Q.14. Whyis the lower end or tip of the stalagmometer Battened?

Ans. It is done so as to get alarge dropping surface with asharp boundary.

Q15. What is the function of narrow capillary in the stalagmometer?
Ans. The capillary slows down the flow of liquid through the tip.
tension2
0.16. What is interfacial
tis the force of tension that always exists along the surface ofseparation between any two phases
of different nature. Surface tension is only a specific case of interfacial tension when a liquid is in
Contact with air saturated with liquid vapours.

Experimet 18
A

M To determine coefficient of viscosity of the given liquid

by Ostwald's Viscometer method.

CHEMICAL REQUIRED:Given liquid, distilled water.

APPARATUS:Ostwald viscometer, specific gravity bottle, stop watch, rubber tubing, weight box,
fractional weights starnd.
coefficient of viscosity
THEORY :The viscosity of a liquid is ameasure of itsresistance to own flow. Theof velocity between two
difference
may be defined as the force per unit area required to maintain unit
layer which are unit distance apart.
Ostwald's viscometer.
Coefficiernt of viscosity of an unknown liquid can be determined by using toflow through
(say water) are allowed
Same known volume of the given liquid and a reference liquidare
flow noted. The coeffiient of viscosity of
the capillary of viscometer and their respective times of
given liquid can then beobtained from the equation: Rubber
tube

temperature
where n, =Viscosity of givenliquid at room
n, = Viscosity of water at room temperature A

d, =Density of liquid
d, - Density of water
t, - Time taken by liquid to flow through fixed distance
distance
t, =Time taken by water to flow through same
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the viscometer with chromic acid followed by washing with D
distilled water. It is finally washed with alcohol and dried in an oven.
2. Attach a clean rubber tube to the end A and clamp the viscometer
vertically in the stand.

Fig. 18.1. Ostwald Viscometer.

Bharat-Chemistry Lab Manual 79

 3. Now add 10 mloffgiven liquid (or sufficient volume) tothe
arm of bulb Dso thak
of U-tube and more than half of bulb C is filled up.
bend porticn
liquid until it rises above the mark.A. Press
4. Through the rubber tube, suck up the the nub er
tube with your hand.
the mark A. Start the
5. Now allow theliquid to fallfreelythrough the capillary upto stop
and note the time t, for the flow of the liquid
from mark A to mark B. watch
6. Repeat the experiment thrice. viscometer again.
7. Now empty the viscometer. Clean and dry the
volume of distilled water in the viscometer.
8. Repeat the experimentby taking same Note
experiment thrica down
the time taken t, for the flow of water from mark Ato B. Repeat the
weiok
9. For finding density of the liquid, weigh the specific gravity bottle and notedown its
10. Fillit with given liquid and weigh again.
and wett
11. Empty the bottle, wash it with alcohol and dry in oven. Fil it with distilled water
12. Note the room temperature with a thermometer.
OBSERVATIONS:Room temperature = t°C
OBSERVATION TABLE
Water
Given liquid
SNo.
Tine offlow Mean (t) Time offlow Mean (t)
1
2
3

Weight of empty specific gravity bottle= w, 8

Weight of specificgravity bottle +given liquid = w, 8
Weight of specific gravity bottle +water = w, 8
CALCULATIONS
() To calculate density of liquid
Density of liquid Weight of liquid
Density of water Weight of water

- W,

d,= W, - W x d gmH
(i) To calculate viscosity of given liquid

Relative viscosity of given liquid, t

Absolute viscosity of liquid,

Note :d, and n, can be obtainedfrom the Reference Table.

80 ¼ Bharat-Chemistry Lab Manual

RESULT

Absolute viscosity of the givern liquid is. . poise at... °C.

PRECAUTIONS
The viscometerandi specific gravity bottle must be cleanedthoroughly.
(i) TheevisCometershould be perfectly vertical in position while noting time of flow ofliquids.
(u) Exactly.same volume of the givenliquid and reference liquiIshould be used.
(io) The viscometer rshould not be disturbed while: measuring the time of flow of liquids.
()W Whileessucking the liquid through rubber tube, air bubbles must be avoided.

REFERENCE TABLE 1
DENSITY OFWATER AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
Temperature (°C) Density (g m) Temperature (°C) Density (g mt')
0 0.99987 0.99802
21
1 0.99993 22 0.99780

2 0.99997 23
0.99757

3 0.99999 24 0.99733

4 1.00000 25 0.99708

5 0.99999 26 0.99681

6 0.99997 27 0.99654

7 0.99993 28 0.99626

8 0.99988 29 0.99598

9 0.99981 30 0.99568

10 0.99973 31 0.99537

11 0.99963 32 0.99506

12 0.99952 33 .99473
13 0.99940 34 0.99440

14 0.99927 35 0.99406

15 0.99913 36 0.99372

16 0.99897 37 0.99336

17 0.99884 38 0.99300
18 0.99862 39 0.99262

19 0.99843 40 0.99225
20 0.99823 50 0.98807

Bharat-Chemistry Lab Manual ¼ 81

 REFERENCE TABLE 2
SURFACE TENSION OF WATER AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
Temperature (°C) Surface Tension Temperature (°C)

20
(dynes cm')
72.75 29
Sur(dfynesace Tenscm'i)on
21 72.59 30 71.35
22 72.44 31 71.18
23 72.28 32 71.62
24 72.13 33 70.86
25 71.97 34 70.71
26 71.82 35
70.51
27 71.66 40
70.38
28 71.50
69.56

REFERENCE TABLE 3
VISCOSITY OF WATER AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
Temperature (°C) Viscosity (Poise) Temperature (°C)
20 0.010087 29
Viscosity (Poise)
21
0.008180
0.009870 30
22
0.008007
0.009579 31
23 0.007840
0.009358 32
24
0.007679
0.009142 33 0.007523
25 0.008937 34
26
0.007371
0.008737 35
27
0.007225
0.008545 40
0.005560
28 0.008360

VIVAVOCE
Q.1. What is the principle on which viscometer works ?
Ans. Viscometer works on Poiseuille's principle whose
equation is
Vxl
where n=Coefficient of viscosity of liquid
t= Time taken by liquid to flow between two fixed
r=Radius of capillary
points on viscometer
l=Length of tube
V=Volume of liquid flowing in time
P= Hydrostatic pressure of liquid column

82 ¼ Bharat-Chemistry Lab Mamual

 What arethe
of coefficient of viscosity ?
units
Q2.
expressedin poise i.., dynes cm² sec.
Ans.Itis
arethe dimensions of coefficient of viscosity ?
Q.3. What
Ans.ML-T!

How does viscosity arise?

Q.4.
Ans. When
aliquid flows over a surface, different layers of liquid move at different velocities. Due to
velocity gradient resistance to flow arises.
0.5. How intermolecular forces are related Ito viscosity of aliquid?
Ans. Stronger theintermolecular forces in the liquid, more is viscosity of the liquid eg, Glycerine
having strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding between molecules has much higher viscosity
than alcohols or ethers.
Q.6. What is the effect oftemperature on viscosity?
Ans. Viscosity of a liquid is inversely proportional to temperature.
0.7. What is viscosity Index?
Ans, It is an arbitrary scale which determines the viscosity temperature relation of a liquid particularly
lubricants. Higher the viscosity index, lesser is change in viscosity with temperature.
0.8. How is viscosity related to molecular weight?
Ans. For similar substances, viscosity increases with increase in molecular weight.
0.9. How viscosity of a liquid can be increased?
Ans. By adding linear polymers, lyophilic colloids like starch, agar agar, gum etc.
Q.10. What is rheochor?
temperature at which its viscosity is unity.
Ans. It is defined as the molar volume of the liquid at the
turbulent flow of liquid?
0.11. What is the difference between streamlined and without
of liquid flow smoothly over each other
Ans. Steamlined flow means when various layers occurs, the flow is said to be turbulent.
intermixing. However, if intermixing of layers
Q.12. Define relative density? volume
defined as the ratio of the weight of a given volume of a liquid to the weight of same
Ans. It is
water at same temperature.
fluidity of a liquid interrelated?
Q.13. How are the viscosity and viscosity. It is a measure of ease of flow of
liquid.
the inverse of coefficient of
Ans. Fluidity is
kinematic viscosity?
Q.14. What do you mean by absolute viscosity to the density of the liquid is
known as
i.e., the ratio of
Ans. The quantity n/p u.
kinematic viscosity. It is denoted by
kinematic viscosity?
Q.15. What is the unit of
expressed in centistokes whenn is expressed in centipoise.
Ans. It is used to find viscosity of a liquid?
Q.16.Which other viscometer can be
Ans. Redwood viscometer.

Bharat--Chemistry Lab Manual 83