27.10.

2021

Overcurrent Protection
Distance Protection

10 Intro to relays Notes on Power System Analysis 1

Example of overcurrent protection

Source 1 2
200:5 52-1 100:5 52-2

51-1 50 A
51-2
60 A
Ifmax= 1395A Ifmax= 695A
Ifmin= 1208 A Ifmin= 602A
3
100 A
Load
Ifmax= 521A
Ifmin= 451A
10 Intro to relays Notes on Power System Analysis 2

Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay Curves

10 Intro to relays Notes on Power System Analysis 3

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51-2 Relay Setting

• sees load current of 100 A
• 𝐼 : set pickup at 2 x load = 200 A primary 100 <𝐼 <451
• on sec of CT: 200 A x (5/100) = 10 A secondary (10 A tap
or 200% of CT)
• time multiple TMS = 0.05 (fastest since no downstream
coordination)
• check pickup on min fault:
M=𝐼 , /𝐼 = 451/200 = 2.25 (2.5 to 3 is better, but this is OK)
Operating time for relay 2, 𝑡 , =0.425 s for the min fault current
M=𝐼 , /𝐼 = 521/200 = 2.61 (this is OK)
Operating time for relay 2, 𝑡 , =0.35s for the max fault current

10 Intro to relays Notes on Power System Analysis 4

51-1 Relay Setting

• sees load current as 150 A primary.
• pickup:𝐼 =2 x 150 A = 300 A, 150 <𝐼 <451
• on CT sec: 𝐼 =300 A/(200/5) =7.5 A secondary Set pickup at 150% of CT
• set to backup 51-2 for min fault at 3 if possible:
M= 451/300 = 1.5 (eventually trips which is good)
Select TMS as 0.1, then 𝑡 , =1.75 s for a fault at bus 3

• For a fault current of 602A at bus 2 (backup protection)

M=602/300=2
TMS= 0.1
then 𝑡 , =1.0 s for a fault at bus 2 (backup protection)

• For a fault current of 1200 A close to bus 1

• M=1200/300=4
TMS= 0.1
then 𝑡 , =0.5s for a fault at bus 2 (primary protection)
10 Intro to relays Notes on Power System Analysis 5

Coordination between 51-1 and 51-2

For a fault (451A) at bus 3,

Relay 2 operates just after 0.425 s Primary protection

Relay 1 operates just after 1.75 s. Backup protection

For a fault (695 A) at bus 2,

Relay 2 operates just after 0.30 s. Primary protection

Relay 1 operates just after 0.85 s. Backup protection
For all cases 𝑡 , -𝑡 , = 0.55 >CTI=0.30s to 0.40s
Relay 1, 𝑡 , =0.5s for a fault at bus 2 (primary
protection)
10 Intro to relays Notes on Power System Analysis 6

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Comments
• Simple overcurrent relays are not sufficient for
network systems:
• Loop type subtransmission
• High-voltage transmission networks
• These use directional overcurrent or directional
distance relays

10 Intro to relays Notes on Power System Analysis 7

Phasor diagram before the fault

Vca
Vcn
Vbc Ic
Ib Van
Ia
Vbn
Vab
Normal

10 Intro to relays Notes on Power System Analysis 8

Three-phase short circuit

Ib Ic

Vab
Three Phase
Ia Short Circuit

10 Intro to relays Notes on Power System Analysis 9

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Single phase - ground short circuit

Vcn Vca
Vbc Van

Vab
Vbn Single Phase
to Ground
Ia
Short Circuit
10 Intro to relays Notes on Power System Analysis 10

Phase to phase short circuit

Vbc Vca
Ic
Ib
Vab

Phase to Phase
Short Circuit
10 Intro to relays Notes on Power System Analysis 11

Phase-phase-ground short circuit

Ib Vca Ic
Vbc

Vab

Phase to Phase
to Ground
10 Intro to relays Notes on Power System Analysis
Short Circuit 12

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Impedance (Distance) Protection

Zs setting value of the impedance relay and Zr measured impedans
at the relaying point
if │Zr│< │Zs│ then trip, Zr =Vr/Ir

as long as│Zr│> │Zs│ do not trip (blok)

Under normal operating condition, Zr will have a very large
magnitude and an arbitrary phase angle and will be outside the
circle.
Once the fault occurs resulting in increase of current and decrease
of voltage, the impedance will move inside the circle |Zr| and the
relay will trip.

│Zr│< │Zs│ Trip region

ELK415E,Ömer Usta ITU, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 13

Step Distance Relaying

the second zone the third zone
N the first zone
A B C

CR

X Z
time

x C
T2 T3 x B
T1
distance R
A
ELK415E,Ömer Usta ITU, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 14

Example:
200/5
1 2 3
F4 B23 B32
B12 B21 4
F1
B24 F2 F3 B42
the first zone

the second zone the third zone

1200/1

CR1

L12= L23=64km and L24=96km

Positive impedance of the line = (0.05+j0.5) Ω/km
Max load of line 12 is 50MVA @0.8 pf lacking,
Line to line voltage = 138kV.

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 27.10.2021

Solution 200/5
2
1 3
F4 B23 B32
B12 F1 B21 4
B24 F2 F3 B42
the first zone
the second zone the third zone
1200/1
CR1
Desing a 3 zone step distnace protection scheme for the above
transmission system.

L12=(0.05+j0.5) Ω/km x 64km = (3.2+j32) Ω primary =L23,

and L24 = (4.8+j48) Ω primary

Maximum load current of line 12

𝐼, =50 x 10 / (x 3 x138 x 10 ) = 210 A primary= 210/40 = 5.25

Example: 200/5
1 2 3
F4 B23 B32
B12 B21 4
F1
B24 F2 F3 B42
the first zone

the second zone the third zone

1200/1

CR12

The first zone setting of Relay 12 must underreach the line 12, so that the
setting should be Zline 12*0.8. Then the first zone of R12 will be:

𝑍 , = 0.8 x (0.11+j1.1) = (0.088+j0.88) ohm secondary

The second zone setting of the relay 12 should reach past terminal 2
of the line 12.
𝑍 , = 1.2 x (0.11+j1.1) = (0.132 + j1.32) ohm

The zone 3 setting should reach beyond the longest line connected to bus 2.

𝑍 , = (0.11+j1.1) + 1.2 x (0.16+j1.6) = (0.302 + j302) ohm

Z
time

T3=1.2s X
𝑍 ,
B4x
B3x
𝑍 ,

T2=0.8s B2 x
T1 = 0.3s
𝑍 ,
distance R
B1x

18

ELK415E,Ömer Usta ITU, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING