

6. CM

REFERENCES
5. CM
4. CM
3. GC
2. CM
1. CM
IDENTIFICATION: I.

Rowena R. Dinokot graduated Bachelor of Secondary

Education – Major in Biology at Jose Rizal Memorial State College,
Katipunan Campus, Katipunan, Zamboanga del Norte last 2008.
She also finished Master of Arts in Education major in Administration
and Supervision at Foundation University, Dumaguete City last 2018.
Presently, she is teaching at Demetrio L. Alviola National High School
(SHS Department) as Class Adviser of XII-STEM where she handled
Sciences and Research.

Ma. Michelrose G. Baldado, finished her Bachelor’s Degree in

Secondary Education at NORSU-Bais major in Biological Sciences
last 2016. She was studying her Master’s Degree in Education major
in General Science at Central Philippines State University at
Kabankalan, Negros Occidental. Currently she is a teacher 1 at
Jimalalud National High School of Jimalalud District in the Division of
Negros Oriental.
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