Topic 4

Transformers Analysis

Dr. Zulkarnain Ahmad Noorden

P06-210, 07-5535451

School of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Equivalent Circuit

IDEAL TRANSFORMER
 Ideal Transformer
• Winding resistances are zero, no leakage inductance and iron
loss
• Magnetization current generates a flux that induces voltage in
both windings
𝑁!∅" 𝜔 Im Fm
𝐸! =
2
𝑁#∅" 𝜔 V1 E1 N1 N2 E2 = V2
𝐸# =
2
= 4.44𝑁#∅" 𝑓

Current, voltages and flux in an unloaded ideal transformer

 Ideal Transformer

Im + I I2
1 Fm

V1 E1 F1 F2 E2 V2

Load

• Currents and fluxes in a loaded ideal transformer

 Ideal Transformer
• Turn ratio
– If the primary winding has N1 turns and
secondary winding has N2 turns, then:
N1 E1 I2
a= = =
N 2 E 2 I1
• The input and output complex powers are
equal
E1 I1* = S1 = S 2 = E 2 I *2
 Ideal Transformer
• Functional description of a transformer:
–a=1
• Isolation Transformer
–|a|<1
• Step-Up Transformer
• Voltage is increased from Primary side to secondary
side
–|a|>1
• Step-Down Transformer
• Voltage is decreased from Primary side to secondary
side
 Ideal Transformer
• Transformer Rating
– Practical transformers are usually rated
based on:
• Voltage Ratio (V1/V2) which gives us the
turns-ratio
• Power Rating, small transformers are
given in Watts (real power) and Larger
ones (Power Transformers) are given in
kVA (apparent power)
 Ideal Transformer
Example 1
• Determine the turns-ratio of a 5 kVA
2400V/120V Power Transformer
– Turns-Ratio = a = V1/V2 = 2400/120 = 20/1 = 20
– This means it is a Step-Down transformer
 Ideal Transformer
Example 2
• A 480/2400 V (r.m.s) step-up ideal
transformer delivers 50 kW to a resistive load.
Calculate:
– the turns ratio,
– the primary current,
– the secondary current.
0.2, 104.17A, 20.83 A
 Ideal Transformer
Exercise 3
• A 250kVA, 1100V/400V, 50Hz single-phase
transformer has 80 turns on the secondary.
Calculate:
– the approximate values of the primary and
secondary currents
– the approximate number of primary turns
– the maximum value of the flux
227 A, 625 A, 220, 22.5mWb
 Ideal Transformer
• Nameplate of a transformer
 Ideal Transformer
• Equivalent circuit of an ideal transformer

N1 E1 I 2
a= = =
N 2 E 2 I1
In-Class Activity 2:
As an in-charge person in an electrical plant, you are required to analyze
and design a transformer with specific application for your plant. It is a
single-phase transformer (ideal with unity power factor) with 15 kVA
power rating. You only have AC source of 40 A and you are required to
generate 10 A of AC current.

1)What are the expected primary and secondary voltages?

2)What type of transformer do you need to design?
3)Describe the characteristics of both primary and secondary windings
in terms of number of turns, wire size and etc.
4)If you decided 100 turns for secondary winding, approximate the
number of turns for primary winding.
5)If you need to generate 800 A and number of turns for primary winding
is 1125, explain the changes in your transformer’s design.
 Ideal Transformer
• Equivalent circuit of an ideal transformer
– Transferring impedances through a transformer
V1 a V2 V
Z1 = =
I1 æ I 2 ö
= a2 2
I2
Z1 = a 2 Z load
ç ÷
èaø

I1 I2
T

Vac V1 V2 Zload
 Ideal Transformer
• Equivalent circuit when I1
secondary impedance is
transferred to primary side Vac V1 a2Zload
and ideal transformer
eliminated.

• Equivalent circuit when I2

primary source is transferred
to secondary side and ideal V2
Vac/k Zload
transformer eliminated.
Equivalent Circuit

PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
Practical Transformer
 Equivalent Circuit
• In a practical magnetic core having finite
permeability, a magnetizing current Im is
required to establish a flux in the core.
– This effect can be represented by a magnetizing
inductance Lm.
• The core loss can be represented by a
resistance Rc.
 Equivalent Circuit

• Rc :core loss component

• Xm : magnetization component

N1 E1 I 2 I1 = I 0 + I1 '
= =
N 2 E 2 I1 '
 Equivalent Circuit
• Winding resistance and leakage flux

– The effects of winding resistance and leakage flux

are respectively accounted for by resistance R and
leakage reactance X (2πfL).
 Equivalent Circuit

• Rc :core loss component

• Xm : magnetization component
• R1 and R2 are resistance of the primary and secondary
winding
• X1 and X2 are reactance of the primary and secondary
winding
 Equivalent Circuit
• Phasor diagram of a loaded transformer
(secondary)
 Equivalent Circuit
• Phasor diagram of a loaded transformer
(primary)
APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT
 Approximate Equivalent
Circuit
• Since no load current is very small (3-5% of full load), the
parallel circuit of Rc and Xm can be moved close to the supply
without significant error in calculation.
– Calculations becomes easier
 Approximate Equivalent
Circuit
• Calculations will be much more easy if the primary and
secondary circuit are combined.
– Transfer the secondary circuit to the primary circuit

R2 ' = a R22
V2 ' = aV2
X 2 ' = a2 X 2 I1 ' = I 2 / a
 Approximate Equivalent
Circuit
• Phasor diagram of a loaded transformer
(primary)
 Approximate Equivalent
Circuit
• For convenience, the turns is usually not shown

qThe resistance and reactance can be lumped together

– We can also transfer the primary circuit to the secondary circuit

 Approximate Equivalent
Circuit
Example 4
• A 100kVA transformer has 400 turns on the primary and 80
turns on the secondary. The primary and secondary resistance are
0.3 ohm and 0.01 ohm respectively and the corresponding
leakage reactances are 1.1 ohm and 0.035 ohm respectively. The
supply voltage is 2200V. Calculate:
– the equivalent impedance referred to the primary
circuit
– the equivalent impedance referred to the
secondary circuit
Determination of equivalent circuit parameters

TRANSFORMER TEST
 Transformer Test
• The equivalent circuit model for the actual transformer can be
used to predict the behavior of the transformer.
• The parameters Rc, Xm, R1, X1, R2, X2 and N1/N2 must be
known so that the equivalent circuit model can be used.
• These parameters can be directly and more easily determined
by performing tests:
– No load test (or open circuit test)
– Short circuit test
 Transformer Test
• No load/Open circuit test
– Provides magnetizing reactance (Xm) and core loss
resistance (Rc)
– Obtain components are connected in parallel
• Short circuit test
– Provides combined leakage reactance and winding
resistance
– Obtain components are connected in series
 Transformer Test – Open Circuit
• Equivalent circuit for open circuit test, measurement at the primary side
P oc
X1 R1 X2 R2
A W
I oc
V X Rc
m
V oc

• Simplified equivalent circuit

Poc
A W
Ioc
V
Xm Rc
Voc
 Transformer Test – Open Circuit
• Open circuit test evaluation

#
𝑉"!
–. %&
𝑃"!
𝑅! = 𝜃$ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑃"! 𝑉"! 𝐼"!

#
𝑉"!
𝑄 = 𝑉"! 𝐼"! sin 𝜃$ 𝑋' =
𝑄
–.
 Transformer Test – Short Circuit
• Short circuit test
– Secondary (normally the LV winding) is shorted, that
means there is no voltage across secondary terminals; but a
large current flows in the secondary.
– Test is done at reduced voltage (about 5% of rated voltage,
with full-load current in the secondary.
• Hence the induced flux are also 5%. The core losses is negligible
since it is approximately proportional to the square of the flux.
• So, the ammeter reads the full-load current; the wattmeter reads the
winding losses, and the voltmeter reads the applied primary
voltage.
 Transformer Test – Short Circuit
• Equivalent circuit for short circuit test, measurement at the primary side
P sc R1 X1 R2 X2
A W

V I sc
V sc

• Simplified equivalent circuit

P sc
R1 X1 a2R2 a2X2
A W

V I sc
V sc
 Transformer Test – Short Circuit
• Simplified circuit for calculation of series impedance
P sc
Re1 X e1
A W

V I sc
V sc

• Primary and secondary impedances are combined

2
Re1 = R1 + a R2
2
X e1 = X 1 + a X 2
 Transformer Test – Short Circuit
• Short circuit test evaluation

– . 𝑃)! 𝑉)!
𝑅(& = # 𝑍(& =
𝐼)! 𝐼)!

– . # #
𝑋(& = 𝑍(& − 𝑅(&
 Transformer Test
• Equivalent circuit for a real transformer
resulting from the open and short circuit tests.

X e1 R e1

Xm Rc
 Transformer Test
Example 5
• Obtain the equivalent circuit of a 200/400V,
50Hz 1-phase transformer from the following
test data:-
– O/C test : 200V, 0.7A, 70W - on L.V. side(LV
data)
– S/C test : 15V, 10A, 85W - on H.V. side(HV
data)
(Rc = 571.4 Ω, Xm = 330 Ω, Re = 0.21 Ω, Xe = 0.31 Ω)
VOLTAGE REGULATION
 Voltage Regulation
• Most loads connected to the secondary of a transformer are
designed to operate at essentially constant voltage. However,
as the current is drawn through the transformer, the load
terminal voltage changes because of voltage drop in the
internal impedance.
• To reduce the magnitude of the voltage change, the
transformer should be designed for a low value of the internal
impedance Zeq
• The voltage regulation is defined as the change in magnitude
of the secondary voltage as the load current changes from the
no-load to the loaded condition.
 Voltage Regulation
• The voltage regulation is expressed as follows:

𝑉!"# − 𝑉!$#
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (%) = ×100%
𝑉!$#

– V2NL= secondary voltage (no-load condition)

– V2FL = secondary voltage (full-load condition)
 Voltage Regulation
• For the equivalent circuit referred to the
primary:
𝑉% − 𝑉′!
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (%) = ×100%
𝑉′!

– V1 = no-load voltage
– V2’ = secondary voltage referred to the primary (full-load condition)
 Voltage Regulation
• Consider the equivalent circuit referred to the
secondary,
I2' R1' X1' X2 R2 I2

V2NL V2 Z2

I 2 Re 2 cosθ 2 ± I 2 X e 2 sin θ 2
Voltage regulation =
V2 NL
– (-) : leading power factor
– (+) : lagging power factor
 Voltage Regulation
• Consider the equivalent circuit referred to the
primary,
I1 R1 X1 X2' R2' I1'

V1 V2' Z’2

I1 Re1 cos q 2 ± I1 X e1 sin q 2

Voltageregulation =
V1
– (-) : leading power factor
– (+) : lagging power factor
Example 1:

The equivalent circuit of a single-phase transformer 10 kVA, 2200/220

V, 60 Hz is shown below. Determine the voltage regulation in percent
for the following load conditions. Assume the load voltage is at the rated
value and the exciting current is negligible.
a) 75% full load, 0.6 power factor lagging.
b) 75% full load, 0.6 power factor leading.
a) 75% full load, 0.6 power factor lagging.
b) 75% full load, 0.6 power factor leading.
Losses in transformer

EFFICIENCY
 Efficiency
• Losses in a transformer
– Copper losses in primary and secondary windings
– Core losses due to hysteresis and eddy current. It
depends on maximum value of flux density, supply
frequency and core dimension. It is assumed to be
constant for all loads
 Efficiency
• Equipment is desired to operate at a high efficiency.
• Efficiency is defined as

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑃&'( )

𝜂=
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑃)* )

• Since it is a static device, losses in transformers are small

• The losses in the transformer are the core loss (Pc) and copper
loss (Pcu)
𝑃&'( 𝑃&'(
𝜂= =
𝑃&'( + 𝑃+&,, 𝑃&'( + 𝑃- + 𝑃-'
 Efficiency
• The copper loss can be determined if the winding currents and
their resistances are known:
Pcu = I12 R1 + I 22 R2
= I12 Req1
= I 22 Req 2

– The copper loss is a function of the load current.

• The core loss depends on the peak flux density in the core,
which in turn depends on the voltage applied to the
transformer
– Since a transformer remains connected to an essentially constant
voltage, the core loss is almost constant
 Efficiency
• If the parameters of the equivalent circuit of a
transformer are known, the efficiency of the
transformer under any operating condition may be
determined
• . 𝑃&'( = 𝑉! 𝐼! 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃!
𝑉! 𝐼! 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃!
𝜂=
𝑉! 𝐼! 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃! + 𝑃- + 𝐼!! 𝑅./!
– Normally, load voltage remains fixed
– Therefore efficiency depends on load current and load
power factor
 Efficiency
• Efficiency on full load
𝑆$% 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜂=
𝑆$% 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑃&' + 𝑃('
– where S is the apparent power (in volt amperes)

• Efficiency for any load equal to n x full load

𝑆$% 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜂=
𝑆$% 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑃&' + 𝑛#𝑃('
– where corresponding total loss = Poc + n 2 ´ Psc
 Efficiency
Example 1
•The following results were obtained on a 50 kVA transformer:
– open circuit test – primary voltage, 3300 V; secondary voltage, 400 V;
primary power, 430W.
– Short circuit test – primary voltage, 124V;primary current, 15.3 A;
primary power, 525W; secondary current, full load value.
•Calculate the efficiency at full load and half load for 0.7 power
factor.
(97.3%, 96.9%)
 Efficiency
Example 2
•The primary and secondary windings of a 500kVA transformer
have resistance of 0.42 ohm and 0.0019 ohm respectively. The
primary and secondary voltages are 11000V and 400V
respectively and the core loss is 2.9kW, assuming the power
factor of the load to be 0.8. Calculate the efficiency on
– Full load
– Half load
(98.3%, 98.1%)