Anglais

Formation à Distance
Année Universitaire 2020/ 2021
English
(For computer scientist students)
Nom de l’enseignant : NY NOSY Andrianirina M.
Niveau d’études : Licence 1

Contents
Chapter I : GRAMMAR ................................................................................................................... 4
Lesson 1 : VERB TENSES ............................................................................................................ 4
1. The simple tenses ............................................................................................................. 4
2. The continuous tenses ...................................................................................................... 6
3. The perfect tenses ............................................................................................................ 7
4. The Perfect Continuous tenses ....................................................................................... 8
Exercises ...................................................................................................................................... 9
Lesson 2 : CONDITIONAL ........................................................................................................ 14
1. Conditional type zero .................................................................................................... 14
2. Conditional Type 1 ........................................................................................................ 14
3. Conditional type 2 .......................................................................................................... 14
4. Conditional type 3 .......................................................................................................... 15
Exercises .................................................................................................................................... 15
Lesson 3 : COMPOUND ADJECTIVES ................................................................................... 18
1. What is an adjective?..................................................................................................... 18
2. Steps in forming compound adjectives ........................................................................ 19
Lesson 4 : REVIEW OF PRONOUNS ....................................................................................... 22
1. Subject pronoun ............................................................................................................. 22
2. Object Pronoun .............................................................................................................. 22
3. Reflexive pronouns ........................................................................................................ 22
4. Possessive adjective ........................................................................................................ 23
5. Possessive pronoun ......................................................................................................... 23
6. Demonstrative Pronouns ................................................................................................. 23
Exercises .................................................................................................................................... 23
Lesson 5 : ORDER OF ADJECTIVES ...................................................................................... 26
Lesson 6 : SENTENCE CONNECTORS ................................................................................... 28
Exercises .................................................................................................................................... 32
Lesson 7 : COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ................................................................ 33
1. Comparative ................................................................................................................... 33
a. Comparative of superiority .......................................................................................... 33
b. Comparative of inferiority ........................................................................................... 33
c. Comparative of equality ................................................................................................... 33
2. Superlative ..................................................................................................................... 34
Exercice: ................................................................................................................................... 34
Lesson 8 : QUANTIFIER ............................................................................................................ 34
1. Much- many- little- few- a lot- plenty .......................................................................... 34
ESUM NY NOSY Andrianirina M. 2

2. ‘Some’ or ‘any’ ............................................................................................................... 35
Exercises .................................................................................................................................... 36
Lesson 9 : PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE AND ADVERBS OF MOVEMENT ..................... 37
Exercise ...................................................................................................................................... 39
Chapter II : LANGUAGE FUNCTION......................................................................................... 40
Lesson 1 : AGREEING AND DISAGREEING ......................................................................... 40
1. Expressions for agreeing ............................................................................................... 40
2. How to disagree politely ................................................................................................ 41
Lesson 2 : ADVISING AND OPINIONS ................................................................................... 41
1. Asking for advice ........................................................................................................... 41
2. Ways to ask for someone’s opinion .............................................................................. 42
3. Giving opinions .............................................................................................................. 42
Lesson 3 : APOLOGIZING ........................................................................................................ 43
1. Examples of letters for apologizing .............................................................................. 43
2. How to accept an apology ?........................................................................................... 44
Lesson 4 : LET’S TALK ABOUT YOUR TOWN .................................................................... 44
Chapter III : ENGLISH RELATED TO INFORMATICS ......................................................... 47
Lesson 1 : USEFUL VERBS ....................................................................................................... 47
Lesson 2 : ENGLISH VOCABULARIES WITH MEANING IN FRENCH .......................... 48
EXERCISES : Text and comprehension ....................................................................................... 53
ENGLISH PROVERBS................................................................................................................... 57

Chapter I : GRAMMAR
Lesson 1 : VERB TENSES
1. The simple tenses
a. Present Simple
Form: V/ V +s (do/does)
Present Simple is used with: often, rarely, every day, usually, occasionally, always, as a rule.
We use the Present Simple to talk about :
 General truth and rules :
- The world is round
- Most bears hibernate in winter.
 Routine and habits :
- Do you swim every weekend ?
- I watch television everyday.
 Permanent situations and states :
- We live in Ankatso.
 Future facts
- The train leaves in twenty minutes.
b. Past Simple
Form: past simple/preterit (irregular verb) or + ed (regular verb)

Past Simple is used with: yesterday, the day before yesterday, last, the other day, ago.
We use the Past Simple to talk about single or repeated events in the past when we know when they
happened. At one particular time in the past, this happened. It began and ended in the past.
- I bought some nice things at the market at the weekend.
- I ate a lot of chocolate when I was a student.
- It rained yesterday.
- Did you watch news on television last night ?
c. Future Simple
Form: will +V/ be going to + V

Future simple is used with: tomorrow, soon, next week, someday.
Future simple tense is used at one particular time in the future.
Will
Use ‘ will ’ (NOT the present simple) for instant decisions, promises, offers, and suggestions
Examples :
 An instant decision at the moment of speaking

- I’ll have the steak
 Promise
- I won’t tell anybody where you are
 An offer
- I’ll carry that bag for you
 A prediction based on our opinions or beliefs
- We’ll probably get home after midnight.
 A request
- Will you wait for me ?
Be going to
We use ‘ be going to ’ :
 When you have already decided to do something, to show that you have made a decision.
- I’m going to go to the countryside next week.
- We’re going to get married in the Summer
 Future plans and intentions
- My sister is going to adopt a child.
- Are you going to buy a new car ?
 Predictions based on something we can observe
- I think they’re going to win (they are playing very well)
- It’s going to rain (the sky is very dark)
With the verb ‘ go ’ you can leave out the infinitive.
Example : I’m not going (to go) to New York

Shall :
Use ‘ shall ’ (NOT ‘ will ’) with I and We for offers, and suggestions when they are questions.
Eg : Shall I help you with your homework ?

Future arrangements
You can usually use present continuous or going to for future plans/ arrangements.
 ‘ going to ’ shows that you have made a decision.

Eg : We’re going to get married in the Summer
 ‘ present continuous ’ emphasizes that you have made the arrangements.
Eg : we are getting married on July 12th (we’ve booked the church)
Examples :
- We’re getting married in October.

- They’re meeting at 10 : 00.
- She’s leaving on Friday
2. The continuous tenses
Form : be + verb-ing
The progressive tenses tell an action in progress during a particular time. The tenses say that an action
begins before, is in progress at the time of speaking, and continues after another time or action.
a. Present continuous
Form: Be (am/ are/ is) + V.ing

We use the present continuous with: Look! Listen! Now, at the moment, still, while, right now
We use the present continuous to :
 Talk about activities in progress at the time of speaking
- Where’s Joe ? He is having a shower.
- Listen ! The teacher is explaining the lessons.
 Talk about personal arrangements for the future
- We’re flying back on Saturday.
 Show irritation about a person’s bad habit
- You are always loosing the keys.

b. Past continuous
Form: be (was/ were) + V.ing

Past continuous is used with: at this time yesterday, still, the whole evening, yesterday.
We use the Past continuous to talk about :
 Activities that continued for some time in the past, especially to show a longer activity that
was interrupted by a shorter one
- I was making dinner when the phone rang
- He was sleeping when I arrived.
 Activities that form the background, especielly to set a scene :
- We were walking along the beach chatting to one another. Suddenly, we heard a call
for help.
c. Future continuous
Form: will be + V.ing

Future continuous is used with: at this time tomorrow, still, the whole morning tomorrow.
Eg : He will be sleeping when I arrive
The action of sleeping will begin before arrive and i twill be in progress when I arrive in the future.
Probably he will continue to sleep.
3. The perfect tenses

a. Present Perfect
Form: have/ has + V (past participle)

Present Perfect is used with: just, ever, never, yet, recently, already, for, since.
We use the Present Perfect to talk about :
 Past events and activities with consequences in the present
- Oh no ! The house has been burgled. Phone the police.
 Single or repeated events in the past when it doesn’t matter when they happened.
- Have you ever tried Chinese food ?
- I have finished my homework.

b. Past perfect
Form: had + V (past participle)

We use the Past Perfect to talk about events or situations in the past which happened before another
past events.
- When we got home, Jane had already left so we didn’t manage to say goodbye to
her.
c. Future perfect
Form : will have + V (past participle)

We use the Future Perfect to talk about something that will be completely finished before another
thing will start in the future.
- I will have finished the homework when they will arrive
4. The Perfect Continuous tenses

a. Present Perfect Continuous
Form : have/ has been + V.ing

We use the Present Perfect Continuous to talk about an activity that has recently stopped or just
stopped. There is a connection with now.
- I’ve been doing a lot of overtime recently to save money for a holiday.
- I’ve been studying for two hours.
- You’re out of breath. Have you been running ?
- You look exhausted ! What have you been doing ?
b. Past Perfect Continuous
Form : had been + V.ing

We use the Past Perfect Continuous to talk about longer activites in the past that happened before
other past events.
- I had been studying for two hours before my friend came.
c. Future Perfect Continuous
Form : will have been + V.ing

We use the future Perfect Continuous to talk about an event in progress before other future events.
- I will have been studying for two hours by the time you arrive.
- I will have been living here for 5 years by next February

Exercises
A. Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple present or present continuous)
1. Look! Sara (go) ................ to the movies.

2. On her right hand, Sara (carry) ................ her handbag.
3. The handbag (be) ................ very beautiful.
4. Sara usually (put) ................ on black shoes but now she (wear) ................ white one.
5. And look, she (take) ................ an umbrella because it (rain) ................
B. Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or past perfect)
1. When he (wake up) ................................., his mother (already

/prepare) ................................. breakfast
2. We (go) ................................. to London because our friends (invite) ................................. us
3. He (hear) ................................. the news, (go) ................................. to the telephone and
(call) ................................. a friend.
4. When she (start) ................................. learning English she (already
/learn) ................................. French.
5. Before that day we (never / think) ................................. of traveling to Japan.
6. I (know) ................................. him a long time before I (meet) ................................. his family.
7. They (not / know) ................................. where to meet because nobody
(tell) ................................. them.
8. It (be) ................................. cloudy for days before it (begin) ................................. to rain.
C. Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect).
1. I (just / finish) ................................. my homework.

2. Mary (already / write) ................................. five letters.
3. Tom (move) ................................. to his home town in 1994.
4. My friend (be) ................................. in Canada two years ago.
5. I (not / be) ................................. to Canada so far.
6. At last! I................................. (pass) my final exams!
7. But I (already / travel) ................................. to London a couple of times.
8. Last week, Mary and Paul (go) ................................. to the cinema.
9. Where ..................you.................. (buy) that fantastic mouse?

10. I can't take any pictures because I (not /buy) ................................. a new film yet.
11. (they / spend) ................................. their holidays in Paris last summer?
12. John.................. just.................. (burn) this CD for me.

13. They................................. (compile) the website yesterday.
14. She................................. (buy) the notebook 2 weeks ago.
15. I ..................already .................. (be) to the USA.
16. ..................you .................. (save) this document yet?
D. Put the verbs into the correct tense (Simple Past or Past Progressive).
1. The receptionist (welcome)…………………… the guests and (ask) ……………………
them to fill in the form.
2. The car (break) …………………… down and we (have) …………………… to walk home.
3. The boys (swim) …………………… while the girls (sunbath) …………………… .
4. My father (come) …………………… in, (look) ……………………and (tell)
…………………… me to tidy up my room.
5. While one group (prepare) …………………… dinner the others (collect)
……………………wood for the campfire.
6. While the parents (have) …………………… breakfast the children (run) ……………………
about.
7. Martha (turn) ……………………off the light and (go) …………………… to bed.
E. Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple future or future perfect)
1. Tomorrow I think I (start) …………………… my new project.
2. I (finish) ……………………it by the end of this month.
3. The teacher (probably/assign) ……………………a test to his students next Monday.
4. He (correct) …………………… it by the end of next week.
5. My friend (certainly/get) …………………… a good mark.
6. By 9 o'clock, we (finish) …………………… our homework.
7. They (leave) …………………… the classroom by the end of the hour.
8. I think I (start) …………………… my trip tomorrow.

F. Underline the correct verb tense in each sentence.
Example: Jacob (ride, has ridden, rode) his skateboard to school last week.
1. Although Diane (is feeling, felt, feels) very sick, she decided to go to the party anyway.
2. She (have been, has been, will be) to France three times.
3. You (have grown, grow, has grown) since the last time I saw you.
4. I (has not, have not, did not) been able to sleep for a week now.
5. Do you (speak, speaking, spoke) English?
6. When I first saw her, she (was standing, has stood, has been standing) on the balcony.
7. She (had read, reads, is reading) for more than 15 minutes when the teacher arrived.
8. Every time I see that movie, it (had made, makes, made) me cry.
9. I (has stopped, will be stopping, stopped) smoking three years ago.
10. The movie that we (saw, will see, seen) on Monday was very good.
G. Fill in the correct form of the verb – All tenses

1. My family................................. (buy) some land in southern France recently. They
................................. (build) a summer house there at the moment.
2. Andy and Mary ................................. (go) to a concert tomorrow night. They
................................. (look forward to) it the whole week.
3. Jonathan ................................. (watch) the news on TV every day and it .................................
(help) him with his English.
4. My car ................................. (break) down when I ................................. (drive) home from
work. I ................................. (fix) it if I ................................. (know) what was wrong. But I
didn’t so ................................. (have) to take it to the garage.
5. When he ................................. (found) Microsoft, Bill Gates was only 20 years old. He
................................. (already write) his first computer programme six years earlier.
6. An accident ................................. (happen) near my house last night. A car
................................. (hit) a young man. He ................................. (ride) his bike when
someone in front of him suddenly ................................. (open) a car door. Many people
................................. (see) the accident. The police ................................. (interrogate) them
last night.
7. Mrs Smith said that one day she ................................. (retire) from teaching. She said that she
................................. (spend) her new free time learning about computers.
8. I ................................. (not sleep) at all last night. Someone ................................. (listen) to
music all night.

9. I ................................. (see) a film a week ago, but I ................................. (not enjoy) it very
much because I ................................. (already read) the book. If I ................................. (not
read) the book I ................................. (probably enjoy) the film more.
10. The judge sentenced the man to eight years in prison because he ................................. (rob) a
bank.
H. Circle the best answer. Sometimes two answers are possible.
1. A : ................................................................ ?
B : Tomorrow. My flight is in the morning.
a. When will you leave
b. When are you leaving
c. When are you going to leave
2. A : You must bring the money tomorrow.
B : Don’t wory, ................................................................
a. I’m not forgetting.
b. I’m not going to forget
c. I won’t forget
3. A : Do you have any plans for tonight ?
B : Yes, ................................................................
a. I’ll meet some friends
b. I’m going to meet some friends
c. I’m meeting some friends
4. A : The interviews for the new manager were yesterday.
B : I think ................................................................
a. Bob is getting the job
b. Bob is going to get the job
c. Bob will get the job
5. A : This suitcase is too heavy for me
B : ................................................................
a. I’ll carry it for you
b. I’m carrying it for you
c. I’m going to carry it for you
6. A : What would you like to drink ?
B : ................................................................
a. I’ll have a cappucino, please
b. I’m going to have a cappucino, please
c. I’m having a cappucino, please
7. A : Here’s my email adress.
B : Thanks. ................................................................ tomorrow.
a. I’m going to send you the photos
b. I’m sending you the photos
c. I’ll send you the photos
I. Complete with a correct future form
Example:
A : Sorry, Ann’s not in.
B : OK. I’ll call back later. (call back)
1. A : There’s no milk.
B : Don’t worry, I ..................................some. (get)
2. A : Can we meet on Tuesday ?
B : Sorry, I can’t. I .................................. to Brighton on Tuesday. (go)
3. A : Can we have pizza for lunch ?
B : No, we .................................. chicken. I’ve already put it in the oven. (have)
4. A : Is that the phone ?
B : Yes, but don’t get up. .................................. it. (answer)
5. A : Jane’s put on a lot of weight !
B : She’s pregnant. She .................................. a baby in August. (have)
J. Underline the correct form, sometimes both are possible.
Eg : I’m not going/ I won’t go to work tomorrow because it’s Saturday. (intention)
1. I’m going to study/ I’ll study English here next year.
2. A : Shall we/ Will we eat out tonight ?
B : Good idea.
3. We’ll go/ We’re going to Brazil next week. I can’t wait.
4. What are you going to wear/ are you wearing to the party ?
5. Do you think it will rain/ it’s going to rain tomorrow ?
6. A : This is heavy.
B : I’ll help/ I help you

7. I’m meeting/ I meet a friend this evening.
8. I’m really sorry. I promise I won’t do/ I’m not going to do it again.
9. They’re getting/ They’re going to get married in May.
Lesson 2 : CONDITIONAL
1. Conditional type zero
Form : If + present simple, …. Present simple

Example: If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils
Use: This conditional is used when the result will always happen. So, if water reaches 100 degrees,
it always boils. I'm talking in general, not about one particular situation.
‘if’ can be replaced by ‘when’
Examples:
 If people eat too much, they get fat.
 If you touch a fire, you get burned.
 People die if they don't eat.
 Snakes bite if they are scared
 If babies are hungry, they cry
2. Conditional Type 1
Form: if + present simple, ... will + infinitive

Example: If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go to the cinema.
Use: It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course, we can't know what
will happen in the future, but this describes possible things, which could easily come true
 If it rains, I won't go to the park.
 If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight.
 If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes.
 She'll be late if the train is delayed.
 She’ll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon.
 If I see her, I'll tell her.
3. Conditional type 2
Form: if + past simple, ... would + infinitive
Example: If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world.
Use A. First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be true.
Maybe I'm imagining some dream for example.

 If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.(I probably won't win the lottery)
 If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello.
 She would travel all over the world if she were rich.
 She would pass the exam if she ever studied.(She never studies, so this won't happen)
Use B. Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is impossible, because it's
not true.
Examples:
 If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's impossible for me
to call him).
 If I were you, I wouldn't go out with that man
4. Conditional type 3
Form: if + past perfect ... would + have + past participle

Example: If I had gone to bed early, I would have been on time.
Use: It talks about the past. It's used to describe a situation that didn't happen, and to imagine the
result of this situation.
 If she had studied, she would have passed the exam (but, really we know she didn't
study and so she didn't pass)
 If I hadn't eaten so much, I wouldn't have felt sick (but I did eat a lot, and so I did feel
sick).
 If we had taken a cab, we wouldn't have missed the plane
Exercises
A. Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps, form a Conditional sentence type I. (Only use
the will-future in the main clauses. Mind the negations in the sentences.)
1. If I (to study)………………… I (to pass) …………………the exams.
2. If the sun (to shine) ………………… we (to walk) …………………to the town.
3. If he (to have) …………………a temperature, he (to see) ………………………..the doctor.
4. If my friends (to come) ………………… I (to be) ………………… very happy.
5. If she (to earn) ………………… a lot of money, she (to fly) …………………to New York.
6. If you (to send)…………………your order by fax, we (to deliver) …………………the goods
immediately.
7. If she (not/to read) …………………the novel, she (not/to pass) …………………the literature
test.
8. If we (to take) ………………… the bus, we (not/to arrive) …………………in time.

9. If I (not/to argue) …………………with my father, he (to lend) …………………me his car
10. If Dick (not/to buy) …………………the book, his friends (to be) …………………angry with
him
B. Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence – type II
Example : If your security system ....... improvement, you .......... invest some money.
(need/have to)
Answer : If your security system needed improvement, you would have to invest some
money.
1. The files.......................infected now if you.......................the virus scanning program
regularly. (be/refresh)
2. She .......................her files if she .......................back copies. (lose/make)
3. If you.......................the attachments from unknown senders, your programs .......................

infected. (open/be)
4. If you.......................your e-mail address to salespeople for marketing purposes, you

.......................hundreds of junk mails. (give/get)
5. If you.......................your password to other people, they.......................your confidential data.

(tell/access)
C. Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence – type III. (Mind
the negations in the sentences)
1. If you (to check) ………………………..the car, it (not/to break)
………………………..down in the middle of the desert.
2. If we (to know) ……………………….. about your special offer, we (to order)
……………………….. more goods.
3. If your price (to include) ……………………….. carriage and packaging, we (to find)
………………………..it attracting.
4. If she (to buy) ……………………….. a new hard disk, she (not/to lose)
………………………..all data.
5. If we (to use) ……………………….. the town map, we (not/to get)
………………………..lost.
6. If you (to examine) ………………………..our offer carefully, you (to realize)
……………………….. its advantages.

7. If the firm (to supply) ……………………….. all the ordered goods, we (not to complain)
………………………..about its service.
8. If the weather (not/to be) ………………………..so bad, we (to deliver)
……………………….. all your items.
9. If Fred (not/to cheat) ……………………….. at the test, his teacher (not/to phone)
……………………….. his father.
10. If Anna (not to settle) ……………………….. her debts, she (to have)
……………………….. judicial problems.
D. Complete the sentences.

1. If your conditions are competitive, we (place) ………………………..an order.
2. If I had more time, I (do) ………………………..a course in business English.
3. If we had known more about their culture, negotiating (be) ………………………..easier.
4. If you (customize) ………………………..your CV, your chances of getting a job will be
better.
5. We (cancel) ………………………..our order if you don't deliver the goods by Friday.
6. If Brittany (speak) ……………………….. better English, she would apply for a job abroad.
7. If you (tell) ……………………….. me about the problem, I would have helped you.
8. I (let) ………………………..you know if I weren't satisfied.
9. If you execute the order carelessly, they (place / not) ……………………….. another order
with you in the future.
10. If I were you, I (worry / not) ……………………….. about the presentation.
E. Decide which tense is correct in the following sentences. Choose between simple future
and Simple present.
Example : If file swapping ... (be) illegal, I ... copy my friend's CDs.
Answer : If file swapping is illegal, I will copy my friend's CDs.
1. If you ………… (run) out of paper, you ………… (have) to go to the stationer's.
2. When the students ………… (be) bored with the Internet, you ………… (give) them some
game software.
3. After the computer ………… (be) plugged in, the operation system ………… (boot) itself.
4. He ………… (employ) a Network Administrator if the company ………… (buy) new PCs.

5. By the time the program ………… (be downloaded) you ………… (finish) editing this
document.
6. The secretary ………… (make) a backup copy before she ………… (switch) off the
computer.
Lesson 3 : COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
1. What is an adjective?
It describes the noun. It gives the noun more character and offers more details about it. Since it is
used to identify individual people, places, and unique things, it is positioned before the noun that it
modifies. One sentence can contain more than one adjective.
Noun : it is the name of a person, place, or thing.
Examples of noun : girl, toy, Ben, Gail, house, mountain, train, courage, fear, love, river, bird, and
more.
So when you put a word in front of a noun to describe it, that’s an adjective.
A compound adjective is when two or more words are combined to describe the same noun. Since it
is a combination of more than two words that functions as one word, it has a hyphen (-) in it. Look at
these examples to distinguish what makes a compound adjective.
Here are simple descriptions or simple adjectives:
 good girl (adjective = good)
 tall girl (adjective = tall)
 sweet girl (adjective = sweet)
Now, here are compound adjectives:

short-haired girl (short-haired = two words combined and are together used as one adjective to
describe the girl)
good-mannered girl
left-handed girl
Here are more sentences to help demonstrate what a compound adjective is:
 A Chinese who speaks English is an English-speaking Chinese.
 A car with four wheels is a four-wheel car.
 An animal with four legs is a four-legged animal.
 A building with five stories is a five-story building.

Also, you may have noticed that a compound adjective comes BEFORE a noun and has a hyphen.
See the following:
 I have a German-speaking friend.
(German-speaking = compound adj.) (friend = noun)
 A long-time friend came by to see us this morning.
(long-time = compound adj.) (friend = noun)
If you’re not using a compound adjective, the meaning of the sentence becomes entirely different.
Look at these examples:
 a man eating a shark”
This shows that the man eats sharks.
 a man-eating shark
This describes a shark that eats people.
Before we go on, note that this is the most common mistake in writing compound adjectives.
 My son is eight years old.
The adjective is after the noun so no hyphen needed here.
 I have an eight-years-old son.
This is wrong. With compound adjectives, don’t use the plural form because there’s the
hyphen already.
 I have an eight-year-old son.
This is the correct sentence.
2. Steps in forming compound adjectives

1) Adjective + participle, or Adverb + participle
Participles are verbs with –ing and are used as a noun or adjective in a sentence. It is also a past tense
with –ed, or a past tense of an irregular verb.
Example of participle with –ing:
 working mother
Example of participle with –ed:

 burned toast
Example of irregular verbs:

 think = thought
 know = known

 eat = ate / eaten
The following are compound adjectives that use participle:

 good-looking
 long-lasting
 sweet-smelling
 white-haired
 well-known
 half-eaten
Body parts can be used in compound words by adding only –ed.

 body = bodied
 hair = haired
 eye = eyed
 nose = nosed
 lip = lipped
 leg = legged
So, by adding –ed to body parts, you turn them into a participle.
Compound Adj.:
 He’s a good-looking young man.
Simple Adj.:
 The young man is good looking.
Other examples :
 I see a round-bodied mammal.
 My pet is a brown-haired monkey.
 Sara is a beautiful, blue-eyed baby.
 My mom wears a sweet-smelling perfume.
2) Noun + participle
 Mosquitoes are blood-sucking insects.
(blood = noun) (sucking = participle)
 Sonya performed a heart-breaking song.
(heart = noun) (breaking = participle)

3) Number + noun
Here, we use numbers to describe another noun. So this type of combination becomes an adjective to
describe that noun.
Compound Adjective:
 She gave her boss a 25-page report.
Without hyphen:
 Her report is 25 pages.
Compound Adjective:
 My aunt is making a 4-layer cake for Cindy’s wedding.
Without hyphen:
 My aunt is making a cake of 4 layers for Cindy’s wedding.
4) number + measure
With this combination, the measure for time, area, volume, weight, or height is used.
 He’s holding a 14-foot stick. (see that we don’t use ‘feet’)
 Old people in that village can’t endure the minus 2-degree temperature in the evenings.
 Dad is working a 9-hour shift at the factory.
 Cherry is climbing a 36-foot rock.
The rule that’s used for hyphens is the same one that applies to plural forms: Use singular when
there’s a hyphen and if placed BEFORE the noun.
 Josh is carrying a 10-kilogram sack of wheat.
Use plural when there is NO hyphen and if placed AFTER the noun.
 Josh is carrying a sack of wheat that weighs 10 kilograms.
Please note that for instance, you’re required to write 250 or 300 words, compound adjectives count
as one word.
If you want to use a compound adjective, just remember that it is made up of two or three words that
together function as one word. These are two or three words connected by a hyphen and work
altogether as one adjective to describe the same noun.

Lesson 4 : REVIEW OF PRONOUNS
1. Subject pronoun
Subject pronoun: is a word that takes the place of a noun : I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They
Example: My name is Kate, I am a trainer!
2. Object Pronoun
We use Object Pronoun as direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions.
Me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
Most of the time we find them at the end of a sentence!
Examples
 I’m doing my homework. Dad is helping me.
 Goodbye, learner! I’ll call one of you.
 Where is Peter ? I need to talk to him.
 Miss Garcia is very nice. All the children miss her.
 The car is very dirty. Mom is cleaning it.
 Mr. Brown called Mary to ask her a question.
 My chocolates are all gone. Someone has eaten them.
3. Reflexive pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are : myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselve, themselves
Examples
 I need my car, don’t take it anymore, don’t you know that I bought it by myself.
 Learn your lesson. Help yourself to speak English very well.
 My brother works for himself.
 Be careful not to cut yourself with that knife.
 John was looking at himself in the mirror.
 Kate hurts herself by smokingOur cat washes itself after every meal.
 We baked the cake by ourselves.
 Come in, everybody, and find yourselves a seat.
 The children cleaned their room all by themselves.

4. Possessive adjective
Possesive adjectives are : my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
Use : It describes a noun.
It can always be found before a noun
Examples:
 My computer is old.
 You write in your copy book.
 He sends a text in his phone.
 Madagascar is our land!
5. Possessive pronoun
Possessive pronouns are: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs
Use: It takes the place of the noun.
It usually goes after a noun.
Examples:
 This book is not mine.
 Have you lost yours, Tom?
 This pen is mine and that one is his.
 Sarah has lost her keys. Is this keys hers?
 I can see our car, but where is yours?
 We’ve had our lunch, but they haven’t had theirs.
6. Demonstrative Pronouns
Singular: This, That
Plural: these, those
Exercises
A. Put the right pronoun
1. "Is he marrying Kara?"
"Yes, he is in love with …................!"!"
2. "Your son is making a lot of noise!"
"I'll ask …................!" to be quiet."
3. "Where are my glasses?"
"You are wearing …................!"
4. "Do you like apples?"
"I love …................!"

5. "Why is he always talking about Liza?"
"He clearly likes…................!"
6. "Where is my book? Oh, my God! I've lost …................!"
7. "Is that Nancy's new boyfriend?"
"Don't ask me, ask …................!"
8. Do you want this book? Yes I’ll take …………!
9. My mother is fantastic! I like ………… very much.
10. Don't help me with this exercise! I can do ………… by myself.
11. This fruit is poisoned! Don't eat …………
12. Take the children to bed. Don't let ………… watch this movie.
13. Why is she helping John? She probably loves …………
B. Use the correct personal pronouns. Watch the words in brackets.
1. ……is dreaming. (George)

2. ……is green. (the blackboard)
3. ……are on the wall. (the posters)
4. ……is running. (the dog)
5. ……are watching TV. (my mother and I)
6. ……are in the garden. (the flowers)
7. ……is riding his bike. (Tom)
8. ……is from Bristol. (Victoria)
9. ……has got a brother. (Diana)
10. Have …… got a computer, Mandy?
C. Use the correct pronouns

1. I can't see Mary. I can't see ________ (him/ she/ her)
2. Karen is next to Peter. Karen is next to ________ (he/him/ his)
3. Can you help Peter and Ann? Can you help ________? (they/ you/ them)
4. Drink your apple juice! Drink ________! (it/ its/ your)
5. We are going to the cinema. Come with ________! (we/ them/ us)
6. These are my bananas. You can't eat ________ (they/ them/ it)
7. Carol is at school. She can't come with ________ (we/ us/ they)
8. The cat is under the chair. Can you see __________? (he/ she/ it)
9. Dave can't swim. Help ________! (him/ her/ he)
10. It's Kate's birthday today. This is a present for ________ (she/ her/ it)
11. Where are you? I can't see ________ (your/ you/ us)
12. The windows are opened. Close ________ (it/ they/ them)
13. I can't ride a horse. Help ________! (I, me, it)
D. Use pronouns to complete the sentences.

1. Do you like James?
Yes, I like ................
2. Do you like your neighbors?
Yes, I like ................
3. Do you like me?
Yes, I like ................
4. Do you like Juana?
Yes, I like ................
5. Do you like English?
Yes, I like ................
6. Do you like movies?
Yes, I like ................
7. Do your friends like you?
Yes, they like ................
8. Do you like your new car?
Yes, I like ................
9. Does Anna like you and me?
Yes, she likes ................
10. Does your dog like you?
Yes, he likes ................
E. Fill the blanks with appropriate pronoun.

1. Tell ………. the truth, please!
2. Your daughter can help ................ in the kitchen.
3. I want to play soccer with ................
4. I can take ……. out to dinner.
5. Oh, what a nice car! Look at ................
6. Your mother can take ……. to the park tomorrow.
7. Please show ……. your new game.
8. Ted can teach …… English.

Lesson 5 : ORDER OF ADJECTIVES
Basic types of adjectives and the correct order for using them.
1. Opinion : what do you think about something ?
Eg : pretty, ugly, silly, smart, easy, fun,…
2. Size : how big or small is it ?
Eg : small, tiny, large, enormous, big,…
3. Age : how old or young someone or something is ?
Eg : old, young, adolescent, new, ancient,…
4. Shape : what is the shape ?
Eg : square, triangular, irregular, flat, round,…
5. Colour : what colour is it ?
Eg : red, blue, black,…
6. Origin : where is it from ?
Eg : Malagasy, American, Chinese, British, Brazilian,…
7. Material : what is it made of ?
Silver, gold, copper, wood, plastic, cotton,…
8. Purpose : what is it used for ?
Racing (car), football (field), frying (pan)
Examples :
 An interesting old book
 An ugly pink plastic ornament
 A delicious round chocolate cake
 A pair of smart brown leather boots
 A beautiful small white Chinese computer
 A nice bi gold squae white French plate
When there are two colour adjectives, we use and : A big and yellow hat
Exercise
Underline the correct option
1. An australian young thin girl.
A young Australian thin girl.
A thin young Australian girl.
2. A handsome blond Californian surfer.
A blond handsome Californian surfer.
A Californian handsome blond surfer.

3. A brown huge old bear.
An old huge brown bear.
A huge old brown bear.
4. A nice green woolen sweater.
A woolen nice green sweater.
A green nice woolen sweater.
5. A little cute grey mouse.
A cute little grey mouse.
A grey little cute mouse.
6. A delicious round chocolate cake.
A delicious chocolate round cake.
A round delicious chocolate cake.
7. A black mean old cat.
An old mean black cat.
A mean old black cat.
8. A pretty round silver sugar bowl.
A pretty silver sugar round bowl.
A round silver pretty sugar bowl.
9. A small lovely brick house.
A lovely small brick house.
A brick small lovely house.
10. A Chinese porcelain beautiful vase.
A beautiful porcelain Chinese vase.
A beautiful Chinese porcelain vase.
Put the adjectives and the nouns in order

1. A, car, Italian, sports, fantastic
2. A, teacher, French, nice, old
3. A, alarm, red, small, clock
4. An, old, chair, wooden, rocking
5. A, dress, pretty, cotton, yellow
6. An, interesting, bowl, african, old
7. A, black, jacket, leather, smart
8. A, boat, red, sailing, beautiful
9. Chilean, delicious, green, grapes
10. A, strange, plastic, chair, red
Lesson 6 : SENTENCE CONNECTORS
1. Similarity
Likewise, similarly, correspondingly, by the same taken, in the same way

 Men must wear a jacket and a tie ; similarly, women must wear a skirt or a dress, not trousers.
 She was late and I similarly was delayed.
 You can’t teach navigation in the middle of a storm. Likewise, you can’t build a system of
values in the current educational climate.
2. Contrast
On the other hand, in contrast, conversely, however, yet, still, nonetheless, nevertheless, even so,
in spite of this, despite that, this
a. Direct opposition
 Jim worked hard. On the other hand/ In contrast/ However, Okan hardly did any work
at all.
 Metin is lazy. However, his brother is quite diligent (= hard working).
 George is an optimist. In contrast/ However, Bill is a pessimist.
 Extroverts love crowds. In contrast, introverts prefer solitude.
 Six is more than five ; conversely, five is less than six.
b. Denial of expectation (Unexpected result)
 She studied diligently for several months. Nevertheless/ However/ Yet/ Nonetheless, she
failed.
 Kevin is very handsome. Yet, he is not popular with girls.
 It’s raining. Even so, we must go out.
3. Result
As a consequence, accordingly, for this/ that reason, therefore, as a result, consequently, hence,
thus, because of that/ this
 He passed his exams. Therefore/ Thus/ Hence/ Accordingly/ Consequently, he had some
good news to tell his parents.
 Professor Brown is an outstanding scientist. Hence, he is highly respected.
 He has been studying hard for a long tme. Thus, he has made considerable progress.
 He lacks self-confidence. As a consequence, he is unlikely to be successful.
 The demand has increased sharply. Accordingly, the prices are higher now.

4. Addition and listing
- Also, besides, further, moreover, furthermore, in addition,
- First (firstly, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, for one thing),
- Secondly (second, in the second place, for another thing),
- Thirdly (third, in the third place)
- Finally, lastly, last of all
 Aykut plays football. Moreover/ Besides/ Also, he runs a restaurant.
 Necla writes short stories, in addition, she writes articles for a newsparer.
 To prepare his homework, Jack went through various history books. Furthermore, he took
notes from several encyclopedias.
 During her spare time, Ayla practices the piano ; in addition, she plays the violin.
 I prefer to buy fruits and vegetables in the open market because they are quite cheap there.
Besides, they are much fresher than fruits and vegetables sold at the greengrocers’.
 Living in a bif city offers good job opportunities. Also, it provides good educational
opportunities.
 All docs not have a gift for music. Moreover, he lacks motivation to practice music.
Therefore, he can’t become a good musician.
 Owning a car has some advantages. First (First of all/ Firstly/ To begin with), it gives you
comfort. Secondly, it saves you a lot of time. Thirdly, it gives you great freedom of
movement.
5. Time
At first, afterwards, later, then, in the meantime, meanwhile

 I read the morning papers for a while. Afterwards, I took a shower.
 First pick up the receiver and then insert a coin into the coin-box.
 At first, I had great difficulty with grammar. Later, however, I was able to overcome these
difficultes by studying hard.
 The party is on Tuesday, but in the meantime I have to shop and prepare the food.
 They’ll be here soon. Meanwhile, let’s have coffee.
6. Exemplification
For instance, for example, to illustrate

 Women generally live longer than men. For instance, in the United States life expectancy for
women is 75, while it is 73 for men.

 Earthquakes can be highly destructive. To illustrate, the earthquake which occured in
Erzincan in 1939 is devastated the whole town, killing more than 35 000 people.
7. Particularization
In particular, particularly, specifically

 Shopping in small markets is quite advantageous. In particular, one can find speciality items
that larger stores do not contain.
 We still needed to arrange several details for the trip. Specifically, we had to make plane and
train reservations as well as decide on the final itinerary.
8. Explanation
That is, namely, in other words, that is to say

 The brochure dealt with traveling in Morocco. That is/ In other words/ Namely, it discussed
transportation, currency, and language.
 The machinery was not impaired ; that is, it wasn’t damaged.
 Good readers should be able to read between the lines ; that is, they should be able to make
inferences (= to draw conclusions) about information that is conveyed indirectly or given only
partially.
 There is only one topic to discuss, namely, the question of discipline.
 As a child grows up, he learns how to behave in ways which are appropriate to the society
into which he is born. That is to say, he acquires the patterns of behaviour which are accepted
as normal in his society.
9. Emphasis
In fact, indeed, as a matter of fact, actually

 He is quite wealthy. In fact, he is one of the richest men in Turkey.
 I like reading. As a matter of fact, it is my favorite pastime.
 Mural is a highly talented musician. Indeed, he has an extraordinary gift for music.
10. Refutation
On the contrary
 She is not ugly. On the contrary, she is a good-looking girl.
 I don’t hate classical music. On the contrary, I’m very fond of it.

11. Reformulation
In other words, to put it in a different way, put differently

 He is a conservative. In other words, he favors the preservation of old institution in their
original form.
 Is there a cheaper solution ? In other words, can you make a cheaper device ?
12. Correction
Rather, to be more precise

 He is enjoying himself. Rather, he seems to be enjoying himself.
 This system must be improved. To be more precise, it must be thoroughly changed.
 Her name is not Margaret. Rather, it is Margot.
13. Transition
As for, as to, with regard to, with respect to, as regards, regarding, as far as X is concerned
 Both Mike and Peter are my friends. Mike studies law at Columbia University. As for Peter,
he studies Economic science at Harvard university.
 As far as comfort is concerned, a car is definitely much better that a bicycle. On the other
hand, with respect to convenience, it is difficult to say the same thing.
 METU and ITU are similar in several respects (=ways). First, they are both technical
universities. Secondly, they are alike as regards the courses offered.
14. Alternative
You’re welcome to come with us now in our car. Alternatively, you could go later with Mary.
15. Negative condition
Or else, otherwise
 I must leave now, or else I’ll be late.
 You must study hard. Otherwise, you may fail.
16. Summation/ Conclusion
In summary, in brief, in short, in conclusion, to be brief, to sum up, all in all

 This is our most disastrous and embarrassing defeat ever ; in short, it is a fiasco.
 The system lacked originality, efficiency and ingenuity. In conclusion, it was a complete
failure.
17. Other Sentence Connectors
After all : considering all the factors in the situation

 I don’t think he should be punished for breaking the window. After all, he’s only five years
old.
Incidentally/ by the way : used to introduce an additional point that the speaker has just thought of
 Same people, and incidentally that includes Robert, just won’t look after themselves properly.
Above all : more than anything else

 He misses all of us, but he longs above all to see his family again.
All the same : even so, nevertheless, in any case

 I like him ; all the same, I don’t trust him
Anyway, anyhow, in any case

 I wasn’t asked ; anyway/ anyhow/ in any case, I wasn’t keen to go.
Instead : used to indicate contrast

 Mary did not answer. Instead she looked out of the taxi window.
Exercises
A. Complete the following sentences using one appropriate connector
1. This restaurant has the best chefs in the town……………………………. their service is
excellent. (Yet, So, Moreover, Since)
2. I’ve never been to the US ……………………………. having friends and relatives there.
(Although, In spite of, Because, Consequently)
3. My sister works three jobs in a day. ……………………………. she doesn’t earn much money.
(However, If, Despite, While)
4. The car beat the red traffic light. ……………………………. the driver was issued a summons
by the traffic policeman. (But, Instead of, Whereas, As a result)
B. Select the response from the list that best completes the sentence.
The main cause for mimicking teen-idols is personal insecurity. Pre-teens are in between child and
adult stages. They are no longer children, ……………………………. (because, consequently, in
contrast), the ways they behaved in the past are no longer appropriate. …………………………….
(Since, Yet, Furthermore), they are not yet adults ; ……………………………. (therefore, however,
unless), they do not know the ways of the adult world. ……………………………. (Thus, In addition,

Whereas), they feel insecure. ……………………………. (In contrast, On the contrary, Although)
when they were younger, they could whine and cry to get attention from their parents and other
children. ……………………………. (However, Thus, Although), that kind of behaviour would be
« uncool » around their teenage peers. Often ……………………………. (while, so, as a result), the
preteen does not know how to act his or her age. ……………………………. (Thus, Because, Yet),
preteens do not know what to do, they often turn to copy-cut behaviour as a way to fit in and be more
secure.
Lesson 7 : COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

1. Comparative
Different kinds of adjectives

Short adjective: a word which has not more than 2 syllables
 young, short, light, clear, …
Long adjective: more than 2 syllables.

 Expensive, beautiful, wonderful, interesting
a. Comparative of superiority
Short adjective
Form : Adjective + er + than
Example: You are younger than him.

She is older than her husband.
Long adjective
Form : More + adjective + than
Example: This shirt is more expensive than the others.

She is more beautiful than her sister.
b. Comparative of inferiority
- Less…than
Example: Philosophy is less difficult than Math.

Reading is less interesting than watching TV
c. Comparative of equality
- As…as
Example: I’m as happy as you.

My house is as big as yours.

2. Superlative
Short adjective
Form : The + short adjective + est
Example: It’s the cheapest car in the word.
Oh my dearest friend, I miss you!
Long adjective
Form : The most + adjective
Example: She is the most intelligent of all.
It is the worse this I ever seen in my life.
Exercice:
1. Compare men and women
2. Compare living in country and living in town.
Lesson 8 : QUANTIFIER
1. Much- many- little- few- a lot- plenty
 We use ‘ much ’ and ‘ little ’ with uncountable nouns.

Examples : much time, much luck, little energy, little money
 We use ‘ many ’ and ‘ less ’ with plural nouns.
Examples : many friends, many people, few cars, few countries
 We use ‘ a lot of ’, ‘ lots of ’ ‘ plenty of ’ with uncountable and plural nouns.
Examples : a lot of luck, a lot of friends, lots of time, lots of people, plenty of money, plenty of ideas
 Plenty= more than enough
Examples :
- There’s no need to hurry. We’ve got plenty of time.
- I’ve had plenty to eat. I don’t want any more.
We use much/ many especially in negative sentences and questions. A lot (of) is also possible :
- We didn’t spend much money. (or We didn’t spend a lot of money.)
- Do you know many people ? (or Do you know a lot of people ?)
- I don’t go out much. (or I don’t go out a lot.)
In positive sentences, a lot (of) is more usual. Much is unusual in positive sentences in spoken
English :
- We spent a lot of money. (not ‘We spent much money’)
- He goes out a lot. (not ‘He goes out much’)

You can use many in positive sentences, but a lot (of) is more usual in spoken English :
- A lot of people (or Many people) drive too fast.
But note that we use too much and so much in positive sentences :
- We spent too much money.
 Little and few (without ‘a’) are negative ideas (= not much/ not many) :
- We must be quick. There is a little time. (= not much, not enough time)
- He isn’t popular. He has few friends. (= not many, not enough friends)
You can say very little and very few :
- There is very little time.
- He has very few friends.
 A little and a few are more positive.

A little= some, a small amount.
- Let’s go and have a drink. We’ve got a little time before the train leaves. (a little time=
some time, enough time to have a drink)
- ‘Do you speak English ?’ ‘A little’ (so we can talk a bit)
 A few= some, a small number :

- I enjoy my life here. I have a few friends and we meet quite often. (a few friends= not
many but enough to have a good time)
- ‘When did you last see Clare ?’ ‘A few days ago’ (= some days ago)
Compare :
- He spoke little English, so it was difficult to communicate with him.
He spoke a little English, so we were able to communicate with him.
- She’s lucky. She has few problems (= not many problems)
Things are not going so well for her. She has a few problems (= some problems)
Note that ‘only a little’ and ‘only a few’ have a negative meaning :
- We must be quick. We’ve only got a little time.
- The village was very small. There were only a few houses.
2. ‘Some’ or ‘any’
They describe an amount or type of something. They are often used before plural countable nouns
when the exact amount is not known or is not important.

"Some" and "any" are also used before uncountable nouns.
They cannot be used for singular nouns because both mean more than one or an uncountable amount.
We use "some" for :
 Positive sentences: I'll have some coffee,
 Offers: Do you want some coffee?
 Requests: Can I have some coffee?
We use "any" for :

 Negative sentences: I don't want any coffee
 Questions that are not offers or requests: Do you have any coffee?
Exercises
A. In some of these sentences much is incorrect or unnatural. Change much to many or a
lot (of) where necessary. Put ‘Right’ if the sentences is correct.
Eg : We didn’t spend much money. Right
Sue drinks much tea. A lot of
1. Jim always puts much salt on his food.................................
2. We’ll have to hurry. We haven’t got much time. .................................
3. Did it cot much to repair the car ? .................................
4. It cost much to repair the car.................................
5. I don’t know much people in this town.................................
6. I use the phone much at work.................................
7. They’ve got so much money they don’t know what to do with it.................................
B. Complete the sentences using plenty (of) + one of the following :
Hotels, money, room, time, to learn, things to see
Eg : There’s no need to hurry. We’ve got plenty of time.
1. He’s got no financial problems. He’s got.................................
2. Come and sit with us. There’s .................................
3. She knows a lot but she still has.................................
4. It’s an intereting town to visit. There .................................
5. I’m sure we’ll find somewhere to stay. .................................
C. Put in much, many, few or little
Eg : He isn’t very popular. He has few friends.
1. Ann is very busy these days. She has................................. free time.
2. Did you take ................................. Photographs when you were on holiday ?
3. I’m not very busy today. I haven’t got ................................. to do.

4. The museum was very crowded. There were too................................. people.
5. Most of the town is modern. There are ................................. old buildings.
6. The weather has been very dry recently. We’ve had ................................. rain.
D. Put in little/ a little/ few/ a few
Eg : We must be quick. We have little time.
1. Listen carefully. I’m going to give you ................................. advice.
2. Do you mind if I ask you ................................. Questions ?
3. This town is not a very interesting place to visit, so ................................. tourists come here.
4. I don’t think Jill would be a good teacher. She’s got ................................. Patience.
5. ‘Would you like milk in your coffee ?’ ‘Yes, please .................................’
6. This is a very boring place to live. There’s ................................. to do.
7. ‘Have you ever been to Paris ?’ ‘Yes, I’ve been there ................................. Times.’
E. Fill the sentence with some or any
1. I'd like ...some... ice cream.
2. Here are.................letters for you.
3. Are there .............students in the classroom?
4. There's ..............strawberry shake for you.
5. You must buy.................new pencils.
6. I took...............nice photographs of your house.
7. Are there ................eggs in the fridge?
8. I'm sorry, we haven't got................postcards at the moment.
9. She always throws ..................coins into the beggar’s hat.
10. Aren’t there..................sandwiches left?
11. I've seen..................very nice shoes.
12. Have you read ...................good books lately?
13. There were.....................very nice boys at the party.
14. Are there...................magazines in the cupboard?
15. Take..................sugar in your tea!
Lesson 9 : PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE AND ADVERBS OF MOVEMENT

At + specific point or place
Examples: At the top of the stairs
• At the bottom of the stairs

• At the door
• At the end of the street

At + exact address
Examples: I live at 55 Oxford Street
(but if you don’t know the number of street say on)

I live on Oxford Street
At+ event
Examples:
• At a party
• At a conference
• At a meeting
• At a concert
• At a show
At+ building where an event or activity takes place
• At the cinema
• At the library
• At the town hall
• At the police station
At+ someone’s house
Examples: She is at her parents’s house
Standard expression (In that cases you don’t need to put THE) :
• At school
• At home
• At work
• At university
• At church
• At reception
ON (for a surface)
• On the wall
• On the ceiling
• On the floor
• On the white board
• On the page
ON (attached to)
Example: I’m wearing my wedding and my engaged ring on my finger
Standard expression with ON
• On a farm
• On the left/ right
• On the first floor
• On TV
• On Radio
• On ship
IN (enclosed space/ a large place with boundaries)
• In the bag
• In the bedroom
• In the washroom
• In the car park
• In the forest
IN +Town / City
• In Tana
• In America
• In Brazil
• In Korea
• In New York
• In Kenia
Standard expression
• In bed
• In the news paper
• In hospital
• In jail
• In a photograph
• In the sea
Exercise
Complete the sentences with the correct prepositions
1. Mount St Helens erupted…………May 18, 1980…………about 8a.m…………the state of

Washington.

2. Countries whose economy is entirely based …………agriculture suffer most when a crop
fails.
3. The explosion of hot gases was followed …………hot ash.
4. Since the Irish depended…………their potato crop for food, the potato famine had
devastating results.
5. With the ever-growing need…………power, volcanoes and their by-products are increasing
of value.
6. A volcanic eruption occurred…………Krakatoa…………August 27, 1883. Due…………the
eruption, 36 000 people died.
7. Valuable chemical products are obtained…………volcanic substances, including gold and
silver.
8. The 1989 San Francisco earthquake resulted …………59 deaths and massive property
damage.
9. Poor farming practices contributed…………the dust bowl as much as weather conditions.
10. When there is famine …………a country, the people must rely…………the goodwill of other
countries to provide them…………the food they need.
11. Plague and famine can be results …………social problems within a community.
12. …………theory, industrial growths are difficult to classify.
13. I’m looking forward…………hearing…………you.
14. The wholesaler buys goods in bulk ………… the producer and sells them…………the
retailer.
15. The electricity went…………while I was surfing.
16. Thank you…………your letter …………23rd October enquiring…………our products. 17.
I am not interested …………fashion at all.
17. Americans refer …………current accounts AS check accounts.
18. If you put 10 000 euros into a new account and spend 11 000euros, you have an overdraft of
1 000euros and you are 1 000euros …………the red
Chapter II : LANGUAGE FUNCTION

Lesson 1 : AGREEING AND DISAGREEING
1. Expressions for agreeing
- Exactly. - I couldn’t agree more ! - You got it

- That’s true. - You’re right. - I could not have said it
- You are absolutely right. - You are so right any better

- I’m with you. - That’s right - Our thougts are parallel
- I feel the same. - I agree with you - Affirmative
- Absolutely ! - Agreed. - I see what you mean
- You’re absolutely right - That’s a good point. - So do I
- I totally agree ! - That’s for sure. - Definitely
- Exactly ! - Me too ! - We are of one mind
- That’s exactly what I - No doubt about it. - You’ve hit the nail on
think. - You have a point there. the head
- My thoughts exactly - I was just going to say - You got it dude
- That’s exact how I feel that. - We’re in accord
- I’d go along with that - I suppose so. - Of course
- I agree 100% - That’s just what I was - I think you are totally
- I guess so thinking right about that
- I had that same idea - Sure
- You took the words right - Yeah
out of my mouth. - yep
2. How to disagree politely
- I agree with you to a point, but…

- I understand what you are saying, however…
- I see what you’re saying, but…
- I’m afraid, I don’t agree.
- I’m sorry, but I just can’t agree.
- Sorry, but I really can’t agree to that.
- Hmm, I wonder if it’s true that…
- Hmm, I’m not sure whether it’s possible.
- I don’t think that’s such a good idea.
- I don’t think I can agree with you.
- I’m not sure it’s the best idea.
Lesson 2 : ADVISING AND OPINIONS

1. Asking for advice
- What should I do ?
- What’s your advice ?
- What do you suggest me to do?

- What do you think I should do ?
- What would you do if you were me ?
- What would you do if you were in my shoes ?
Differences between ‘advise’ and ‘advice »

- Advise (verb)
To give an opinion or suggestion to someone about what should be done.
Example :
I don’t know what to do. Please advise me.
- Advice (noun)
An opinion or suggestion about what someone should do
Example :
Sam had a problem, so I gave him advice
2. Ways to ask for someone’s opinion
- Are you aware of… ? - Are you saying that… ?

- Would you support the view that… ? - Could you tell me… ?
- What’s your take on… ? - May I ask you… ?
- What do you think about it ? - What’s your opinion about… ?
- How do you feel about… ? - Just tell me the reason why…
- Do you agree with me ? - Could someone please tell me… ?
- Do you know/ see what I mean ? - Do you have an idea… ?
- Don’t you think that… ? - Is it right what I’ve done ?
- Is it in fact the case that… ? - I just don’t see why… ?
- Could you explain to me… ? - Do you think… ?
- I beg your pardon ?
3. Giving opinions
- I guess - As far as I can see…

- As I understand it… - As far as I’m concerned…
- I consider that… - I feel…
- I esteem that… - I honestly believe that…
- As I see… - From my point of view…
- I assume that… - To me…
- I feel that… - It is my view…
- If you wonder my opinion… - To my way of thinking…

- In my opinion… - It’s my belief that…
- If you ask me… - To my mind…
- The way I see it… - As far as I can tell…
- It seems to me… - The way I see things is that…
- I believe… - I would say…
Lesson 3 : APOLOGIZING
1. Examples of letters for apologizing
Example 1 :
I'm sorry I spoke so sharply to you on the phone last night. As you know, I am a morning
person and I had been asleep for about fifteen minutes when you called. I'm not sure I was completely
awake.
You are a dear friend, and I would not intentionally hurt your feelings. Please accept my
apology and let me make it up to you by taking you to lunch Friday. It's been a while since we had a
good talk.
Example 2 :
I want you to know how sorry I am for the misunderstanding (mistake) over who was going to
pay for Jane's birthday lunch. I assumed (supposed) we would each pay an equal share, but I must
have given you the impression that the lunch was my treat.
I am really embarrassed about the breakdown in communication. I will be sure in the future
that I make the arrangements clear ahead of time. Anyway,
I am happy we could get together; we don't see each other often enough. I am glad our
friendship can survive misunderstandings like these.
Example 3 :
I am so sorry for the way I spoke about you in the interview. My comments were very
insensitive and I know they must have hurt you.
I hope you will forgive me and try to understand how something like
this might happen when I open my big mouth. The trouble is, I tend to speak mockingly even when
my audience might be apt to take me literally.
I hope you will believe what you hear me say instead of what you read. Our relationship is
very valuable to me. I hope you will allow me to make this up to you.
Example 4 :
I feel I owe you a personal apology for my insensitive comment at the meeting yesterday.

I know these days since John's funeral have been very difficult for you, and I was clearly out
of order in making reference to "merry widows." I'm sorry you had to suffer from my foolishness.
I hope you will be able to forgive me. I have tremendous respect for you and your abilities,
and I hope we can continue to work well together. I'm terribly sorry.
2. How to accept an apology ?
- It doesn’t matter, honestly. - You should be, but I forgive you.

- No problem. - Please don’t let it happen again.
- Don’t mention it. - That’s quite all right.
- Don’t worry about it. - No worries.
- I understand - That’s okay.
- Forget about it. - You couldn’t help it.
- Apology accepted. - It’s fine.
Lesson 4 : LET’S TALK ABOUT YOUR TOWN

Dialogue 1
• W: Hello, where are you from?
• G: I’m from Toliara
• W: where’s that?
• G: It’s a small town in Madagascar
• W: what is it like?
• G: it is nice but quite noisy
• W: what’s the weather like?
• G: well it’s nice and hot all the year
Some adjectives discribe a town

- Beautiful - Dirty
- Nice - Windy
- Calm - Tiny
- Noisy - Stinking
- Sandy - Awful

Practice: describe your own town in 10 lines
Dialogue 2
A: Darling, I don’t like this town.
B: Oh dear! Why?
A: I didn’t sleep well because it was too hot, and I was sweating all the night, it’s very noisy.
B: This heat annoys me too, but you know that we need heat to live.
More adjectives to discribe a town
- Crowded(large number - Dirty - Nice
of people) - Wooded (covered with - Sandy
- Calm growing trees) - Dusty
- Noisy - Muddy - Windy
- Mountainous - Cute
Dialogue:
• How is Antananarivo like?
• ……................, and ………… but anyway we like it.
• Have you ever been there?
• Unfortunately not; I’ll think to visit it one day
• How about you, have you ever visit our place?
• You know life is hard now so we want but we couldn’t.
Some way to describe a specific place

• There is a beautiful forest
• There is a large forest
• There is an interesting park
• There is an old Museum.
Vocabularies related to Seasons

• SUMMER: warm season
• SPRING: season when most plants begin to grow
• AUTUMN: when the season is between spring and winter
• WINTER: the coldest season of the year
Weather (what is the weather like today?)

It’s …
Rainy Drizzle
Sunny Cloudy
Cool Warm
Cold (to be freezing) Snowy
Question: Is the weather nice?

Answers: it is cold, hot, wet
Dialogue:
Jennifer: It’s freezing outside! What happened to the weather report? I thought this cold front was
supposed to pass.
Gabriela: Yeah, I thought so too. That’s what I read online this morning.
Jennifer: I guess the wind chill is really driving down the temperature.
Gabriela: Can we go inside? I feel like my toes are starting to go numb
Language Notes
 A “cold front” means a large mass of cold air. It can be plural: There were multiple cold
fronts this January.
 Here “supposed to” refers to something that is intended or expected to happen: I thought it
was supposed to rain today. This phrase can be used for many situations: I thought the train
was supposed to arrive at 9 a.m. sharp.
 Yeah / Yup / Uh huh are informal conversational cues used by native speakers in conversation.
Each of these responses could be used here for “yes.” Gabriela affirms what Jennifer is saying.
The politest way to affirm a response is to say “yes.”
 Listen for the emphasis on “That’s what I read online this morning.” This useful phrase
can be used with other verbs to convey information: That’s what I heard on the radio. / That’s
what I saw on TV. / That’s what I read online.
 Chill / freezing / cold: These words describe cold weather. I feel the wind chill. / I feel the
chill. / I am freezing. / I am cold.
 “Wind chill” is the effect of the wind making the temperature feel colder on a person’s skin.
This is an uncountable noun. The temperature is 4 degrees, but with the wind chill it feels like
-8. These phrases are used in weather reports as well.
 The phrase “driving down” means “forcing to be lower” and can be used in many situations.
An oversupply of new houses is driving down sales prices in the area.

Chapter III : ENGLISH RELATED TO INFORMATICS
Lesson 1 : USEFUL VERBS
- access the Internet (to)  accéder à Internet
- back-up, save (to)  sauvegarder
- bookmark (to)  mettre en favori
- browse (to)  naviguer
- blog (to)  bloguer
- crash (to)  planter
- copy (to)  copier
- cut (to)  couper
- delete (to)  supprimer
- download (to)  télécharger
- drag and drop (to)  glisser-déposer
- export (to)  exporter
- hide (to)  masquer
- import (to)  importer
- insert (to)  insérer
- login (to)  se connecter
- logout (to)  se déconnecter
- merge (to)  fusionner
- open existing file (to)  ouvrir un dossier existant
- open new file (to)  créer un nouveau dossier
- paste (to)  coller
- plug (to)  brancher
- print (to)  imprimer
- reboot (to)  redémarrer
- restart (to)  relancer
- save (to)  enregistrer
- save as (to)  enregistrer sous
- scan (to)  numériser
- scroll down (to)  défiler vers le bas
- scroll up (to)  défiler vers le haut
- select (to)  sélectionner
- sort (to)  trier
- type (to)  taper

- upload (to)  charger, metre en ligne
- unplug (to)  débrancher
Lesson 2 : ENGLISH VOCABULARIES WITH MEANING IN FRENCH

WORDS MEANING
IT in général – l’informatique en général
- LAN (local area network) le réseau local
- Backup une sauvegarde (to back up = faire une sauvegarde

de) surtout dans le sens d’une 2e copie d’un fichier
- To boot démarrer, initialiser
- Bug un bogue, une anomalie
- Byte un octet
- Chip une puce
- Cookie un cookie, un témoin de connexion
- Cybercrime un crime informatique
- Cyberspace le cyberespace
- Display afficher, l’affichage
- Firewall un pare-feu
- Freeware des logiciels libres
- High tech haute technologie
- Hoax un canular
- Hotline assistance téléphonique
- Nerd un crack en informatique
- Phishing l’hameçonnage
- Plug-and-play à exécution automatique (littéralement : brancher et

jouer)
- Plug-in module complémentaire (le verbe to plug in veut
dire brancher et to unplug veut dire débrancher)
- Pop-up une petite fenêtre qui s’ouvre, affichant souvent une
publicité
- To reboot (a computer) redémarrer un ordinateur

- Roaming l’itinérance
- Screenshot une capture d’écran
- To start up démarrer (un ordinateur ou une entreprise)
- Start-up une jeune entreprise technologique
- Toner la poudre utilisée à la place de l’encre dans une

imprimante laser
- Webcam une caméra intégrée dans son ordinateur ou reliée
au PC par un câble, pour que l’utilisateur puisse être
vu par l’interlocuteur par le biais d’un logiciel à cet
effet
- Webmaster l’administrateur (d’un site Internet)
- To zoom in agrandir (l’image)
- To zoom out faire un zoom arrière ; s’éloigner d’une image,

d’une vue
- Screen Écran
- CPU (Central Processing Unit ) une unité centrale
- Keyboard Clavier
- A key Une touche (sur le clavier)
- To type Taper (au clavier)
- Mouse Souris
- Software Logiciel
- Hardware tous les composants physiques de l’ordinateur
- Data données
- A printer une imprimante
- Hard disk, hard drive disque dur
- Monitor moniteur (c’est-à-dire l’ensemble composant la

partie «écran » de l”ordinateur)
- A laptop un ordinateur portable
- A word-processor un traitement de texte
- To update mettre à jour
- An update une mise à jour

Gérer un document
- To save sauvegarder
- To delete effacer
- To cancel annuler
- To print imprimer (on dit aussi to print out)
Accéder au contenu
- .com se prononce « dot » com (« dot » org, « dot » net, etc.)
- A domain name un nom de domaine
- A search engine un moteur de recherche
- A browser (ou web browser) un navigateur (comme Internet Explorer ou

Firefox)
- FAQ Frequently asked questions
- Home / Homepage accueil/page d’accueil
- About à propos. On utilise souvent ce mot sur le web pour

désigner la page qui décrit l’auteur du site web.
- Content contenu (terme large qui peut référer à du texte, des
vidéos, des photos, etc.)
- A link un lien
- A permalink un lien permanent
- A post un article, un billet (sur un blog ou un forum par

exemple). Post peut aussi être un verbe se référant
à l’action de publier (sur un blog, un forum, etc.)
S’abonner
- To subscribe to a blog s’abonner à un blog
- A subscriber Un abonné. Exemple : Famous blogs have hundreds

of thousands of subscribers. (Les blogs célèbres ont
des centaines de milliers d’abonnés)
- An RSS feed un flux RSS
- An RSS reader= a news reader = a un lecteur de flux RSS

feed reader = an aggregator
Se connecter – se déconnecter d’un service
- A login form Un formulaire de connexion
- To sign up = to register s’inscrire

- To sign in = to login = to log in = to se connecter
log on
- To logout = to log out = to log off = se déconnecter

to sign out
- A login = username = user name le nom de compte pour accéder à un service (qui va
généralement avec un mot de passe)
- A password un mot de passe
Emails
- To email envoyer par email. Exemple : Can you please email

me this document ?
- To check my email regarder mes emails
- To send an email envoyer un email
- To receive an email recevoir un email
- To forward an email transférer un email / faire suivre un email
- To enclose a document joindre un document
- An enclosed file / document = an une pièce / un document joint(e)

attached file / document
- Mailing list une liste de distribution par email
- Spam e-mail non désiré
- Spamming envoi d’e-mails non désirés
Quelques termes techniques
- Broadband connexion à haut débit
- To download télécharger. Exemple : You can download this video

game directly on their website.
- To upload envoyer des données depuis son ordinateur vers le
web
- A network un réseau
- SEO = Search Engine Optimization pratique d’optimisation d’un site pur qu’il soit
reconnu par les moteurs de recherche
- To hack pirater
- A hacker un pirate (informatique)
- A virus un virus

Acronymes utilisés sur le web
- IMHO : In My Humble Opinion (souvent utilisé sur les forums)
- LMAO = Laughing My Ass Off (terme slang = familier, pour dire que l’on rit
beaucoup)
- ROTFL = Rolling On The Floor (terme slang, utilisé sur les forums, pour dire qu’on «
Laughing se roule par terre de rire »)
- FYI: for your information pour information
Social media – les réseaux sociaux
- To blacklist mettre sur la liste noire
- Blog journal tenu en ligne
- Buzz, example: It caused quite a Effervescence, exemple: Ca a fait toute une

buzz effervescence.
- To chat discuter en ligne
A picture of an at sign
- Live en direct
- Offline hors ligne
- Online en ligne
- Peer-to-peer pair-à-pair
- Streaming le fait d’écouter de la musique ou de regarder un

film en direct sur Internet
Some examples of useful abbreviations
Abreviation Meaning
Ad advertisement / la publicité
Vs versus / contre, opposition
Thx thanks / merci
R are / conjugaison du verbe to « be »
2 or 4 too or for
How are you> How R U? Comment vas tu ?
See you soon > C U soon ! A bientôt !
LOL = laugh out loud / lots of luck / lots mort de rire/ beaucoup de chance/
of love beaucoup d’amour

ASAP = as soon as possible dès que possible
BFN = bye for now au revoir
BTW = by the way au fait
BR = best regards cordialement (à la fin d’un message)
NP = not a problem pas de problème
FYEO = for your eyes only pour tes yeux seulement (dans le cadre
d’envois confidentiels)
SMS = short message service sms (en anglais, « text message » ou «
text »)
AI = artificial intelligence intelligence artificielle
e.g. = exempli gratia par exemple
i.e. = id est / that is to say c’est à dire (c.a.d)
OMG Oh My God
EXERCISES : Text and comprehension
Text :
My name is Jack Martin and I’m crazy about computers. I'm always in front of the monitor.
My little sister Judy, is stupid. She has computer classes at school, but she’s not interested. Daddy
is different. He has a laptop and it is always in his car. It is a smart computer, but it has no Internet
access. Mum always gets angry when I sit in my room on my PC all day. But the Internet and the
games are so much fun! Frank, my brother, always brings some strategy game home. Of course
Mum has a computer in her office too! Well, life is hard for a teenager.
Dialogues
Dialogue 1 : Jack - Judy
- Hi Jack! Are you going back to school? It is Monday today. Have you got a computer class
in the afternoon?
- Hi Judy! Yes, but I'm not going today because Peter has a new computer game and he's free
now.
- Can I go with you? What is the game like?
- No, you cannot. I don't know what the game is like. Anyway we are installing his modem. It
is not very exciting for a girl!
- Install, modem! Why are you using words I don't understand?

Dialogue 2 : Judy – Mother
- Jack, Judy! Dinner is ready. Where is Jack? Is he sitting in front of his PC again? Isn't he
hungry?
- He is with his friend, Peter. They are installing a modem.
- Judy? Are you turning into a computer freak too?
- But Mum, he is only helping Peter.
- Yes, and he is never at home. His room is full of instruction books, spare parts, cables. And
of course he has no time to repair my keyboard, clean my mouse or buy a new cartridge for
the printer.
- Mummy, don't be angry! Boys will be boys!
Dialogue 3 : Mother – big son

- Hello Frank! Back from school? So early?
- Yes, I have some homework to do. Is Jack on the computer? I need the Internet tonight. The
network in school is very slow and there is some freeware I want to download.
- Good timing! Jack is with his friend. But Frank, you know that the printer doesn't work.
Perhaps it's the cartridge.
- I'm sure the cartridge is OK. Perhaps it is out of paper, or it isn't plugged in!
A. Comprehension check
Decide whether the following sentences are true or false.
a. There are two children in the family.
b. Judy has a computer class this afternoon.
c. Jack is going to visit his friend.
d. Peter has no Internet access at home.
e. Jack is interested in hardware.
f. The printer doesn’t work because the cartridge is old.
g. Jack is not having dinner at home tonight.
h. Frank is going back to school to download some freeware.
B. Technical Vocabulary
1. Answer with one technical word from the reading passage:
a. A person who is always on his/her computer
b. Computers linked together
c. A book which gives help to the user
d. A small container with ink inside
e. Software which is free to download
f. To move information to a computer from the Internet
g. A small computer which can be moved easily
h. To connect equipment to the electricity supply
2. Choose the correct answer

a. A server administrator needs to have a ……………..(patch/ disaster) recovery plan
b. A LAN is a …………….. (light local) area network
c. For a screen, the display size unit is …………….. (pixel/ picture)
d. A …………….. (hub/ laptop) is a small computer you can bring with you everywhere
e. A WLAN is a …………….. (wild/ wireless) LAN
f. Your TV can be set up with its …………….. (reverse/ remote) control
g. DVD means Digital …………….. (valid/ versatile) Disc
h. On the web, the address of a website is called the …………….. (url/ http)
3. Put in the missing word from the list. attach, layout, pirate, protect, discussion,
redundancy, scroll-down, toolbar, update, vocation
b. You can ………………………… a document to an e-mail letter.
c. The print ………………………… shows you how your document will look on paper.
d. Data ………………………… means the same data can be found in two different places in
the system.
e. ………………………… forums are virtual groups where the members can talk about topics
they are interested in.
f. When you copy legal software and don't pay for it, you make a
…………………………copy.
g. You can ………………………… your data by using an unusual password.
h. If you click on the ’Insert’ …………………………menu, you can insert page numbers, the
date, footnotes etc.
i. When your mouse goes wrong, you cannot use the buttons on the …………………………
j. After your final exams, if you want to learn a …………………………, you can go to a
post-secondary school.
k. When you think your PC is too old and its capacity is too small, you can
…………………………it.

C. Separate the following words according to the following headings : access; monitor;
install; cartridge; cables; download; repair; plug in; landscape; row; font; delete; type; edit;
format; print; spell check; portrait; justify; save; search engine; update; chat groups;
discussion forum; layout design; mouse; keyboard; joystick; refresh; website; virus; printer;
cut; insert; website design; modem
Hardware items Activities Word processing related Internet related words

words
access

ENGLISH PROVERBS
Between the devil and the deep sea To choose between two equally bad alternatives
in a serious dilemma.
Where there's a will there's a way When a person really wants to do something, he
will find a way of doing it.
A burnt child dreads fire A bad experience or a horrifying incident may
scar one's attitude or thinking for a lifetime.
First come, first served The first in line will be attended to first.
A friend in need is a friend indeed A friend who helps when one is in trouble is a
real friend.
Discretion is the better part of valor If you say discretion is the better part of valor,
you mean that avoiding a dangerous or
unpleasant situation is sometimes the most
sensible thing to do.
A hungry man is an angry man A person who does not get what he wants or
needs is a frustrated person and will be easily
provoked to rage.
Empty vessels make the most noise Those people who have a little knowledge
usually talk the most and make the greatest fuss.
A man is as old as he feels A person's age is immaterial - it is only when he
thinks and feels that he is ageing that he actually
becomes old.
Great talkers are little doers Those people who talk a lot and are always
teaching others usually do not do much work.
An idle brain is the devil's workshop One who has nothing to do will be tempted to do
many mischievous acts.
An ounce of discretion is worth a pound of wit It is better to be careful and discrete than to be
clever.
Faint heart never won fair lady To succeed in life one must have the courage to
pursue what he wants.
A penny saved is a penny gained By being thrifty one will be able to save up.
A rolling stone gathers no moss A person who never settles in one place or who
often changes his job will not succeed in life ;

one who is always changing his mind will never
get anything done.
As you sow, so you shall reap One will either enjoy or suffer the consequences
of his earlier actions or inactions.
Barking dogs seldom bite Those who make loud threats seldom carry them
out.
Better late than never To do something that is right, profitable, or good
a little late is still better than not doing it at all.
A bird in hand is worth two in the bush Something that one already has is better than
going after something seemingly more
worthwhile that one may not be able to get.
Birds of a feather flock together People of the same sort of character or belief
always go together.
Call a spade a spade If you say that someone calls a spade a spade,
you mean that they speak frankly and directly,
often about embarrassing or unpleasant subjects;
an informal expression.
Charity begins at home A person's first obligation should be to help the
member of his own family before he can begin
thinking of talking about helping others.
Dead men tell no lies (often used as an argument for killing someone
whose knowledge of a secret may cause one loss
or get into serious trouble.)
A great talker is a great liar A smooth and persuasive talker may be a good
liar.
Every cloud has a silver lining If you say that every cloud has a silver lining,
you mean that every sad or unpleasant situation
has a positive side to it. If you talk about silver
lining you are talking about something positive
that comes out of a sad or unpleasant situation.
All that glitters is not gold Do not be deceived by things or offers that
appear to be attractive.

Eat to live, but do not live to eat Man was created for a divine purpose and he has
a destiny with his Creator - he was not born just
to enjoy food.
Don't put all your eggs in one basket One should not risk everything he has in a single
venture.
Every dog has its day Everyone will get a period of success or
satisfaction during his lifetime.
Every one can find fault, few can do better It is easier to find fault in other people's actions
or methods than to do it properly or correctly.
Any time means no time When an event is not decided on or planned
earlier it will never take place.
Fair exchange is no robbery A contract is fair as long as both the parties
understand and agree to the conditions
willingly; after a deal is closed neither side can
turn around and say that he was unfairly treated.
Fire is a good servant but a bad master Fire, like any other manmade tool or device, will
serve man well only when it is controlled and
used wisely.

Bibliography
- Blanka Bátri, Katalin Fazekas (2003), Computer English for Everyday Use
- Clare Whitemell (2013) Business Writing Essentials: How to Write Letters, Reports and
Emails
- Mary Ansell (2000), Free english Grammar, Second edition
- Michael McCarthy Felicity O’Dell (2017), English Vocabulary in Use, Edition Paperback,
Cambridge University Press
- Raymond Murphy (2019), English Grammar in Use, Cambridge University Press

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Formation à Distance

Année Universitaire 2020/ 2021

Nom de l’enseignant : NY NOSY Andrianirina M.

Niveau d’études : Licence 1

ESUM NY NOSY Andrianirina M. 2

ESUM NY NOSY Andrianirina M. 3

- The world is round

- Most bears hibernate in winter.

 Routine and habits :

- Do you swim every weekend ?

- I watch television everyday.

 Permanent situations and states :

- The train leaves in twenty minutes.

Form: past simple/preterit (irregular verb) or + ed (regular verb)

- I ate a lot of chocolate when I was a student.

- Did you watch news on television last night ?

Form: will +V/ be going to + V

ESUM NY NOSY Andrianirina M. 4

 An instant decision at the moment of speaking

Example : I’m not going (to go) to New York

Eg : Shall I help you with your homework ?

ESUM NY NOSY Andrianirina M. 5

 ‘ going to ’ shows that you have made a decision.

- We’re getting married in October.

2. The continuous tenses

Form: Be (am/ are/ is) + V.ing

- Where’s Joe ? He is having a shower.

- Listen ! The teacher is explaining the lessons.

 Talk about personal arrangements for the future

- We’re flying back on Saturday.

 Show irritation about a person’s bad habit

- You are always loosing the keys.

ESUM NY NOSY Andrianirina M. 6

Form: be (was/ were) + V.ing

- I was making dinner when the phone rang

- He was sleeping when I arrived.

 Activities that form the background, especielly to set a scene :

Form: will be + V.ing

3. The perfect tenses

Form: have/ has + V (past participle)

- Oh no ! The house has been burgled. Phone the police.

- Have you ever tried Chinese food ?

- I have finished my homework.

ESUM NY NOSY Andrianirina M. 7

Form: had + V (past participle)

Form : will have + V (past participle)

4. The Perfect Continuous tenses

Form : have/ has been + V.ing

- I’ve been studying for two hours.

- You’re out of breath. Have you been running ?

- You look exhausted ! What have you been doing ?

b. Past Perfect Continuous

Form : had been + V.ing

c. Future Perfect Continuous

Form : will have been + V.ing

- I will have been living here for 5 years by next February

1. Look! Sara (go) ................ to the movies.

1. When he (wake up) ................................., his mother (already

1. I (just / finish) ................................. my homework.

7. But I (already / travel) ................................. to London a couple of times.