0% found this document useful (0 votes)
128 views89 pagesChap 1 To 4
chapter 1 to 4 by Pakistani writer CM Aslaam
Uploaded by
Mariyah AxixCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
128 views89 pagesChap 1 To 4
chapter 1 to 4 by Pakistani writer CM Aslaam
Uploaded by
Mariyah AxixCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 89
pele
crater)
INTRODUCTION
PART-II
BASIC INPUT/OUTPUT
The statements that are used to get data and then to assign it to
variables are known as input statements.
The statements that are used to receive data from the computer
memory and then to send it to the output devices are called output
statements.
Following are commonly used input/output statements:
The “cout” object — Output Stream
The ‘cout’ is pronounced as ‘See Out’. The ‘cout’ stands for console
output. The console represents the computer display screen.
The ‘cout’ is a C++ predefined object. It is used as an output
statement to display output on the computer screen. It is a part of iostream
header file.
Flow of data from one location to another location is called stream.
The ‘cout’ is the standard output stream in C++, This stream sends the
Output to the computer screen,
The syntax of ‘cout’ is
cout << constl/varl [<< consts2/var2 ....
Where - 28 Aikman Series D Progr, x
————____—_—_— rm
Se ee ee Nin
Chap ig
"
name of output st
cout Obje
cy
e put to operator or 4 :
operator. It directs the inser
the output device Uta :
fy
constl/varl, const2/var2 list of constants, Variaby,
arithmetic EXPressions. 8
variable or constant,”
operator ‘<<’ is useg “Parag
The string constants are
double quotation marks Nua in
constants, variables
expressions are given
ing
; wit
quotation marks, hou
For example:
cout<<"One kilobyte = "<<1024<<™ bytagr,
In the above output statement, two string constants, one numeric
constant and three put to operators (<<) have been used. The output of the
above statement will be:
One kilobyte = 1024 bytes
PROGRAM FA 01-05
White a program to print a message on screen using “cout” object.
f#include
#include
main ( )
{
clrser( );
cout<<"C++ is a powerful programming language
cout<<"UNIX operating system is written in C++ Enapter 10 Introduction
cout<<"It is an easy to learn language";
}
Note: In the above program, the elrser() function has been used to
clear the computer screen, This function is a part of the
“conio.h” header file. This file has been included as
preprocessor directive.
PROGRAM FH 01-06
Write a program to print “I Love Pakistan” on the screen using
“cout” with three put to (<<) operators.
#include
main( )
{
cout<<"I"<< " Love"<< " Pakistan";
}
The Escape Sequence
Special non-printing characters are used to control printing on the
output device. These are called escape sequence. These charac are not
printed. These are used inside string constants or independently. These are
written in single or double quotes.
An escape sequence is a combination of backslash *\’ and a code
character. The backslash is called the control character.
For example, to transfer the printing control to the next line the
scape sequence is written as \n.
Thus to transfer printing control to next line, the output statement is
written as;
cout<<”I Love Pakistan\n"; Aikman Series > Program
mi
Chapa Tate,
In the above statement \n is an escape sequen cil
i 5 4 cr
the printing control to the next line after the string is printeg It sig
An escape sequence can be used anywhere in the oyt
can be used at the beginning of the string, in the middle or at
string.
Put st, ¢
a
the eng te
If it is used at the beginning of the string then the string
printed after printing a blank line. To print the above string in three
the statement is written as: i,
cout<<”I \n Love \n Pakistan”;
Other commonly used escape sequence characters are:
] a a
| Escape Sequence EXPLANATION
SaaEanas aE ———
| \a “a” stands for alert or alarm. This character causes
a beep sound in the computer internal speaker. [tis
usually used to draw attention during execution of
a program.
\b “b” stands for backspace. This escape sequence]
causes the print control on the output device to)
| move one space back. |
For example. |
|
cout<< “Pakistan\b”; |
|
After printing the string “Pakistan”, the cursot a
move one space back and will be under
character ‘n’ of the word “Pakistan”. |
If “\b” is not used, then the cursor will be at be
end of string. \a
atement |
In the above example, if another output statemet |
f snting Will §
is used after the above statement, its na 1a
start from character ‘n’ and the last charac’
will be deleted. =
Piece pixman Series > Programming with C++ EA}
ee wireoueton - ee
Thus in the following example;
cout<< “Pakistan\b”;
cout<< “Punjab”;
The output will be as under:
PakistaPunjab
\t
“t” stands for tab. This escape sequence causes the
print control on the output device move one tab
forward.
For example;
cout<<“A\tB\tC\tD”;
The output of the above statement will be as under:
A B c D
\n
n” stands for new line. It moves the printing
control to the beginning of the next line.
\f
stands for form feed. The escape sequence
escapes one blank paper on the printer attached
with computer. It is normally used to print the
output on the printer after feeding a blank form.
\r
“r” stands for carriage return. It moves the cursor
to the beginning of the current line,
\\
These are two backslash characters. One is used as_
control character and second is used to print a
backslash ‘\’ character, For example;
cout<<"A:\\X¥2";
The output will be as under
A:\XYZ
If a single backslash character is used, then there
will be no effect on the output for example; 2 pimnan Series > Prograuniny yur ¢
Chagas
cout ce"As \ZI0" ;
The output will be as under
PITAL
|
|
4
x | This escape sequence is similar to the,
used to print double quotation ma
example;
coute Programming with C++ : »
jor 0 reduction
For example
cout<«<"C++ \n”<<"Programming \n”<<"
anguage” ;
Ts equivalent to:
coutc<"C++ "
main()
{
}
cout <<”I am a "“<[e[s[olajals|«[slelvlelelolalalslals
| [elalx[a[s[efalal I} s/1] alm alb| ala
If the width of the field set by the“:
width of the output then the actual output
one output items then separate “setw" ma
data item.
Setw” manipulator is less than the
is printed, If there are more than
nipulator is used for each output
The “setw” manipulator is a part of “i
manipulator is to be used in the program, th
at the beginning of the program using inclu
fomanip.h” header file. If this
his header file must be included
ide statement, OE Se
Geant 1 intron
AN FH 01 o8
Program that uses “setw" manipulator (0 print output on the
EE
ORAPULOE KEKERH
#inelude
main ( )
int a,b,c;
a=200;
b=100;
cma;
a=b;
bec;
Cout<<*valuetor ia a
cout<<"
< Programming with C++
Chapter folnoduction =
as 37
int year, month;
year%= 20;
month = year*12;
cout<<"years = ">n1;
cout<<"Enter second number ee
cin>>n2;
s=nl+n2;
p=nl*n2;
cout<<"Sum of numbers = "ccs<> name; -
cout<<"Enter age of the person in years";
cin >>age;
age_mon = age*12;
cout<<"Name of the person = "<>name;
cout<<"Enter marks obtained in C++";
cin >>cpp; Aikman Serios D Programming with cy,
i Chapter 16 Introd
coutce"Enter marks obtained in Operating Systems
cin >>08;
cout<<"snter marks obtained in ®
cin >>edp;
total=cpp+os+edp;
avg=total/3.0;
cout<<"Name of the student =
cout<<"Total Marks
cout<<"Average Marks
}
DP";
PROGRAM Ff 01-14
#include
#include
main ( )
i
float c,f;
clrscr();
cout<<"Enter temperature in Fahrenheit ?";
cin>>f;
c=(£-32)*5.0/9.0;
cout<<"Temperature in Celsius = acer
}
PROGRAM FM 01-15
Write a program in C++ to compute and pri
; ‘ ees i Print the volume o
cylinder when its radius ‘r’ and height th’ are given using “ein” (Hint:
m hr? and n=3.14) Biven using “cin” (Hint: vo
#include
#include float r,h,v;
elrscr();
cout<<"Enter the Radius";
cin >>r;
cout<<"Enter the Height";
cin >>h;
vea3.14*r*r*h;
cout<<"Volume of the cylinder = "<
main ()
a.
int x, y, a, b, c, 8}
x= ysasbecs 515)
pex+t+ytatbec
cout<<"sum = " << 8}
ea ee eee el Aikman Series D Programming with c4,
Chapter ¥ 0 Invoducios
Compound Assignment Expression
ression is used to add, subtract, multiply
Compound assignment exp! ble without writing the variable on eithe;
or divide a value to or from a varial
side of the assignment operator "=.
In this assignment expression, the arithmetic operator is combined
with the assignment operator. Its syntax 1s:
var op = expression;
where
var represents the variable to which the value is to be added,
subtracted, multiplied or divided.
op represents the arithmetic operator i.e. +, -, * and / etc.
expression represents the arithmetic expression whose value is to be
assigned to the variable. It may be an expression, a variable or
a constant.
For example, to add 10 to a variable xy that already has a value, the
simple arithmetic statement is written as:
xy = xy + 10;
The above statement can
Expression as:
xy + = 10;
be written as Compound Assignment
Following are some examples of Compound assignment erntessina:
x += 9; // mame aa x = x 4 9;
mone 2y // same Oe
pe) ee ea // same x* 7;
x /a3) // same as xe x / 3, Thapter 10 Introduction
PROGR.
Write a program in C++ to assign three values to three integer type
variables a, b & c. Add variables a & b and multiply their sum to variable c.
se compound assignment statement.
#include
main()
{
ant a, “be cy
= 3;
= 6;
= 9;
*= a+b;
out <<"Result = "< Programming with c,,
44 Chapter ¥0Intvoduay
The increment operator can be written either Sipe or ater t
variable. IF itis written before the variable, itis known as prefixing, 1f i
written after the variable, it is known as postfixing. Rian eld Postfi
operators have different effects when they are used in expressions
Prefix Increment Operator
When an increment operator is used in prefix mode in an expressioy
it adds | to the value of the variable before the value of the variable is us
in the expression. For example,
PROGRAM F§l 01-18
#include
main()
{
int a, b, c, sum;
a=l;
b= 1;
c = 3;
sum = a + b + (+#4c);
cout <<"Sum = "< 4
> Programming with o,
46 a SMO 8 Wrogacae
acte the value of ¢ he
In the above program, | will be subtracted he HN oe ae Ootone
nthe above eg axec he sum will be equa
it is used in the expression, Thus after execution, t Wal to 4
and value of ¢ will be 2
Postfix Decrement Operator
When a decrement operator is used in postfix pe ed Bees on,
it subtracts | from the value of the variable after the value of the Variable
has been used in the expression
For example, if in the above example, decrement operator is used in
postfix mode, the result will be different. The statement will be as shown
below
sum = a + b + c--;
In this case, | will be subtracted from the value of c after its existing
value has been used in the expression. Thus after execution, the sum will be
equal to 5 and the value of ¢ will be 2.
The Comment Statement
The comment statement is a non-executable statement. It is used to
add remarks or comments in a program. The comments are usually given to
explain logic of the program. The compiler ignores the comments given in
the program
In C++, double slashes *//"
For example:
are used to mark the comment statement.
// This is my firs
© program in c
// Java language i “ie
8 similar to C++
: In the above cxample, two lines indicate the comment statements:
The comments can be given at any place in the Source program.
example, the comments can also be Kiven afier Wei Low
Statement as show
below: ' ‘Aikman Series > Programming with C++ 5
Fraster 1 ereaoction
gum = a + C++; //An example of postfix operator
eae ee //An example of prefix operator
In C, comments are given in a different style. The comments or
remarks afe enclosed within symbols ‘/** and ‘*/’. This notation can also be
used in C++ programs.
procraM
White a program to initialize a value to a variable. Calculate the cube
of the given value. Also use the comments in the program.
#include
main()
{
// declare the variables
int a, c; // a&c are variable names
a= 10; // value 10 is assigned to a
¢ = atata;//assignment statement to calculate cube
/* next statement is output statement
to print the cube of 10 */
cout <<"cube of "< 6 is a relational expression. It indicates a relation
between two constants, Since the constant value 10 is greater than 6, this
relational expression returns a true value.
The operator ‘>’ used between the two values is called the relational
operator. It specifies relation between two arithmetic expressions or values.
Relational Operators
The operators that are used to specify a relation between two
expressions or values are known as relational operators, u
Aikman Series > Program,
Chapter 25 Cone
"on
Following is a list of C++ relational operators:
> GREATER THAN em
it is used to test if one expression is greater than the
or
expression. ther
For example, if el and e2 are two expressions then:
e1>e2
ifel is greater than e2 then this expression returns TRUE value
If el is less than e2 then this expression retums FALSE value
>= GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO
it is used to test if one expression is greater than or equal to the |
other expression.
For example, if el and e2 are two expressions then:
e1 >=e2
If el is greater than or equal to c2 then this expression returns
TRUE value.
Ifel is less than e2 then this expression returns FALSE value.
|
ef
< LESS THAN
|
It is used to test if one expression is less than the oti
| &*Pression. |
| For example, if el and ¢2 are two expressions then:
e1 Programming with C++
Ghapter 20 Conditional Statements
value.
"
"
expre
e1 <=e2
EQUAL TO
e1==e2
ssion returns FALSE value.
For example, if el and e2 are two expressions then:
For example, if e1 and e2 are two expressions then:
| Ifel is equal to e2 then this expression returns TRUE value.
Ifel is greater than e2 then this expression returns FALSE value.
55
Ifel is less than or equal to ¢2 then this expression returns TRUE
It is used to test if one expression is equal to the other expression.
If el is not equal to (less than or greater than) e2 then this
!= | NOT EQUAL TO
e1 !=e2
For example, if e1 and e2 are two expressions then:
If el is not equal to (less than or greater than) 2 then this
expression returns TRUE value.
If el is equal to e2 then this expression returns FALSE value
It is used to test if one expression is not equal to the other
expression.
Example
If x=10, y=20 and z=5 then find out the output of the
following relational expressions.
Relational Expression
Output Returned
xy
False
y Programming with C++ 57
conditional Statements =
The syntax of the “if statement” for executing a set of statements is
if (condition)
{
Statement-1
Statement -2
Statement -3
Statement -m
}
Statement-n
In the above syntax, the set of statements (from Statement-1 to
Statement-m) has been enclosed in curly braces. These are called
compound statements.
If the condition given in the “if statement” is true, the compound
statements given in the curly braces are executed. If the condition is false,
the control shifts to the Statement-n and the set of statements that follows
the “if statement” is ignored.
The flowchart for the “if statement” is shown below:
FALSE TRUE
ae
ey
[set of statements _
CS ae)
aye
statements after
if structure
Flowchart ; The “if statement” mij
PROGRAM Fl 02-01
The following program executes a single Statement
if
the gi
condition is true.
#include
main( )
{
int a, b;
a=100;
b=50;
if(a>b)
cout<<"Islamabad"<
main ( )
f
int n;
cin>>n;
‘ea Aikman Series > Programming with C++ 59
Chapter Z0 Conditional Statements
if(n>10)
{
cout<<"Islamabad"<
main()
{
int n;
cout<<"Enter a Number? ";
cin>>n;
if (n%3==0)
{
cout<<"The number "< Programmin,
19 wi
60 Chapter 26 Conditionsr
#include
main()
{
int a,b;
cout<<"Enter first value?
cin>>a;
coutc<"Enter second value?
”
i
na)
cin>>b;
if (a>b)
cout<<"First value is greater";
if (b>a)
cout<<"Second value is greater";
}
PROGRAM FM 02-05
Write a program to calculate the electricity bill. Th
clectricity per unit are as follow:
i 1. If the units consumed are equal or less than 300, then
Rs. 3/- per unit.
i
2. If units consumed are more than 300, then the cost is
per unit and a surcharge of 5% of bill is added.
#include
main ( )
{ ;
float cu, pu, units, bill;
cout<<"Enter the current reading ?
cin>>cu;
cout<<"Enter the Previous
cin>>pu;
units=cu-pu;
if (units>300)
billeunits*3 +St+units*0.05/10
if (units<=300)
billsunites3 +0;
reading ? Aikman Series > Programming with C++ a
raptor 2 © Conditional Statements
coute<"Electricity bill="<
#include
main()
{
float a, b, c, rl, r2, disc, real, imag;
cout<<"Enter value of A?";
cin>>a;
cout<<"Enter value of B?";
cin>>b;
cout<<"Enter value of C?";
cin>>c;
disc =b*b-4.0*a*c;
if (disc<0)
real.= -b/(2.0*a);
imag = sqrt (-disc)/(2.0*a); 8 Aervan Settee > Progra
‘Chapter d
even
an
cout<<*Roote are imaginary"< 0)
{
cout<<"Roots are real & different "<>n;
if(n>100)
cout<<"number is greater than loon,
else
cout<<"number ig less than 100
}
In the program, if the entered number is greater than 100, then
Siven condition becomes true, the statement following the “if?
is execu
and the statement following the “else” is ignored,
If the entered number
becomes false and the stat
statement follow;
is less than 100
itement following th
ing the “else” is executed.
, then the given conditi
he “if” is ignored and
PROGRAM FA 02-08
Write a Program
‘© input two value:
print the larger number o}
n the computer se
#include
main()
S from the keyboard and then
Teen,
int a, b;
cout<<"Enter Pirg
9 t number? Bs
cin>>a;
cout<<"Enter seconq number? «;
cin>>b;
if (a>b)
cout<
<"First number ig greater";
else Aikman Series > Programming with C++
Thapter2 © Conditional Statements
cout<<"Second number is greater";
}
Note: If both numbers are equal, even then the above Program will print
the message that “Second number is greater”
PROGRAM Fl 02-09
Wnite a program to calculate the net pay of an employee. Input the
basic pay and calculate the net pay as follows:
© House rent is 45% of the basic pay.
¢ Medical allowance is 2% of basic if basic is greater than Rs.
5000/-. It is 5% of basic pay if the pay is less than Rs. 5000/-
* Conveyance allowance is Rs. 96/- if basic pay is less than Rs.
5000/-. Itis Rs. 193/- if the basic pay is more than Rs. 5000/-
¢ Net pay is calculated by adding basic pay, medical allowance,
conveyance allowance and house rent.
#include
main()
float basic, ma, ca, net, hr;
cout<<”Enter basic pay?”;
cin >> basic;
if (basic > 5000)
ma basic * 2/100.0;
ca 193.0;
hr = basic *45.0/100.0;
}
else
{
ma = basic * 5.0/100.0;
ca = 96.0;
hr = basic *45.0/100.0;
net = basic + matcathr;
cout <<"Net pay = “< Programmin,
66 CRB? © Contig ee
PROGRAM Fl 02-10
Write a program to input a number from the keyboard and ther
the message “It is an Odd Number” if it is an odd number, Els
message “It is an Even Number”. (A number is even if it is divisible
#include
main()
{
int n;
cout <<”Enter an integer value 2”,
cin >>n;
if (n%2 == 1)
cout <<"It is an Odd Number”;
else
cout <<“It is an Even Number”;
}
PROGRAM F§l02-11
Write a program to input two integers and then to find out w
these numbers are equal or different.
#include
main()
{
int a,b;
cout <<”Enter first value ? %;
cin >>a;
cout <<”Enter secona value ? %;
cin >>b;
if (a%2 == b%2)
cout <<”Both values are equal";
cout << “values are different”;
} ae
‘Aikman Series > Programming with C++
‘Chapter 20 Conditionsl Statements
The “nested if” Statement
When an “if statement” is used within another “if statement
called the “nested if statement”. The “nested if statement” is used
way decision-making.
The syntax of “nested if statement” is:
if (condition-1)
if (condition-2)
{
}
Statement-3;
Statement-2;
Flowchart : The “nested-if” statement
2 ;
|
i
;
‘|
Sal
Aikman Series > Progra
68 Chapter
2 Conder
In the above syntax, if the condition-I is true then the
‘ Contra}
to the next “if statement” and the condition-2 is tested, s
If the condition-2 is true then Statement-2 is executed Th
will then pass to Statement-3 and this statement will be executed
If condition-2 is false, then Statement-2 is skipped an,
shifts to Statement-3 and it will be executed.
The “if statement” for testing conditoin-2 is wif
Statement”. This “if statement” is called the “nested if state
PROGRAM F§02-12
Write a program to input three integer values, Com
values to find out if they are equal. Use “nested if statement”
message “All values are equal” if they all are equal. Other
message “These values are different”,
#include
main()
{
int a, b, c;
cout <<"Enter first value 2"
cin >> a;
cout <<"Enter second value 2";
cin >> b;
cout <<"Enter third value 2";
cin >>c;
if (a==b)
{
if (as=c)
cout <<"All values are e
else
cout <<"These values ar. japter 2.0 Conditional Statements
ROGRAM FH 02-13
Write a program to input three integer values from the keyboard.
ind out the greatest number and print it on the screen.
#include
main()
{
int a,b,
CF
cout <<"Enter first no. ?";
cin >>a;
cout <<"Enter second no. ?";
cin >>b;
cout <<"Enter third no. ?";
cin >>c;
at
if
(a>b)
if (a>c) |
cout <<"1lst number is greater ";
else
cout <<"3rd number is greater ";
else
(b>c)
cout <<"2nd number is greater ";
else
cout <<"3rd number is greater "; .
PROGRAM Ff 02-14
Write a program to find out the grade of a student based on the
marks obtained in three subjects. The grade is calculated as:
If average is greater than 80, grade is ‘A’, |
Is average is less than 80 and greater than 50, grade is *B’.
If average is less than 50 and greater than 33, grade is *C’. |
If average is less than 33, grade is *F”
eo ee . Aixman Series
#include
main()
{
int 81, 82, 83, avg;
char grade;
cout <<"Enter the marks of subject 3 |
cin >>s1;
cout <<"Enter the marks of subject 2".
cin >>s2;
cout <<”Enter the marks of subject
cin >>s3;
avg=(s1+s2+s3) /3;
if (avg>33)
if (avg>50)
if (avg>80)
grade=’A’;
else
grade='B’;
else
grade='c’;
else
grade='F’;
: cout <<"Grade = “ Programming with C++
‘Chapter 2.0 Conditional Statements
71
Statement -3
else if (condition-m)
Statement-m
else
Statement -n;
TRUE
condition [eli
|
a |
|
FALSE
statements after
e structure
Flowchart: “nested if-else” Statement
PROGRAM Ff 02-15,
Write a program to perform simple arithmetic operation by using
“nested if-else” structure. - 4
- Aikman Series > Programming
Chapter 2» Cong .
onal ay
#include
main()
int a,b;
char op;
cout <<"Enter ist integer, operator
integer\n";
cout <<"Press Enter Key ";
Cin >>a>sop>>b;
if (op == '+")
cout<< "Addition = " <<(a+b);
else if (op=='-")
cout<< "subtraction= " <<(a-b);
else if (0 /*)
cout<< "Division = " <<(a/b);
else if (0 9)
cout<< "Remainder = " <<(a%b);
else
cout<<"Invalid input";
e
The “switch” Statement
The “switch statement” is used as a substitute of
Statements. It is used when multi
be selected.
nested
ple choices are given and one choice is
The “nested if-else” structure becomes, iP
choices. The “switch statement” is used in Such situations. Only on
condition is given in the “switch Statement” and multiple choices are give
inside the main body as cases.
The “switch statement”
One of the choices or cases in t
complicated in mul
evaluates an expression and returns a value
he “switch statement” is executed dependi
The syntax of switch is;
he ins) Oe i
lls
Ghapter 2 « Conditional St
switch (expression)
{
case const-1:
statements;
break;
case const-2:
statements;
break;
case const-n:
statements;
break;
default:
statements;
The conts-1, const-2, efc. are numeric constants or character
constants.
In the above syntax of the switch statement, one test expression
appears within the switch statement. The body of the switch statement
contains many cases.
When the switch statement is executed, the given expression is first
evaluated and then the value returned by the expression is compared with
the values of constants given in cach case. If the value matches with
constant value of a case then the statements of that case are executed.
Keyword default is also used in the body of switch statement. If no
case is matched then the statements under the default are executed. Its use
is optional. If it is not used then the control exits from the body of the
switch statement and goes to the first statement following the end of the
switch structure,
The break Statement
The break statement is used to exit from the body of the switch
structure (or the loop structure). 14 Aikman Series D Programm)
Chapter? » Conan a
tional
In the switch statement, the break statement is normally Use
end of statements in each case. It exits the control from the body oj
structure. If it is not used then the statements of other cases that or
the matching case will also be executed.
PROGRAM F¥ 02-16
Write a program to input an integer value. Test the integer y,
the value is divisible by 2, then print the message “Divisible
otherwise “Not divisible by 2” by using switch statement.
#include
main()
{
int n;
cout <<"Enter any value"<>n;
switch (n%2)
{
case 0:
cout <<"Divisible by 2"< Programming with C++
roa Staterneit
75
PROGRAM 02-17
Write a program to perform simple arithmetic operation by using
switch statement
#include
#include
main()
{
int a,b;
char op;
elrscr ();
cout<<"Enter lst #, operator & 2nd #"<>a>>op>>b:
switch (op)
{
case '+':
cout<< "Addition =" <<(a+b);
break;
case, '-':
cout<< "subtraction=" <<(a-b);
break;
case '*':
cout<< "Multiplication="_ <<(a*b);
break;
case '/
cout<< "Division =" <<(a/b);
break;
case '%':
cout<< "Remainder =" <<(a%b);
break;
default:
cout<< "Invalid-input"; Note: In the above program, the character constants have
in cases
consists of a single value. The keyword do,
constant value to match with the expre 3
statements under “default” are executed if a y,
those mentioned in the cases is s I.
variable op. There is no need to use “break Stater
body of default or in the last case of the switch st
PROGRAM F¥02-18
Switch statement.
#include
#include
main()
{
int choice;
clrscr ();
cout <<"1:
cout «<<"2:
cout <<"3:
cout «<<"4:
cout <<"
cin >>choice;
switch (choice)
case 1:
cout<<
break;
case 2:
cout<<
break;
case 3:
been ye
althouys “t
fault hag i
ton Value No
alue oth
igned to the
The “op” represents the expression,
her an
Charag
Ment in
‘atement
lay a menu to perform variou: functions. Use
Program to input data"< Programming with C++
Chapter 7 » Conditional Statements
cout<< "You have select the 3rd option;
break;
case 4:
cout<< "You have select to Exit";
break;
}
cout<< "\n Ok" ;
The “nested if-else” & “switch” Statements
Both the nested “if-else” and switch statement are used for multiple
selections but following are the differences between these statements:
‘ | +
| Nested if-else Statement © Switch Statement
i. |\t becomes complicated for | It is easy to understand for
| multiple selections. multiple selections.
ii. | It an independent | It uses a single expression for
| expression for each case. | all cases. but each case must
have a constant value of integer
type or character type.
iii. | The test condition can be given | Only a single expression is
in a specified range of values. | given in the switch Statement
which retums a single value.
| The test condition cannot be |
given in a specified range. It is
{the major drawback of the
| switch statement,
ed
| If the given condition matches.
then the statements under it will
be executed, & The Conditional Operator
The conditional operator is used as an alternative of q Sim
statement.
Ple j
The conditional operator consists of “?” (question-mark) and
(colon). Its syntax is:
{condition}?{Exp1}:{exp2}
where
condition represents the test condition. If this condition is
then the value of “exp1” is returned after evalu;
Otherwise the value of “exp2” is returned,
expl & exp2 represent the two expressions. It may be arith
expressions or constant values. Input/output state
can be used.
For example, if a=10 and b=5 and res is an integer type va
then an assignment statement is written as:
res=(a>b) ?a:b
The above statement is equivalent to:
if(a>b)
res=a;
else
res=b;
PROGRAM Fl 02-19
Write a program to input two val
7 ues. Use conditional ope!
find out which value is greater, Print a Message on the screen to indic
greater value. Chapter > Condniansl Meements
#inelude «a;
cout <<"Enter 2nd value ")
ein »>b;
max=(a>b) ?arb;
cout <<"Greater value ia = "<«
main ()
{
>
dint a;
cout <<"Enter an integer value ";
cin >>a;
cout<<(a%2 == 0)?7"Yeo":"No";
LOGICAL OPERATORS
The logical operators are used to combine relational expressions or
relational conditions, The expression containing logical operators is called
logical expression or logical condition. It is also called compound condition
Or compound expression. Chapter?
The output of a logical expression is also in logical form. Ii
cither true or false. In C++, following logical operators
Sy
are used ‘tug iy
i) aa. 4 AND operator
ii) ll ab: OR operator
ii) | — NOT operator
The && (AND) Operator
The && (AND) operator is used to combine two or more Telatiog
expressions. If all relational expressions are true then the Output retumeg _
the compound expression is true. If any one of relation
al expression in the
compound expression is false, the output is false.
For example, if x= 10, y = 15,2 = 5 then the com
pound EXDression
(xy) &
(z = = 5) and (xcy) && (z>x) will retum false values.
PROGRA
21
Write a pro:
gram to find out the largest no.
numbers.
from three given
|
#include !
main() 2
int a,b,c;
cout <<
"Enter first value";
cin >>a
cout << "Enter 2nq value";
cin >> b;
cout << "Enter 3rq value";
cin >> c;
if ((a>b) && (a>c))
cout << "lst value is greater"; ‘Aikman Series > Programming with C++ a a
Grapes 2 Conditional Statements
else
if ((b>a) && (b>c))
cout << "2nd value is greater";
else
cout << "3rd value is greater";
}
The || (OR) Operator i
The || (OR) operator is used to combine more than one relational
expressions. If any one of the given relational expressions is true, the output
will be true otherwise the output will be false.
For example, if x = 0, y = 15, z = 5 then the compound expression
(x>y) || (z 5) returns true because (z 5) is true.
Similarly, (x t= y) || (x = = y) || ( 2 > 10) retums
true because (x!=y) is true.
If all the relational expressions in the compound condition are false
then the output will be false.
PROGRAM Fl 02-22
Write a program in C++ to implement the ‘OR’ operator.
#include
main ()
{
int a;
char op;
cout << "Enter an integer value";
cin >> a;
cout << "Enter any character";
cin >> op;
if ((a<0) | | (op==
y') || (op=='n')) Chi
—g
26 Candee eh
cout << "OK, condition is true";
else
cout << "All relational xPression,
false";
ay
}
The “&&” and “\l” operators can be used in.a Single co, 0
logical expression. They are evaluated from left to right in the followin
BS ny
order:
i) “SE” a) aS] [
The ! (Not) Operator
The ! (NOT) operator is also known as the unary
the value retumed by the relational expression or the co}
For example, if x = 5 and y = 10 then the logical expression
+ (x>y) returns true. It is because (x>y) returns false and the “!” (NOT;
perator inverts the result into true.
Y Operator. It invers
Mpound expression
I, sah /
Wnite a program to find out the greater value from two given values
#include
main() *
{
int a, b;
cout << "Enter 1gt integer value «;
cin >> a;
cout << "Enter 2nd’ inte
cin >> b;
1(a
main()
it
cout<< "This program explains the ";
cout<< “use of goto statement"<
main()
{
int a, b;
cout << "Enter lst integer ";
cin >> a;
cout << "Enter 2nd integer ";
cin >> b;
if (a>b)
{
cout << "1st integer is greater";
goto xyz;
}
cout << "2nd integer is greater";
xyz:
}
Write a program to print first ten natural numbers. Use “:
goto” al
“if” statements,
# include
main()
.
int c = 1;
abe:
cout < Programming with C++
Do Loop Stmements
he While loop for more than one statement is written as:
while (condition)
{
}
statement (s);
When “while” loop statement is executed, the computer first
evaluates the given condition. If the given condition is truc, the statement or
set of statements in the body of the "while” is executed. After executing the
Statements under “while”, the control shifts back to “while” and the
condition is again tested. If the given condition becomes false at any stage
during execution. the execution of the body of loop is terminated and
control shifts to the statement that comes immediately after the body of the
loop.
The body of the loop must contain a statement so that the condition
‘on the loop becomes false during execution of the loop. If the condition of
the loop never becomes false, the loop never ends. It becomes an infinite
loop.
PROGRAM Fl 03-01
Print “I Love Pakistan” five times using the “while” loop.
#include
main ()
{
int ¢c;
Cues
while (c<=5)
cout<<“I love Pakistan”< Prog,
Min,
Chapter yo ith,
‘a
In this example, the variable *c’ is assigned a vg
alue 1 tg ia
condition truce. When the given condition (c<=5) is tested, it wilt ¢
TRUE value, so the body of the loop will be executed Ml te
In the body of the loop, the statement “c = ¢+];”
of vanable during program execution. After executing five times, the
of “c” becomes 6 and the loop is terminated and Control shifts
statement “cout<<"Program ends”. This statement comes after the p,
the loop.
changes the
The flowchart of “while” loop is given below:
statement
immediately after
while Loop
Flowchart: The “while” Loop
PROGRAM FA 03-02
#include
main ()
{ HARE A (ns MhatesHnine
Anh my ony
ae 0)
heky
while (Weel)
{
feaeny
eOUubl eeneeendl;
hoe ney
)
Boul eefaum =e " eeay
}
PROGKAM FH ovo
Welle a programy to print the multiplication table ofa number entered
from the keyboard
Hinelude « Progra
IM MVin
Meee Progra
mans
#include —
main ()
{
int nr;
cout <<“Enter the integer,
cin >> n;
while (n>=1)
{
Voy. 2)
QD = n/2;
cout
main ()
{
long int fact, nic ;
Sout <<"Enter any value”;
cin >> n,;
fact = 1,
while (n>=1)
fact = fact * n; ‘Chapter 5 © Loop Statements
cout <<”Factorial = “ < |
main ()
( |
float 8, c; .
s = 0.0; |
Cy 1707 a
while (c<=45)
se
8 = 8 + 1.0/c;
C++;
x
cout <<”Sum of series = “ <
main ()
f
int n = 10;
while (n!=0)
cout <
main ()
int n;
ne= 1;
do
{
cout <| body of loop
TRUE
FALSE
statement
immediately
after while
Flowchart; The do-while Loop
ee 98
PROGRAM FW 03-09
Write a program to input and print the record of a Student
this process for other students until the given condition remains true
#include
#include
main ()
{
int marks;
char name[25], address[15], op;
{
clrscr ();
do
cout<<”Enter name of student”;
cin >>name;
cout<<”Enter Address of student”;
cin >>address;
cout<<”Enter Marks Obtained”;
cin >> marks;
cout<> op;
while (op == sy:
|| op sey);
cout < Program
aca 99
ibewer 30 Loop statererss ia SiS
main ()
int n, x;
clrser ();
cout <<”"Enter any integer no.”;
cinssn;
do
ren % 8;
cout = 1);
cout <
#include
main ()
{
long int £, m, n;
clraecr () 7
cout <<”Enter any no.”;
cin>>n;
mM =n}
f=l;
do Aikman Barlow [>
while (n y= 1)) ¢
cout <«<’Pactorial of samenn,
© The “continue” Statement
The “continue” statement shifs the control back to the beginnin
the loop. It is used inside the body of the loop. When this staal
executed inside the body of the loop, the control shifts to the firgt st
of the body of the loop.
Ment jg
tery
Its syntax is:
continue;
For example
#include
main ()
{
int o;
eal}
while (c<=5)
{
cout << “Pakitan” << endl;
CH;
continue;
cout<<"Islamabad”;
cout<<"Peshawar”;
}
}
In the above program, only first three statements inside the “whi
loop are executed 5 times, The two statements after “continue” stateme”
are not executed because each time the “continue” statement returns
control back to the beginning of body of loop, Series > Programming with C++
Grae d= Loop Stormers
101
The “break” Statement
The “break” statement terminates the execution of the loop when it
js used inside the body of the loop.
The difference between the “break” statement and the “continue”
Statement is that
¢ The “break” statement terminates the loop during execution, The
other
“break!
atements of the body of the loop that comes under the
statement are not executed
* The “continue” statement does not terminate the loop but it shifts
the control at the beginning of the body of the loop. The
atements of the body of the loop that come under the
‘ontinue™ statement are not executed,
PROGRAM FM 03-12
Write a program to execute a set of statements repeatedly by using
“while” loop, “break” and “continue” statements, The test condition of the
while loop must be a constant value,
#include
#include
main ()
{
char name [15], op;
int age;
while (1)
{
elrscr ();
cout << “Enter Name”;
cin>>name;
cout << “Enter age “)
cin >> age;
cout<< “Names"<
