CBMS

) whot is dEH9

anroduce d
duving 160's.
O s e d tor controlling databases either in the havd

di sk in a PC or on netnooik.

DOesn't consid er velationçhip blo tablcs.

tlas seveial componenls lie
EYeY nal in eytace Vser inereare Jolw mana9em ent

Component and bBHS

DB Lanquage Cnqine
Ouery ortimizer- optimites query lanqua9e and ideniy th»
ber plan for exe tutin9 Ihe query fo (etch the lesult
as fast as t could.

DB Enqine -CTeal or maNi pultatt data.

DBHS HanaqemenE tonpOn ent uged (or ba
-

Ckups,
Peyfor mance monitOYIqSecuig Manag eM eAl .
ode
1Pes ef DBNS'-

Navigational
RDBMS
00DBHS
DRDBHS Oh ject Rela ional
> i e vaYchiol - One to one R-Tree u c k u e

Netwoik DBH Hany to Many R raPh styucture

dhat is RDBH S
Hanagement Sys em
- Retational batagase
10tToduces duing i70'C.

relat1Onal
model Inscad ot Navigational
70TOduced
table.
relationghp
bo
HaI

Re
and in det e
Uiprinoy
keyt , toteah
 lational mpd el uçeg dabobte
he e
techniques lo avoid edundao in the table s
.
subs
FDENC fDB C.
DBHS

DBHG RDBtS.
Din 1160S .in 1970'
Follooe d Navigalional DER.Relationships bl o tables u sinq
toY sioage keys, in der ot.
Dqta teichinq is slotoer cor aser because O iB Telatio nal
compler and latqe v amount o{|mod el.
data

Used (or comple x an d large

Used (or applications using
mall data, amount Of daa
amuunt e
Data redundanu is (OMMOO kep & ind eles are us ed io
the abtes to a void Yedundancy
X dBase,tric1OCOft Acen EX SOL selver, Oracle, Hs,
ibie OtCice Ba se, EOXPro HariaDB, SOLie.

Relationat Data Bace s"

 L There are y ypes o sot sub-languaq

DDL Data De tinition Language D

DML- data Hanipulation Language
DCL Dato tontrol Languae
TCL-TYansacion ControlLanguaJe
SL Command s list-
commandlist
Language
CRCATE
DDL
DROP
ALTER
RENAH1t
TRUNCATE
4)

DML SELECT

NSERT
DELETE

UPDAT

DCL GRAN
REVOICe

TCL START TRANSACTION

cORMIT
ROLLBACK

h a t is DDL in sol2

DDL allows yOu to create s L sta temen omaKe

opevations Oih dat abate data stuuttuies (cchemas lobles)o

t CReAIE CRCAE Statement is us ed to creat a

database tablenae ,
or slored piOteduse
neo
dotabas e

Ex-
C r e a l

CREAT
pA1BAE erplainjava
erplainja ya
CRCATE TAAt user
Creak tabte
d iNT6) PRIn ARY KEY UTO INCREHCN1
name vARCHHAR(25C) Nor nuLL
2) DEUP- DROP etatemeqt atloos qou tD remo v database
1able, indek o Stoved PIOtedurYe

EX' DRDr databaçe-

DRUP DATABASf explainja va
OROP able DROP TABLE USeV,

data structures
3) ALTER It iS Used to modity existing database
Cdatahate, table)
C: AlRr table

AtER 1A BlE user AdD coLUHN lasname VARCHHAR2Es)

NOT NULL;

4) RE NAME-1t is used rename sol table.

Renam e table RE NAMe tA BIE user To stud ent

S) TRUNCATe Jt is used to deleke all table ecords.

L0gicatly its the same at

DELE 1 ConuMan d.
piet blw DELETe and 1RUNCAT¬ Commatd s are :
TRUvCATe is veally taster.

TRUNCAtE cannot be yolled bate.

TRUCAT (Mnand does not tOVoKe ON DELETe }vi9e
X TRUNCATE student;

vwhat is DML in
s0L?
t is used 4o build SOL queries to manipula e (setetc
nset, dclett, updae et-c) data in databae,

SELECT- SEUCT queIy is used to vetriev e a data Crom

SOL table s.

SSELECT *
ERO Stud enti
rows Ho the
INSe RT This commgnd is uSed to add neJ

database table.

INSCRT TO student (name, lastname) VALUES'DIn yto,'shair

 UPDAe UPDAie stalement moditi es 1eLord s into e ah
EXUPDA1E Stud ent seT Name Dima oHeRC

laStna me -'ghaik'
4DELE te- dELETE query iemove s enries vo ta ble

E DELE1E FROH Student OERG 'name "biMa

ohat ie DCLis
SQL
Tts Command ale esponctble
r fo attesi YesttitioN
incide ef the databa te.
) GRANT-GRA Command qwes permlesiogs to SL
user actount.

tor ex, anE to qraqt all privileges to explainjaya

databa se for usev dmy o@locat hos
create a uce-
CREAIE UsER dmy tyo' @' local host DE NTFlED by 122

all ptivileges uçing cKANT COnmand

Yanhng
GRANI AU PEVILEGE S ON erplainj ava i0 dmytro @localkot

e have to save chanqes using FLUSH Co Muand.

ELUSH PRIVILEGES

2 REVOKe this statement is used to remove piVile ge

fYOm user aCoun.

ex RevOKE AL PRIVILEGES ON xplainj ova. RO

dmytto@tocalhoet
Save chang e i

FLUSH PRIVILE GE ,
what is tcL
ransattiors in c l dotal,ay
Its command are uc ed to manage

S1ART 1RANCACTION BE GIN, Bt GI ORE)

)
ed S0L +YansaA 1or.
START TRANS RCT 1ON is used to stoit a

ex START TRANSACT 1DN

data and at
ith
d0ing Maniputa tion t
a
u r
AClcr that,
-the end,you t need to comMit HanSactio

and sores
COMHIT Commit Command einishes tvanca ion
all changes made inside o a ttansa Ctio n

EXST
STARI RANSACTION
INSERT INTO Student (name, tastname) VAwe s(Ayema , shaik
COMHIT,
) ROLTBACK- Tt veverk att changes made in the gcope

etronsaction
¬X START TRANSCTION:
IUsERT INTU student (name,lasthome) VALUES(alelo,shaik
ROLLBA CK
 tJRich conbe casil
hormalitationynende
zatiomsalable
tqoue
dvgh
NOrmali
t isa technique of orqganiaing he data into
multiple velated tabl es, to minimiz o Data Redunda nc

Repei Hon data.

Data Redundancy
t incieajes the site ot databaje.
o h e iswey
anamdli e,
IDsertion, deletion and updation

C4) sth NORMAL FORM- tNE

should be atle at at INE.

fable n Ahe data beese
ve
Rle
) Cach eatum skould contain single valu e
sane
contain valu t h a t
are of
stoutd
) Atolumo

3 Ceath coBumn ohould have unigue nameavoic con Cutia)

) order in tohich data is saved doesn't matter.

a) 2EL A B ,ED
where A is prine qttribute
4 Bshot
)The table should in NE
here. is part bt candidak ky
partial depe0dency. depends s dn
A
) there should be no
rather thon depel
3) NE On entue ck.

)Tt should be in 2nd NE

) There shotult d be no Transitive depen den .

on some
an aribuk ohich depend s
Theve is
atmbuPe.
and not on pime
non-pime attmbu

increa ses, pe COmplexit

AS the data 1equtre ment
tor nOimalit ati00 too increas
and the Ae ed
ncreaser
ta nto
4) NE
a Redund should in eCNE
) Tt
N O tuti-Value dependency.
is MuthL Valued depend en
A-B ,
B exis.
Amoie than one value o
tor
Asngle
value t
should atleat
mdlie, TO have multi value dependenty,a
table
tontain 3 colum ns.
B and c should be
columas
at at tNE For tAis table toith A\B, C
tndepen dent
coniains nV D.
true, then 4he Aable
T all are
bCCUS due to bad databace design.
MVD
e tf same
J0in NE.
S)SNF PTvE- PlOject
should be in N E
t) t
avoid concotia)
)No Join Dependen C.
Relation toith
matter.
A TD
4 Bise
bieakdoun
attvibute
tme
C
candidat k
are ot
depends o nA join agán
rather thon dep aA dat a is los
lost
tthe
he cinhor
cithor
On e n t i r e c k . exiet
doesnt
Te JON dependency
O enties
ned ave cealted
NE
NE 3.
6)eCNF 8oyce- Codd
Some
1 t sh0ul d be
3NF
super key.
should be
a
mbute A>B, A
2)FOr al dep endenc e (not aqllowed)
is prim
H I
On P tine 4
2 complexit
otion too nCrea