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Conditions For ODE Solving

The document outlines four conditions for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs): 1) Are the variables written next to each other? If so, the ODE can be solved directly. 2) Is the ODE separable? If so, apply the separation method. 3) Is the ODE homogeneous? If so, apply the homogeneous substitution method. 4) Are the variables linear? If so, the ODE may be solved by determining if the equations represent intersecting or parallel lines.

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18 views6 pages

Conditions For ODE Solving

The document outlines four conditions for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs): 1) Are the variables written next to each other? If so, the ODE can be solved directly. 2) Is the ODE separable? If so, apply the separation method. 3) Is the ODE homogeneous? If so, apply the homogeneous substitution method. 4) Are the variables linear? If so, the ODE may be solved by determining if the equations represent intersecting or parallel lines.

Uploaded by

22102048
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Conditions for ODE Solving

Condition 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟? 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦
1
• 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ✔️
• cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑦 ✔️
• 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ❌

Condition 2
𝐼𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝐸 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒? 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦
• 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥
1
2y
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ✔️

• sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0


sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
sin 𝑦 cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑦
=− 𝑑𝑦✔️
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦

• (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥2𝑦2
1 1 1 1
2
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦❌
𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 𝑥𝑦
𝑦
𝑦
• 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0❌
Condition 3
𝐼𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝐸 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠? 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒊𝒕𝒚

• 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦)


𝑦
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ln
𝑥
𝜆𝑦
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝜆2 𝑥 2 + 𝜆2 𝑦 2 ln
𝜆𝑥
𝑦
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝜆2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ln ) = 𝜆2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) =∴ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) 𝒊𝒔 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟐✔️
𝑥
• 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦)
𝑦 𝑦
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 + tan
𝑥
𝜆𝑦 𝜆𝑦
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝑒 𝜆𝑥 + tan
𝜆𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 + tan = 𝜆0 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) =∴ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) 𝒊𝒔 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟎✔️
𝑥
• 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦)
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝜆2 𝑥 2 + 2𝜆𝑥 + 1 =∴ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒐𝒖𝒔❌

𝑨𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒇𝒊𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒊𝒕𝒚


𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑢 − 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑢𝑥 ; 𝑢= ; 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑢𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑢
𝑥
Condition 4
𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝐸 𝑛𝑜𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠? 𝐴𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟? (^1)
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1✔️
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3✔️

𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 4 ❌

𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝒊𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑫𝑬𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔


(2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (𝑇𝐿𝐷𝑅 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦)


2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2 = 0
𝑦 = 2 − 2𝑥

𝑥−𝑦+2=0
𝑥 − (2 − 2𝑥 ) + 2 = 0
−𝑥 − 2 + 2 = 0 ; 𝒙=𝟎

𝑦 = 2 − 2𝑥
𝑦 = 2 − 2(0) ; 𝒚=𝟐

𝐼𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝐸𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠


(𝑥, 𝑦) = (ℎ, 𝑘) − 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
(𝟎, 𝟐) 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 ✔️

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦


𝑥 = 𝑥̅ + ℎ 𝑦 = 𝑦̅ + 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥̅ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦̅

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒.
𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝒊𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑫𝑬𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔
(2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (𝑇𝐿𝐷𝑅 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦)


2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 1 = 0
1 − 2𝑥
𝑦=
3

4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 2 = 0
1 − 2𝑥
4𝑥 + 6 ( )+2=0
3
4𝑥 + 2 − 4𝑥 + 2 = 0
4=0

𝐼𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝐸𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠


𝟏. 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 (𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒖𝒓𝒑𝒍𝒆) 𝒂𝒔 𝒖
𝑑𝑢 − 3𝑑𝑦
𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 1 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 =
2
𝟐. 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒖 𝒕𝒐 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒄𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒊𝒈𝒈𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 (𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎)
𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 1 𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 2
2𝑢 = 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 2 2𝑢 + 4 = 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 2 (𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑤)
𝟑. 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒆
(2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑢 − 3𝑑𝑦
(𝑢) ( ) + (2𝑢 + 4)𝑑𝑦 = 0
2
𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑑𝑜𝑛′ 𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑤𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑓 𝑤𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎 𝑑𝑥.
𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝒊𝒇 𝑫𝑬𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔
(2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 4)𝑑𝑦 = 0
(2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + 2(2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 2 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 (𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑡, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ′ 𝑠 𝑜𝑘𝑎𝑦)
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝐸𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠

(2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 4)𝑑𝑦 = 0


(2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + 2(2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0
(2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + 2(2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0

∫(𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑑𝑦 = 0)

𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝐶

Condition 5
𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝐸 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒? 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠? 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟? 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡?
𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
(2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3

𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥
(𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑃 𝑜𝑟 𝑄)
𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝜕 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦.
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕
(2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3) = (−𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
−2𝑥𝑦 − 2 = −2𝑥𝑦 − 2 ∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝐷𝐸✔️
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝜕𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
= 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3 (𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦))
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
= −𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥 (𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦))
𝜕𝑦
𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 2
𝜕𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
= 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
∫ = ∫ 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3
𝜕𝑥
𝑥4 𝑥2𝑦2
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = − − 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 𝑇(𝑦) − 𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝑇(𝑦)(𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒) 𝑎𝑠 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝐶
2 2
𝜕𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
= −𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝑥4 𝑥2𝑦2
[ − − 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 𝑇(𝑦)] = −𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦 2 2

0 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 0 + 𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = −𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥

𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = −𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥
𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = 0
𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ( )
𝑇(𝑦) = 0
𝑥4 𝑥2𝑦2
− − 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 𝑇(𝑦)
2 2
𝑥2𝑦2 𝑥4
− − 2𝑥𝑦 + + 3𝑥 + 0 = 𝐶
2 2
𝑥2𝑦2 𝑥4
2 [− − 2𝑥𝑦 + + 3𝑥 = 𝐶]
2 2

−𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟔𝒙 = 𝑪

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