11

Pre-Calculus
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Parabola
Precalculus – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Parabola
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Jonathan D. Membreve
Editors: Divina B. Migriño
Reviewers: Dr. Rosene Olaivar and Divina B. Migriño
Illustrator: Name
Layout Artist: Name
Management Team: Dr. Salustiano T. Jimenez, Ed.D, Regional Director
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Department of Education – DepEd RO7 - Division of Tagbilaran City

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 Senior High School

Precalculus
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Parabola
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Pre-Calculus Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Parabola.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the
teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore,
this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the
module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Precalculus Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Parabola !

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn,
create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies
that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the
relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic
success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and
time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource
while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to This will give you an idea of the skills or

Know competencies you are expected to learn
in the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims

to check what you already know about
the lesson to take. If you get all the
answers correct (100%), you may decide
to skip this module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you

link the current lesson with the previous
one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such
as a story, a song, a poem, a problem
opener, an activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion

of the lesson. This aims to help you
discover and understand new concepts
and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding
and skills of the topic. You may check
the answers to the exercises using the
Answer Key at the end of the module.

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 What I Have This includes questions or blank
Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the
lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which

will help you transfer your new
knowledge or skill into real life
situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate

your level of mastery in achieving the
learning competency.
Additional In this portion, another activity will be
Activities given to you to enrich your knowledge or
skill of the lesson learned. This also
tends retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in

the module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone.

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 We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful
learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it!

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and created for you. It is here to further develop
your understanding about the concepts of standard form of the equation of
a parabola. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different
learning situations. Students with diverse vocabulary level can use this
module. Lessons are arranged in accordance to the standard order of the
course. However, the sequence on reading them can be changed
corresponding with the textbook you are using.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 – Parabola Vertex at the Origin
 Lesson 2 – Parabola Vertex at (h, k)

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Determine and formulate standard form of a parabola from a given

general form;
2. Determine and formulate general form of a parabola from a given
standard form; and
3. Graph and identify the parts of a given equation;
4. Realize the significant value of a parabola into real-life
situation.

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 What I Know

Pre-Test

Direction: Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.

1. Where is the opening of the parabola ?

A. upward C. to the right

B. downward D. to the left

2. Which of the following illustrates a parabola?

A. C.

B. – D.

3. The fixed line of the parabola is called __________.

A. axis of symmetry C. latus rectum

B. directrix D. vertex

4. Which of the graphs illustrate ?

A. C.

B. D.

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5. What is the equation of the directrix if a parabola has a vertical
axis of symmetry with vertex at (1, 4) and focus at (1, 2).

A. y = 4 C. y = 8

B. y = 6 D. y = -8
6. What is standard equation of the parabola with vertex (1,-9) and focus
(-3,-9)?

A. ) C.

B. D.

7. The coordinates of the vertex of the parabola that is represented by the

equation
A. (0, 12) C. (0, −12)
B. (12, 0) D. (−12, 0)

8. The coordinates of the vertex of the parabola that is represented by the

equation
A. (2,−5) C. (−2, 5)
B. (−2,−5) D. (2,−5)

Lesson
Parabola Vertex at the Origin
1

When a ball is thrown into the air at an angle, the ball follows the path
which is generally described in mathematics as a parabola. The same shape
is formed by dolphins when they jump off the surface of the water.

Parabola is another type of conic section. We have already seen parabolas

which open upward or downward, as graphs of quadratic functions. Here,
we will discuss also parabolas opening to the left or right. Applications of
parabolas are presented at the end.

What’s In

You studied quadratic functions of the form in junior high

school and found out that by completing the square, you can rewrite the
equation in the vertex form

For example, the equation is the same as .

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(Note: We will discuss later how the second equation is obtained from the
given equation. For this purpose, to check whether the two equations are
equal, expand the second equation and simplify, then compare to the former
equation)

Notes to the Teacher

How did you find the few concepts presented? The concept on parabola might
look easy and perceived as same with our everyday encounters but in
mathematics it is in a deeper sense. To fully understand the topics, the students
are asked to comprehend first the notes and terms in the topic.

What’s New

A parabola is the set of all points P (x, y) in the plane whose distances from
the fixed point F called the focus, and the fixed line D called the directrix
are equal.

LR

Figure 2.1

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The line that passes through the focus and is perpendicular to the directrix
is called axis of symmetry. The axis of symmetry intersects the parabola at
a point called the vertex. The segment on the parabola passes through the
focus and perpendicular to the axis of symmetry is called latus rectum.

Note to the learners:

a. The parabola is U-shape like.
b. The vertex V is the midpoint between the focus F and the directrix D.
c. |c| is the focal distance from the vertex to the focus.
d. A parabola can have a vertical or horizontal axis of symmetry.
e. The length of the latus rectum is |4c|.

What is It

EQUATION OF THE PARABOLA VERTEX AT THE ORIGIN

Let us consider the parabola below.

Figure 2.2

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From the definition of the parabola, we have
PF = PA
We now use the distance formula

√ √
Square both sides of the equation and simplify.

This is the standard equation of the parabola vertex at the origin.

 if c > 0, the parabola opens upward (concave up).

Focus : (0, c)
Directrix :
Axis of symmetry: y-axis or x = 0

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 If c < 0, the parabola opens downward (concave down).

Focus : (0, -c)

Directrix :
Axis of symmetry: y-axis or x = 0

Example 2.1.1
Determine the vertex, focus, directrix and axis of symmetry of
the parabola, . Sketch its graph.

Solution:
The parabola opens upward and has its vertex at (0, 0) and axis
of symmetry is y-axis. The length of the latus rectum is 8, thus
and So, focus (0, 2) and directrix: y = -2.

Graph:
To sketch the graph, locate the vertex, focus and its directrix.
The parabola passes through the endpoints of the latus rectum. Since
the length of LR is 8 units, from the focus (0, 2) it is 4 units to the
right and 4 units to the left. Thus, its endpoints are (-4, 2) and (4, 2).

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Practice 2.1.1
Determine the opening of the parabola, vertex, focus, directrix,
and axis of symmetry of the parabola, . Sketch its graph.

Answer:
Opening of the Parabola: ______________ Vertex: ____________
Axis of symmetry: _____________________ Focus: _____________
Length of LR: ____________, c = _____ Directrix: __________

Graph:

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The standard equations of the parabola vertex at the origin that opens to
the left and right are:

Opening: Right
Vertex: (0, 0)
Focus : (c, 0)
Directrix: x = -c
Axis of Symmetry: y = 0 or
x-axis

Opening: Left
Vertex: (0, 0)
Focus : (-c, 0)
Directrix: x = c
Axis of Symmetry: y = 0 or
x-axis

Example 2.1.2
Determine the vertex, focus, directrix and axis of symmetry of the
parabola, . Sketch its graph.

Solution:
The parabola opens to the right with x-axis as the axis of symmetry,
LR = 8, thus c = 2. Vertex (0, 0), focus (2, 0) and directrix x = -2.

Graph:

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 The parabola passes through the endpoints of the latus rectum, (2, 4)
and (2, -4).

Practice 2.1.2
Determine the opening of the parabola, vertex, focus, directrix,
and axis of symmetry of the parabola, . Sketch its graph and
indicates all its properties including the endpoints of the latus rectum.

Answer:
Opening of the Parabola: ______________ Vertex: ____________
Axis of symmetry: _____________________ Focus: _____________
Length of LR: ____________, c = _____ Directrix: __________

Graph:

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 Example 2.1.3
Find the equation of the
parabola in the figure at the
right.
Solution:
From the figure, the parabola
opens downward. So we will
used , and we deduce
also that . Substitute c to
the equation, it becomes
( ) . Thus, the equation is
.

What’s More

Activity 2.1.1
A. Complete Me. Complete the table below by supplying the different
properties with the given equation of the parabola vertex at the origin.
Sketch its graph in your Mathematics notebook. (Number 1 is done for you.)
Equation Opening of Focus Directrix Axis of Length
the Parabola symmetry of LR
1. Right x-axis or y =0 10
2.
3.
4.
5.

B. Who Am I? Find my equation whose vertex is at the origin with the given
conditions.

1. Focus (5, 0)
2. Directrix: y = 4
3. Endpoints of the latus rectum are (-4, 2) and (4, 2)

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 What I Have Learned

A. Supply the missing word or words to complete the sentence. Write your answers
in your Precalculus notebook.

1. A parabola is the set of all points P (x, y) in the plane whose distances
from the fixed point F called the ________, and the fixed line D called
the ____________ are equal.
2. The line that passes through the focus and is perpendicular to the
directrix is called _____________________.
3. The axis of symmetry intersects the parabola at a point called the
___________.
4. The segment on the parabola that passes through the focus and
perpendicular to the axis of symmetry is called _____________.
5. The focal distance is ________.
6. The length of the latus rectum is ________.

B. Complete the table below to summarize the different equations of the parabola
vertex at the origin and its properties.

Opening of the Equation of the Focus Directrix Axis of

Parabola Parabola Symmetry
Upward y = -c
x = 0 or y-axis
x = -c
Left (-c, 0)

What I Can Do

Application

A satellite dish has a shape called a paraboloid, where each cross-section is a

parabola. Since radio signals (parallel to the axis) will bounce off the surface of
the dish to the focus, the receiver should be placed at the focus. How far should
the receiver be from the vertex, if the dish is 12 ft across, and 4.5 ft deep at the
vertex?

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Solution. The second figure above shows a cross-section of the satellite dish
drawn on a rectangular coordinate system, with the vertex at the origin. From
the problem, we deduce that (6, 4.5) is a point on the parabola. We need the
distance of the focus from the vertex, i.e., the value of c in

Thus, the receiver should be 2 ft. away from the vertex.

Practice 2.2.3
A satellite dish shaped like a paraboloid has its receiver located at the
focus. How far is the receiver from the vertex if the dish is 10 ft across and 3 ft
deep at the center?

Solution:

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 Assessment

Assessment 2.1
A. Determine the coordinates of the vertex, axis of symmetry, focus, directrix,
length of latus rectum and endpoints of the latus rectum of the parabola with
the given equation. Sketch the graph. (8 points)
1.
2.

B. Find my equation whose vertex is at the origin with the given conditions.
(4points)

1. Focus (0, -6)

2. Directrix: x = -3.5
C. Solve the problem below. (3 points)
A flashlight shaped like a paraboloid has its light source at the focus located
1.5 cm from the base and is 10 cm wide at its opening. How deep is the flashlight
at its center?

Lesson
Parabola Vertex at Any Point (h,k)
2

What’s In

The equations of the parabola we have considered so far are parabolas have their
vertices at the origin. In general, some parabolas have vertices not at the origin.
Their standard equations and properties are given in the box below. The
corresponding computations are more involved, but are similar to the one above,
and so are not shown anymore.

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 What’s New

In all four cases below, we assume that c > 0. The vertex is V (h, k), and it lies
between the focus F and the directrix D. The focus F is c units away from the
vertex V, and the directrix is c units away from the vertex. Recall that, for any
point P(x,y) on the parabola, its distance from the focus is the same as its distance
from the directrix.

Figure 2.3

What is It

Standard Form Equations of Parabola Vertex at (h, k) and Its Properties.

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 Standard Form Properties Graph

1. Opening:
Upward
Vertex: (h, k)
Focus: (h, k + c)
D: y = k – c
AS: x = h

Opening:
2. Downward
Vertex: (h, k)
Focus: (h, k - c)
D: y = k + c
AS: x = h

Opening:
3. Right
Vertex: (h, k)
Focus: (h + c, k)
D: x = h – c
AS: y = k

Opening:
4. Left
Vertex: (h, k)
Focus: (h - c, k)
D: x = h+ c
AS: y = k

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Example 2.2.1
Determine the vertex, focus, directrix, and axis of symmetry of the
parabola, . Sketch the parabola, and include these points
and lines.

Solution:
The parabola opens to the right and has its vertex at (-3, 2). The
length of the latus rectum is 8, thus and
Focus: (h + c, k) = (-1, 2)
Directrix: x = h – c → x = -5
Axis of Symmetry: y = k → y = 2
Graph:
To sketch its graph, in the Cartesian coordinates locate the vertex,
focus and its directrix. Since, the parabola passes through the endpoints of
the latus rectum, and the length of LR is 8 units, from the focus (-1, 2) it is
4 units to the upward and 4 units to the downward. Thus, the endpoints of
LR are (-1, 6) and (-1, -2).

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 Example 2.2.2
Find the standard equation of the parabola with vertex at (4, -2) and
and focus at (4, 1).

Solution:
With the given vertex and focus, we can deduce that the parabola
opens upward. So, we will used the equation
From the given, we have h = 4 and k = -2, and c is the distance from the
vertex to focus which is c = 3. (Note: This is vertical distance, so count the
number of units from -2 of point (4, -2) to 1 of point (4, 1)).
Substitute to the equation, it becomes,

So, the standard equation is

Practice 2.2.1
In the given equation of the parabola , determine
the following and sketch its graph.

a) Opening: ____________
b) Vertex: ____________
c) LR: _____, c = ______
d) Focus: _____________
e) Directrix: _________
f. Axis of Symmetry: ______
g. Graph

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 What’s More

General Form Equation of the Parabola

The standard equation from the preceding example can be
rewritten as , an equation of the parabola in general
form.

If the equation is given in the general form (A and C

are nonzero) or (B and C are nonzero), we can
determine the standard form by completing the square in both variables.

Example 2.2.3
Determine the vertex, focus, directrix, and axis of symmetry of the
parabola with the given equation, . Sketch its graph.

Solution:
Rewrite the given equation to standard form using by completing the
square.
→ Transpose -12y and -8 (APE)
→ By completing the square
→ Factoring (Perfect Square Trinomial)
→ Factor out 12
So, its equivalent standard form is which concave
upward. Its vertex is (4, -2) , focus , D: y = -5 and AS:
. Graph:

For more examples, visit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SnlP2qvofpg

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Practice 2.2.2

Rewrite the equation of the parabola to its standard

form and determine its concavity, vertex, focus, directrix and axis of symmetry.
Solution:

What I Have Learned

A. Answer the questions below. Use your own words based on your understanding
about the topic.

1. When does the parabola concave upward? downward? right? and left?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. In your own words, how to rewrite the general form equation of the
parabola into its standard form? Enumerate the steps.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

B. Complete the table below to summarize the different equations of the parabola
vertex at (h,k) and its properties.

Standard Form Opening Vertex Focus Directrix Axis of

Symmetry

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 What I Can Do

Application

The cable of a suspension bridge hangs in the shape of a parabola. The towers
supporting the cable are 400 ft apart and 150 ft high. If the cable, at its lowest,
is 30 ft above the bridge at its midpoint, how high is the cable 50 ft away
(horizontally) from either tower?

(150, y)

50

Answer the problem following guide questions below:

a. The standard equation that described the parabola above with center at
(0, 30) is _______________________________.
b. The equation has still variable c. To solve for c, substitute point (200,
150) to (x, y) in the equation. So, the value of c is ________________.
c. With the vertex (0, 30) and the value of c obtained, what is the
standard equation of the parabola (cable) in the problem? ___________.
d. The height of the cable 50 ft away from the tower is represented by y.
So, the point in the parabola is (150, y). Solve for y by substituting 150
to x in the equation in (c). So, what is the value of y? _____________.
e. What is the answer of the problem? ________________________________.

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 Assessment

Assessment 2.2
Part I. Multiple Choices. Write the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.
[2 points each]
___ 1. The fixed point of the parabola is called __________.
A. directrix B. axis of symmetry C. vertex D. focus
___ 2. Find the equation of the parabola with vertex at the origin and focus at
(2, 0). A. C.
B. D.
___ 3. Find the standard form of the equation of the parabola with the given
focus at (0, ¼) and vertex at (0, 0).
A. C.
B. D.
___ 4. What is the focus of the parabola y2 = -14x?
A. (7/2, 0) B. (-7/2, 0) C. (0, 7/2) D. (0, -7/2)
___ 5. Where is the opening of the parabola x = -4y2?
A. upward B. downward C. to the right D. to the left
___6. What is the equation of the directrix if a parabola has a vertical axis of
symmetry with vertex at (1, 4) and focus at (1, 2)?
A. 4 B. C. D.
___7. The graph of parabola with equation is
A. C.

B. D.

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___ 8. What is the vertex of the parabola defined by ?
A. (2, 3) B. (3, 2) C. (-3, -2) D. (-2, -3)
___ 9. Find the equation of the parabola with vertex at (-1, 3) and focus at (2, 3).
A. (y – 1)2 = -12(x + 3) C. (x + 1)2 = -12(y – 3)
B. (y – 3)2 = 12(x + 1) D. (x – 3)2 = 12(y – 1)
___10. Find the standard form of the equation of the parabola having
?
A. C.
B. ) D.
___11. The coordinates of the vertex of the parabola that is represented by the
equation
A. (0, 6) C. (0, −6)
B. (6, 0) D. (−6, 0)
___ 12. A satellite dish shaped like a paraboloid, has a diameter 2.4 ft and
depth 0.9 ft. If the receiver is placed at the focus, how far should the receiver be
from the vertex?
A. 1.2 ft B. 0.8 ft C. 0.4 ft D. 2.4 ft

Part II. Solve and show solutions.

1. A. Determine the coordinates of the vertex, focus, directrix and axis of
symmetry and endpoints of the latus rectum of the parabola
. Sketch its graph. [8 points]
2. Find the standard equation of the parabola with focus at focus (6, 3) and
directrix . [ 3points]

Additional Activities

Apply It. (Write your solutions in your Precalculus Notebook.)

You are an applicant for the personnel position of the crime investigation division
in your provincial police office. As part of the assessment of your application, you
are given the following problem. Performing computations involving projectile
motions in investigation crimes, especially those that involve gun firing.

A bullet is fired from a gun and made a possible motion. The trace of the path of
the bullet is mathematically expressed as , where d is the distance in
meters of the bullet from the ground after t seconds.

a. What is the distance of the bullet from the ground after 2 seconds?
b. At what time will the bullet reach a height of 128 meters above the ground?
c. What maximum distance from the ground does the bullet reach?
d. After how many seconds does the bullet reach its highest point?
e. At what time will the bullet hit the ground?

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 Answer Key

Lesson 1

Answer key for assessment will be posted at the Group Chat and Google Classroom.

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Lesson 2

Answer key for assessment and addi ti onal acti vi ti es wi l l be posted at the
Messenger Gr oup Chat and Googl e Cl assr oom.

Page 31 of 32
References

1. Precalculus Learners Material (2016). Department of Education –

Bureau of Learning Resource

2. Albay, E. (2016). DIWA Senior High School Series: Precalculus.

Makati City, Philippines : Diwa Learning Systems Inc.

3. Pelias, J.G (2016). Precalculus. Manila, Philippines : Rex Book

Store.
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SnlP2qvofpg

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