10/22/2020

ELEK455E COMPUTER
NETWORKS FOR POWER
SYSTEMS
ELK455E ELEKTRİK ŞEBEKELERİ İÇİN
BİLGİSAYAR AĞLARI

CHAPTER 0:
AN INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEMS

ITU, O USTA 1

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Sampling Unit
A/D Converter
VTS & CTs
Power
Interface Network
Computer
System
Digital System High Voltage
Very Low Voltage,
±10V &Analog
Computer is used for:
Power System Monitoring, Power System Protection & Control,
Communication for Power Systems, Power System automation,
Power System Management ITU, O USTA 2

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

A computer is a programable machine for solving problems and

counting information.
The modern computer is high-speed electronic computational
machine that accepts information in the form of data and
instructions through some input device and processes this
information with arithmetic and logic operation of a program
stored in its memory.
The results of processing can be displayed, stored or recovered
using suitable output devices or transmitted to another location.
ITU, O USTA 3

ITU Electrical Engineering, O.Usta,

ELK455E 1
 10/22/2020

COMPUTER SYSTEM ELEMENTS

Hardware: the physical components of the computer,
including the computer itself and Peripheral I/O
devices.
. Software: - the programs that run the computer.
i. System software: OS, compilers, drivers
ii. Application software: Word, MatLab, Media player,
Latex

Data: are facts, or unorganized raw materials,

which can be made up of words, numbers, images, or
sounds.

Information: data that has been processed.

ITU, O USTA 4

BINARY SYSTEM
Bit (digit): the smallest unit of data that a computer uses
(microprocessors). It can be used to represent two states of
information, such as Yes or No (0,1), open or close (0,1).
Byte: is equal to 8 Bits. A Byte can represent 256 (28) states of
information, for example, numbers or a combination of
numbers and letters. 1 Byte could be equal to one character.
Word: the number of bits that a CPU can process at one time
depends on the width of the CPU’s registers and that of the
data bus.
-if the width of the data bus is 16 bits, then a word is 16 bits;
-if the width of the data bus is 32 bits, then a word is 32 bits.
-Usually 16-bits is called a word. 32- bits is called a double
word, 64-bits is called a long word.
ITU, O USTA 5

BINARY SYSTEM
1 byte = 8 bits
1 kilobyte (K / Kb) = 1,024 bytes
1 megabyte (M / MB) = 1,048,576 bytes
1 gigabyte (G / GB) = 1,073,741,824 bytes
1 terabyte (T / TB) = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes

ITU, O USTA 6

ITU Electrical Engineering, O.Usta,

ELK455E 2
 10/22/2020

BINARY SYSTEM
Data coding techniques are used to convert alphanumeric
characters into binary numbers.
Data codes are also called character sets or character codes.
Various character codes have been used in data
communication including:
 Morse, Baudot
 EBCDIC, ASCII
 Unicode
The morse code was the first code and designed with a
telegraph operator in mind, the operator sends
combination of a short beep and a long beep to transmit
each character.
ASCII CODE: The American Standard Code for
Information Interchange (ASCII) is the most common
code for communications between microcomputers. ITU, O USTA 7

DATA CODING

•ASCII is a seven-bit code, allowing for 128 possible

combinations without shifting. Sometimes an eighth bit is
added to allow for the transmission of graphic characters,
mathematical symbols, and foreign language characters.
•ASCII has certain regularities that make programming
easier; for example, bit 6 switches between upper- and
lowercase letters and numbers are represented by their BCD
(binary-coded decimal) equivalents.

•@: 1000 000

• A: 1000 001 a: 1100 001 0:0110000
• B: 1000 010 b: 1100 010 1:0110001
• C: 1000 011 c: 1100 011 2:0110011

ITU, O USTA 8

Extended ASCII uses 8 data bits and no parity bit.

• Used for processing and storage of data
• Allows for international characters
• 8th bit stripped of for transmission of standard character
set.

UNICODE
• Designed to support international languages:
• Uses a 16-bit code for total of 65,536 possible characters.
• Incorporates ASCII in first 128 codes
• Incorporates LATIN in first 256 codes
• Support found in newer hardware & software, especially web
technologies (e.g., JAVA, XML, HTML).

ITU, O USTA 9

ITU Electrical Engineering, O.Usta,

ELK455E 3
 10/22/2020

7-BIT ASCII CODE

ITU, O USTA 10

COMPUTER-BASED SYSTEM
A Basic computer system consist of a Central processing
unit (CPU or Microprocessor), main memory (RAM and
ROM), input/output (I/O) unit.
Main memory
(I/O) unit

 Address bus

CPU
 Data bus

 Control Bus

ITU, O USTA 11

BASIC COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

1. CPU - Central Processing Unit

 the portion of a computer system that carries out
the instructions of a computer program.

 the primary element carrying out the computer's

functions. It is the unit that reads and executes
program instructions.

 The data in the instruction tells the processor what

to do.

ITU, O USTA 12

ITU Electrical Engineering, O.Usta,

ELK455E 4
 10/22/2020

CPU/MPU MICROPROCESSORS
• The world's first microprocessor, the Intel 4004, was a
4-bit microprocessor-a programmable controller on a
chip-that was meager by today's standards.
• It addressed a mere 4096 4-bit memory locations.
• Its instruction set contained only 45 different
instructions.
• Microprocessors that are common today include the
8086/8088, which were the first 16-bit microprocessors.
• Following these early 16-bit machines were the 80286,
80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II,
Pentium III, Pentium 4, and Core2 processors.
• The architecture has changed from 16 bits to 32 bits and,
with the Itanium, to 64 bits.
ITU, O USTA 13

2. Main Memory
 physical devices used to store data or programs (sequences
of instructions) on a temporary or permanent basis for use in
an electronic digital computer.
 Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties:
random-access memory (RAM) and read-only memory
(ROM).
 RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU
commands it, but ROM is pre-loaded with data and software
that never changes, so the CPU can only read from it.
 ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up
instructions.
 In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power
to the computer is turned off, but ROM retains its data
indefinitely.
 In a PC, the ROM contains a specialized program called the
BIOS that orchestrates loading the computer's operating
system from the hard disk drive into RAM whenever the
computer is turned on or reset.
ITU, O USTA 14

Memory Classification

Onetime programmable

Electronically Erasable
PROM
ITU, O USTA
15

ITU Electrical Engineering, O.Usta,

ELK455E 5
 10/22/2020

3. I/O Unit
 Input/output (I/O), refers to the communication
between an information processing system (such as a
computer), and the outside world possibly a human, or
another information processing system.
 Inputs are the signals or data received by the system,
and outputs are the signals or data sent from it
 Devices that provide input or output to the computer
are called peripherals
 On a typical personal computer, peripherals include
input devices like the keyboard and mouse, and output
devices such as the display and printer. Hard disk
drives, floppy disk drives and optical disc drives serve
as both input and output devices. Computer
networking is another form of I/O.
ITU, O USTA 16

Internal Structure Of Microprocessor

The register section/array consists completely of circuitry

used to temporarily store data or program codes until they
are sent to the ALU or to the control section or to memory.
The number of registers are different for any particular CPU
and the more register a CPU have will result in easier
programming tasks.
Registers are normally measured by the number of bits they
can hold, for example, an "8-bit register" or a "32-bit register".
ITU, O USTA 17

Arithmetic And Logic Unit (ALU)

The component that performs the arithmetic and
logical operations.
the most important components in a microprocessor,
and is typically the part of the processor that is
designed first.
able to perform the basic logical operations (AND,
OR), including the addition operation.
The inclusion of inverters on the inputs enables the
same ALU hardware to perform the subtraction
operation (adding an inverted operand), and the
operations NAND and NOR.

ITU, O USTA 18

ITU Electrical Engineering, O.Usta,

ELK455E 6
 10/22/2020

CONTROL UNIT

The circuitry that controls the flow of information

through the processor, and coordinates the activities
of the other units within it.
In a way, it is the "brain within the brain", as it
controls what happens inside the processor, which in
turn controls the rest of the PC.
On a regular processor, the control unit performs the
tasks of fetching, decoding, managing execution and
then storing results.

ITU, O USTA 19

BUS SYSTEM
a subsystem that transfers data between computer
components inside a computer or between computers.
 The three components – MPU, memory, and I/O – are
connected by a group of wires called the BUS
 Address bus
 consists of 16, 20, 24, or 32 parallel signal lines (wires) -
unidirectional
 these lines contain the address of the memory location to read or
written
 Control bus
 consists of 4 to 10 (or more) parallel signal lines
 CPU sends signals along these lines to memory and to I/O ports
 examples: Memory Read, Memory Write, I/O Read, I/O
Write
 Data bus
 consists of 8,16, or 32 parallel signal lines
 bi-directional
 only one device at a time can have its outputs enabled,
 this requires the devices to have three-state output ITU, O USTA 20

A bus is a communication pathway

connecting two or more devices

The data bus is 'bi-directional' data or

instruction codes from memory or input/output are
transferred into the microprocessor
the result of an operation or computation is sent out
from the microprocessor to the memory or
input/output

Depending on the particular microprocessor, the data

bus can handle 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit or 64 bit data. ITU, O USTA 21

ITU Electrical Engineering, O.Usta,

ELK455E 7
 10/22/2020

The address bus is 'unidirectional', over which the

microprocessor sends an address code to the
memory or input/output.
The size (width) of the address bus is specified by
the number of bits it can handle.
The more bits there are in the address bus, the more
memory locations a microprocessor can access.
A 16 bit address bus is capable of addressing 216
=65,536 (64K) addresses.

consists of 16, 20, 24, 32, 64 parallel signal lines

8086 has a 20-bit address bus which corresponds

to 220 addresses or 1M (1 Meg) addresses or
memory locations;
ITU, O USTA 22

Memory Modelling
Word Size

Address Contents

00000000H 1 0 1 0 1 0 010001010 0
00000001H 1 1 1 0 1 110101011 1 0
00000002H 1 0 1 1 1 0 010101011 1
00000003H 110101011 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
00000004H 1 1 101010101 1 1 0 0 1 Memory Location
00000005H 1 0101010111 1 1 10 0 1
00000006H 111100101 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
Address Bus length 110101011 1 1 1 1 0 0 1

FFFFFFFDH
FFFFFFFEH
FFFFFFFFH 111100101 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

ITU, O USTA 23

ITU, O USTA 24

ITU Electrical Engineering, O.Usta,

ELK455E 8
 10/22/2020

The control bus is used by the microprocessor to

send out or receive timing and control signals in
order to coordinate and regulate its operation and
to communicate with other devices, i.e. memory or
input/output.
consists of 4 to 10 (or more) parallel signal lines
CPU sends signals along these lines to memory and
to I/O ports
Examples: Memory Read, Memory Write, I/O
Read, I/O Write

ITU, O USTA 25

COMPUTER SOFTWARE

System Software: programs that take control

of the PC on start-up, and then play a central
role in everything that happens within a
computer system by managing, maintaining,
and controlling computer resources.
OS, compilers, drivers..

ITU, O USTA 26

COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Application Software: designed and created
to perform specific personal, business,
scientific processing tasks.
Word Processors
Word perfect
Microsoft Word

Electronic Spreadsheet
Lotus 1-2-3
MS EXCEL
FRAMEWORK
ITU, O USTA 27

ITU Electrical Engineering, O.Usta,

ELK455E 9
 10/22/2020

Embedded System
An embedded system is a special-purpose
computer system designed to perform one or a
few dedicated functions often with real-time.

An integrated device which consists of

multiple devices:
Microprocessor (MPU)
Memory
I/O (Input/Output) ports

Often has its own dedicated software

.System Software
.Application Software
ITU, O USTA 28

Example: PS, toys, TV remote, keyless entry, robots, etc

Generally microprocessors or DSP is preferred
for embedded system design. Using
microcontrollers is cheap but sometimes
inadequate for the task.

ITU, O USTA 29

Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs)

Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) is a term used in the
electric power industry to describe microprocessor-
based systems which are designed for power system
metering, monitoring, protection, control, management
and communications.
Digital Commands

Digital
signals Interface Analog signals Power
IED Unit Networks

-Digital System -VTs, CTs

-Very Low Voltage -A/D Converter
-D/A Converter
-Analog Network
-Very High Voltage
ITU, O USTA 30

ITU Electrical Engineering, O.Usta,

ELK455E 10
 10/22/2020

Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs)

An intelligent electronic device:
• Gather information (voltages, currents, states of
components vs) from electrical power networks
over an interface unit,
• Exchange information with the host and other IEDs,
• Displays these information,
• Process these information according to its
application program and produce protection trips,
control commands signals for the related power
system components,
• Conveys these signals to other locally and remotely
located IEDs.
ITU, O USTA 31

Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs)

•The functions of a certain IEDs can be classified as

metering, monitoring, recording, protection, control,
managing and communications.
•Some IEDs could be more advanced than the other,
some of them may emphasize certain functional
aspects over others.
•They could be protective relays, bay controllors,
network analysers, RTUs or terminals of an RTU,
PMUs etc.

ITU, O USTA 32

2.1 The layout of Intelligent Electronic Devices

Digital Digital
Inputs outputs
HMI
ADC LCD
Analog Analog
Inputs LEDs O KEY Outputs

USB Jacks
RS485 MODBUS RTU/60870-103
Time
Communications
Synch
IEC 61850
Ethernet Communications
Local Communications

Power
Supply

Copyright 2015 Usta & ENTES Electronic ITU, O USTA 33

ITU Electrical Engineering, O.Usta,

ELK455E 11
 10/22/2020

Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs)

I. System Software:
• HMI Software (for USB, LCD, Operation Keys,
LEDs)
• Data Acquisition and Collection Software,
• Remote Communications Software (using one or
more of following protocols MODBUS RTU,
MODBUS TCP/IP, DNP3, IEC60870-103,
IEC61850),
• Others.
II. Application (Functionas) Software
• Meaurement, monitoring, protection, operation,
mangement.
ITU, O USTA 34

IEDs Based Computer networks for Substation Automation

TCP/IP
Upper
Layer

Station Host
Computer RTU
Midle Layer

MODBUS
MODBUS
RTU
RTU
Lower Layer
Electrical
Network

J Ekanayake, et all , ‘’Smart Grid Technology And Applications’’

IEEE PES TR CHAPTER, Ö USTA, ITU

IEDs Based Computer networks for Substation Automation

HMIS
Upper Layer

Modbus TCP/IP
Sub-station Operation Center
Host N

MODBUS RTU/IEC61850
Middle Layer

IED1 IED2 IED 3 …… IED

CT/VT CT/VT CT/VT CT/VT

Lower
Layer

Switch Switch Switch Switch

Power System Environment
Copyright 2015 Usta Copyright
ITU, O USTA 2015 Usta 36

ITU Electrical Engineering, O.Usta,

ELK455E 12
 10/22/2020

Smart Grid Application: IEDs Based Computer networks for

WAN
Power System Automation
Sub-station
Control Center Host 1
Modbus
TCP/IP

Sub-stations
Internet Host 2

Sub-station Sub-stations
Host N host 3

MODBUS RTU
LAN Bus Bar
a
b
IED1 IED2 IED 3 IED Interface c
…… 32
4i, 4v

Copyright 2015 Usta

ITU, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 37

Computer networks for Remote Reading of Electricity Meters

Network yönetimi
Kombi Sayaçlar
Görev yöneticisi
Veri elde etme
GSM
Geçerli kılma
Depolama PLC
Sunma
Hesaplama
PSTN/ PLC Modemli Sayaçlar
Dışarı verme GSM

Dial-Up modem Veri toplama

Veritabanı ünitesi

USOS İLETİŞİM ALTYAPISI

USOBiM

Firewall Veri Toplama

PLC
Ünitesi
LAN WAN
TCP/GPRS PLC Modemli Sayaçlar
ERP
Faturalama İnternet /
İntranet
Tahmin
GPRS
İstatistik

Veritabanı Kombi Sayaçlar

Workstations

Metering and Home Energy management

Home Energy
Remote Reading of Management
Electricity Meters

J Ekanayake, et all , ‘’Smart Grid Technology And Applications’’

IEEE PES TR CHAPTER, Ö USTA, ITU

ITU Electrical Engineering, O.Usta,

ELK455E 13
 10/22/2020

THANKS

ITU, O USTA 40

ITU Electrical Engineering, O.Usta,

ELK455E 14