Khulna University

of Engineering & Technology

EEE 3231 : Network and Communication Systems

Lecture 2:
Communication Systems: Analog and Digital

Prof. Dr. Md. Faruque Hossain

Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering
KUET
Required Reading
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 Data and Computer Communications

- William Stallings

 Modern Digital and Analog Communication

Systems
– B. P. Lathi

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 KUET
Review
Communication is the transfer of information from one place to another.

This should be done

- as efficiently as possible
- with as much fidelity/reliability as possible
- as securely as possible

Communication System: Components/subsystems act together to

accomplish information transfer/exchange.

Transmitters and receivers are carefully designed to overcome the

distortion and noise. The Goal of Physical layer Communication
System is to transmit information accurately and efficiently (power
and spectrum).
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Simplified Communications
Model - Diagram
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Analog and Digital Data
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 Analog
 Continuous values within some interval
 e.g. sound, video
 Digital
 Discrete values
 e.g. text, integers

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Analog and Digital Signals
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 Means by which data are propagated

 Analog
 Continuously variable
 Various media
―wire, fiber optic, space
 Speech bandwidth 100Hz to 7kHz
 Telephone bandwidth 300Hz to 3400Hz
 Video bandwidth 4MHz
 Digital
 Use two DC components

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Data and Signals
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 Usually use digital signals for digital data and

analog signals for analog data
 Can use analog signal to carry digital data
 Modem
 Can use digital signal to carry analog data
 Compact Disc audio

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Analog Signals Carrying Analog
and Digital Data
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Digital Signals Carrying Analog
and Digital Data
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 Communication Systems KUET

3 categories based on the type of modulation scheme used

and the nature of the output of the information source:

1. Analog communication system designed to transmit

analog information using analog modulation methods.

2. Digital communication system designed for transmitting

digital information using digital modulation schemes.

3. Hybrid systems that use digital modulation schemes for

transmitting sampled and quantized value of an analog
message signal.

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Communication Systems KUET

Other ways of categorizing communication

systems include the classification based on –

The frequency of the carrier (MW, SW, UHF etc.)

The nature of the communication channel
(wireless, Optical Fiber etc).
Application Types: Satellite, Radar, Mobile
communication

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 Digital Communication system
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b c Analog
Discrete a Source Channel Modulator
info source encoder encoder electrical
d signal

Electrical
communication
Sequence Binary Binary channel
of symbols stream stream
e

∑
f
Source Channel
Destination decoder h decoder g Demodulator
i

Fig 1.2: Functional blocks of a digital Communication system

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Information source KUET

Information sources can be classified into 2

categories based on the nature of their outputs –

1) Analog information sources ( Microphone actuated speech)

2) Discrete Information sources (Teletype or the numerical output
of a computer consists of a sequence of discrete symbols or
letters)

An analog information source can be transformed into a discrete

Information source through the process of sampling and
quantizing.

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Source Encoder / Decoder KUET

The input to the Source Encoder is a string of symbols occurring

at a rate of rs symbols/sec. It converts the symbols sequence
into a binary sequence of 0’s and 1’s by assigning code words to
the symbols.

At the receiver, the Source decoder converts the binary output

of the channel decoder into a symbol sequence.

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Communication channel KUET

 It provides the electrical connection between the source and

the destination. Due to physical limitations, Communication
channels have only finite bandwidth (B Hz), and the waveform
is distorted because of different amounts of attenuation and
phase shift suffered by different frequency components of the
signal.
- For example, A square pulse is rounded or “spread out” during the
transmission. This type of distortion is called linear distortion.

 The channel may also cause nonlinear distortion through

attenuation that varies with the signal amplitude.

 In addition to the distortion, the signal power also decreases

due to the attenuation of the channel.

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Noise KUET

The signal is corrupted by unwanted, random and unpredictable

electrical signals referred to as noise, from causes external and
internal.

External noise includes –

 Interference from signal transmitted on nearby channels.
 Human made noise generated by faulty contact switches.
 Automobile ignition radiation
 Fluorescent lights or natural from lightning as well as electrical storms
and
 Solar and intergalactic radiation.

Internal noise includes –

 Thermal motion of electrons in conductors.
 Random emission.
 Diffusion and recombination of charged carriers in electronic devices.

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Communication channel KUET

One of the ways in which the effect of noise can be minimized

is to increase the signal power. It cant be increased beyond
certain limits because of nonlinear effects become dominant as
the signal amplitude increased. So, signal to noise power ratio
(S/N) can be maintained.

The important parameters of the channel are:

 S/N ratio.
 Usable bandwidth (B).
 Amplitude and phase response and
 The statistical properties of the noise.

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Modulator /Demodulator KUET

The modulator accepts a bit stream as its input and

converts it to an electrical waveform suitable for
transmission over the communication channel.

Demodulation is a reversible process, and the

extraction of the message from the information bearing
waveform produced by the modulator is accomplished
by demodulator.

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Channel Encoder / Decoder KUET

Digital channel coding/decoding is a practical

method to provide high transmission reliability and
efficiency that other wise may be achieved only by
the use of signals of longer duration and high
power.
Reliable – bit error rate
Efficiency – bit/s, cost

Channel decoder recovers the information bearing

bits from the coded binary stream.
19
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Other Functional Blocks KUET

Not shown in figure.

 equalizer
 Clock recovery networks
 Scrambler/Unscramblers

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Communications Tasks
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Transmission system utilization Addressing

Interfacing Routing

Signal generation Recovery

Synchronization Message formatting

Exchange management Security

Error detection and correction Network management

Flow control

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 Comparison: Digital Vs Analog
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Digital Communication System Analog Communication System

Advantage :
 inexpensive digital circuits Disadvantages :
 use of regenerative repeater
 digital storage technology  expensive analog components : L&C
 privacy preserved (data encryption)  no privacy
 can merge different data (voice, video and  can not merge data from diff. sources
data) and transmit over a common digital  no error correction capability
transmission system
 error correction by coding

Disadvantages : Advantages :

 larger bandwidth  smaller bandwidth

 synchronization problem is relatively  synchronization problem is relatively
difficult easier

Lathi- p263, Ch -6
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COMMUNICATIONS
SIGNAL VARIATIONS
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 Baseband - The original information

signal such as audio, video, or
computer data. Can be analog or
digital.
 Broadband - The baseband signal
modulates or modifies a carrier signal,
which is usually a sine wave at a
frequency much higher than the
baseband signal.
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 KUET
To be transmitted, Information (Data) must
be transformed to electromagnetic signals.

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Electromagnetic Waves
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Electromagnetic Waves
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Electromagnetic Spectrum KUET

http://www.edumedia-sciences.com/a185_l2-transverse-
electromagnetic-wave.html
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 Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Wave length Frequency Transmission Propagation Representative Frequency
Designations Media Modes Applications
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Extra High Satellite,
1 cm Frequency (EHF) Microwave relay, 100 GHz
Wave guide Earth-satellite radar.
Super High
10 cm Frequency (SHF) 10 GHz
Line-of-sight radio
Ultra High Wireless comm.
1m Frequency (UHF) service, 1 GHz
Cellular, pagers, UHF
TV
Very High Coaxial Cable Mobile, Aeronautical,
10m Frequency (VHF) Sky wave radio VHF TV and FM,
mobile radio 100 MHz
High Frequency Amateur radio, Civil
100m (HF) Defense 10 MHz

Medium High AM broadcasting

1 km Frequency (MF) Ground wave 1 MHz
radio
Low Frequency Aeronautical,
10 km (LF) Submarine cable, 100 kHz
Wire pairs
Navigation,
Very Low Transoceanic radio
100km Frequency (VLF) 10 kHz

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 1.6 Radio Wave Propagation Modes
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1 Ground Wave Propagation

Follows contour of the earth Can Propagate considerable
distances
Frequencies up to 2 MHz Example : AM radio

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2 Sky Wave Propagation KUET
Signal reflected from ionized layer
of atmosphere. Signal can travel
a number of hops, back and forth
Examples SW radio

3 Line-of-Sight Propagation
Transmitting and receiving antennas
must be within line of sight
example
Satellite communication
Ground communication

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