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Some of Quantum Mechanics Concepts

The document discusses concepts in quantum mechanics including: 1) Measurement of quantum bits and the probabilities resulting from quantum measurement processes. 2) Entanglement where the properties of particles become correlated even when separated, known as "spooky action at a distance." 3) Purification of quantum entanglement which distills high quality entanglements from low quality ones to reduce environmental impacts on accuracy.

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9 views12 pages

Some of Quantum Mechanics Concepts

The document discusses concepts in quantum mechanics including: 1) Measurement of quantum bits and the probabilities resulting from quantum measurement processes. 2) Entanglement where the properties of particles become correlated even when separated, known as "spooky action at a distance." 3) Purification of quantum entanglement which distills high quality entanglements from low quality ones to reduce environmental impacts on accuracy.

Uploaded by

rafalalhussaini79
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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‫جامعة بابل‬

‫كلية تكنولوجيا املعلومات‬


‫قسم شبكات املعلومات‬
‫دكتوراه شبكات معلومات‬

‫‪Some of Quantum Mechanics Concepts‬‬


‫‪Lecture 3‬‬
Measurement

¡ Measuring a quantum bit is subject to quantum physics.

¡ The main purpose of the quantum measurement process is to obtain the information carried
by the qubit according to the probabilities resulting from this quantum measurement
process.

¡ The quantum measurement process is carried out by means of special unitary operators
(called measurement)

¡ If the system in a quantum state ψ =α|0 +β|1 . After a measurement is made, the
probability p of finding the system in one of the states(|0 or |1 ) can be denoted in the
following expression :
Entanglement and Bell state

¡ One of the most unusual and fascinating aspects of quantum mechanics is the fact that
particles or systems can become entangled.

¡ For the simplest two quantum systems case we denote the systems A and B. If these
systems are entangled, this means that the values of certain properties of system A are
correlated with the values that those properties will assume for system B. The properties
can become correlated even when the two systems are spatially separated—leading to the
phrase spooky action at a distance.
Bell state

¡ The four entangled states: are called Bell states (sometimes called the Bell
states or the EPR states).

¡ Bell states are of fundamental importance to quantum information


processing.
Bell state

¡ The Bell State Circuit


Bell state

¡ The Bell State Circuit By Example


When is a State Entangled?

¡ Not all states |ψ> ∈ HA ⊗HB are entangled. When two systems are entangled, the state of
each composite system can only be described with reference to the other state.

¡ If two states are not entangled, we say that they are a product state or separable. If |ψ>
∈HA and |φ>∈HB and |χ>= |ψ>⊗|φ>, then |χ >is a product state.

¡ One simple test that can be applied to states in C4 is the following: Let
When is a State Entangled?

¡ Example: Are the Bell states entangled?


The No-Cloning Theorem

¡ A routine task performed in information processing is making copies of data. We take it for
granted that we can make as many copies as we like of something—whether it’s a word
processing file or a bit of music. As we have seen, the remarkable power of a quantum
computer comes from the fact a qubit can exist in a superposition|ψ> = α|0>+β|1>. Given
this fact, can we make an exact copy of an arbitrary qubit?

¡ It turns out the answer is no. This result, which we state below, is known as the no- cloning
theorem, and it was derived by Wooters and Zurek in 1982.

¡ The proof on page 280 (THE NO-CLONING THEOREM)


Purification

¡ Quantum entanglement decay (also called photonic decoherence) is one of the main
problems in quantum networks.

¡ The environmental factors affect quantum entanglement, whereby the quantum state
becomes less entangled or becomes a mixed state, thus reducing the accuracy of quantum
teleportation.

¡ The solution for this problem, quantum entanglement purification technology is used. This
tool distills high-quality entanglements from a large number of low-quality quantum
entanglements.

¡ The entanglement purification protocols are classified into two groups:


Purification
References

Ø David McMahon. “Quantum Computing Explained”.

Ø Chapter 6, 7 & 10

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