Experiment No.

2
Experiment Name: Experimental Study of controlled Half and Full Wave Rectifier.
2.1 Objectives: The main objectives of the experiment are:
I. To design the timer circuit for SCR.
II. To interface microcontroller for generating, taking feedback from zero crossing circuit
detector.
III. Design of zero crossing circuit device.
IV. To record the output voltage waveform for different firing angle.
V. Calculation of performance parameter.
2.2 Theory:
A controlled rectifier is a type of AC to DC converter that provides adjustable DC output voltage
from the given AC input supply. A controlled rectifier usually consists of an input filter capacitor,
power electronics switches such as MOSFET/IGBT/BJT, inductor, diode, a high-frequency
transformer (in an isolated configuration only, for isolation), and control circuits to provide
regulated DC output. These rectifiers are ideal for applications such as medical instrumentation,
commercial and industrial electronic equipment, electric power, and smart homes.
Controlled Half Wave Rectifier:
Controlled rectifiers, or converters, as they are generally called, are broadly classified into full-
controlled and half-controlled types. The full controlled or two quadrant type uses SCRs as the
rectifying devices. The DC current is unidirectional, but the DC voltage may have either polarity.
With one polarity, the flow of power is from the AC source to the DC load this is called rectification.
With reversal of the DC voltage by the load, the flow of power is from the DC source to the AC
supply; this process is called inversion. In this article we will discuss halfwave controlled rectifiers.
The equation of average voltage of load voltage of controlled half wave rectifier:
𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = [1 + cos 𝛼]
2𝜋

Figure 2.1: Controlled half wave rectifier.

Controlled Full Wave Rectifier:
Controlled rectifiers, or converters, as they are generally called, are broadly classified into full-
controlled and half-controlled types. The full-controlled or two quadrant type uses SCRs as the
rectifying devices. The DC current is unidirectional, but the DC voltage may have either polarity.
With one polarity, the flow of power is from the AC source to the DC load this is called rectification.
With a reversal of the DC voltage by the load, the flow of power is from the DC source to the AC

1|Page
supply; this process is called inversion. The equation of average voltage of load voltage of controlled
full wave rectifier:
𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = [1 + cos 𝛼]
𝜋

Figure 2.2: Controlled full wave center tap rectifier.

SCR: A silicon controlled rectifier or semiconductor controlled rectifier is a four-layer solid-state
current-controlling device. The name "silicon controlled rectifier" is General Electric's trade name
for a type of thyristor. The principle of four-layer p–n–p–n switching was developed by Moll,
Tanenbaum, Goldey, and Holon yak of Bell Laboratories in 1956.

Figure2.3: SCR-TYN612 Figure 2.4: SCR Circuit Symbol

PC 817: PC817 IC is an optocoupler that includes a phototransistor and an IR diode. In various
circuits, filters play a key role to remove the noise. When the circuit including resistor and capacitor
always eliminates the noise from the incoming signal however the resistor & value capacitor
frequently depends on the inward signal. This circuit is simply appropriate wherever the incoming
signal includes some data however when we need to transmit the signal from one element of the
circuit to the other element although the signal includes noise, so we have to utilize the blend of IR
Tx & Rx.

Figure 2.5: PC817 Optocoupler

2|Page
MOC 3021: The MOC3021 comes in an internal light-emitting diode and a TRIAC based light
activating based transistor. This optocoupler provides protection from HIGH resistive and inductive
loads. It has the ability to flow the current up to 1A.

Figure 2.6: MOC 3021 Optocoupler

2.3 Required Apparatus:
1. Transformer(12V,4V)
2. Resistors (330Ω,220Ω,1kΩ)
3. MOC 3021(2pcs)
4. SCR-TYN612 (2pcs)
5. Diodes.
6. DC power supply.
7. Arduino uno.
8. Oscilloscope.
9. Connecting wires.
2.4 Circuit Diagram:
Zero Crossing Circuit:

Figure 2.7: Zero crossing Detector

3|Page
Half Wave:

Figure 2.8: Half Wave Phase Control Rectifier.

Full Wave:

Figure 2.9: Full Wave Phase Control Rectifier

4|Page
2.5 Output Waveform at Different Firing Angle:
Zero Crossing:

Fig2.10: Output Waveform of Zero Cross Detector.

Half Wave:

Fig 2.11: Output Waveform of HWR with R Load (Firing Angle, α = 45)

Fig 2.12: Output Waveform of HWR with R Load (Firing Angle, α = 55)
5|Page
 Fig 2.13: Output Waveform of HWR with R Load (Firing Angle, α = 65)

Fig 2.14: Output Waveform of HWR with R Load (Firing Angle, α = 75)

Fig 2.15: Output Waveform of HWR with R Load (Firing Angle, α = 90)

6|Page
 Fig 2.16: Output Waveform of HWR with R Load (Firing Angle, α = 100)

Fig2.17: Output Waveform of HWR with R Load (Firing Angle, α = 110)

Fig 2.18: Output Waveform of HWR with R Load (Firing Angle, α = 120)

7|Page
 Fig 2.19: Output Waveform of HWR with R Load (Firing Angle, α = 130)

Fig 2.20: Output Waveform of HWR with R Load (Firing Angle, α = 150)
Full Wave:

Fig 2.21: Output Waveform of FWR with R Load (Firing Angle, α = 45)

8|Page
 Fig 2.22: Output Waveform of FWR with R Load (Firing Angle, α = 75)
2.6 Microcontroller Code:
Half Wave:
int angle, deg1;
void setup() {
pinMode(5, OUTPUT);
attachInterrupt(1, test2, FALLING);
//attachInterrupt(0, test, RISING);
}

void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:

}
void test2(){
deg1=90;
angle = (10000/180) *deg1;
delayMicroseconds(angle);
digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
delay(10);
digitalWrite(5, LOW);
}

Full Wave:
int angle, a, b, angle2, deg1, deg2;
void setup() {
pinMode(5, OUTPUT);
pinMode(6, OUTPUT);
attachInterrupt(1, test2, FALLING);
attachInterrupt(0, test, RISING);
}

void loop() {

9|Page
 // put your main code here, to run repeatedly:

}
void test2(){
deg1=75;
angle = (20000/180) *deg1;
delayMicroseconds(angle);
digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
delay(10);
digitalWrite(5, LOW);
}
void test(){
deg2=75;
angle2 = (20000/180) *deg2;
delayMicroseconds(angle2);
digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
delay(10);
digitalWrite(6, LOW);
}

2.7 Discussion & Conclusion:

The experimental study of full wave and half wave controlled rectifiers highlighted the efficient
handling of high voltages and currents by Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs). SCR phase angle
control allows precise power regulation but can introduce issues like increased harmonic distortion
and radio-frequency interference, making it less suitable for sensitive electronic equipment. SCRs
excel in minimizing voltage drops during conduction, making them ideal for swift-responding loads
like lamps and inductive devices, showcasing their potential in power control and regulation.

References
[1] https://www.everythingpe.com/community/what-is-a-controlled-rectifier
[2] https://www.daenotes.com/electronics/industrial-electronics/half-wave-controlled-rectifiers
[3] https://www.daenotes.com/electronics/industrial-electronics/full-wave-controlled-center-
taprectifiers#:~:text=Controlled%20rectifiers%2C%20or%20converters%2C%20as,voltage%20m
ay%20have%20either%20polarity.
[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_controlled_rectifier
[5] https://microcontrollerslab.com/moc3021-pinout-examples-datasheet-working-applications/

10 | P a g e