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Vectors:
Definition: A vector is a mathematical object that has both magnitude and direction. Vectors are often represented by arrows, where the length of the arrow represents the magnitude, and the direction of the arrow represents the direction of the vector.
Components: Vectors can be broken down into components along coordinate axes (usually x, y, and z in three-dimensional space).
Operations: Vector addition, subtraction, and scalar multiplication are fundamental operations. The result of
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Education System | spresaing ne tin
1* Year Physics
Chapter 2: Vectors and Equilibrium
Topic: Numerical ProblemsNumerical 2.1: a person throws a ball straight up with a speed of 12 m/s. If the
bus is moving at 25 m/s, what is the velocity of ball to an observer on ground?
Given Data
© Velocity of the ball = Vi =12 m/s
© Velocity of the bus = V2 = 25 m/s
To Find
Velocity of the ball to an observer on the ground = Vr =?
Solution
As we know that
Va = [V2 + V2"
By putting values;
Va= (G2)? + (25?
Va = V144 + 625
Va = V769
Vp = 27.73 m/s
Vp = 28 m/sDirection
ee
@=tan
By putting values
— pa 1 1am/s
Oe aN ome
6 = tan™' 0.48
@ = 25.64°
6 = 26°Numerical 2.2: A football leaves the foot of a punter at an angle 54° (positive x-
direction) at a speed of 21 m/s. Determine the horizontal and vertical components
of the velocity.
Given Data
© Speed of football = V = 21 m/s
© Angle =@ =54°
To Find
© Horizontal component = Vx
© Vertical component = Vy = ?
Solution
Vy = Vos
By putting value
V, = 21cos54°
Vx = 21 (0.587)
Vx = 12 m/s
Vy = Vsin@
By putting values
Vy = 21 sin 54°
Vy = 21 (0.809)
Vy = 17 m/sNumerical 2.3: A 1.84 kg school bag hangs in the middle of a clothesline causing it
to sag by an angle @ = 3.50°, Find the tension T, in the clothesline.
Given Data
Mass of school bag, m = 1.84 kg
Sagging angle, 0 = 3.50°
To Find
Tension in the clothesline, T =?
Solution
Consider following diagram;
Applying 1st condition of
equilibrium i.e.
X-components of tension balance
each other
Tee Tx
Y-components of tension balance weight of bag
Ty+Ty-w=0
21y-w=0
2Tsind -w=0
2Tsind =w
T2sin@ =mgmg
*2sind
By putting values;
1.84 kg x9.8 ms~?
ee ree
2sin3.50°
18N
2sin3.50°
18N
2(0.061)
18N
0.122
T= 147.54098 N
T=148NNumerical 2.4: Fin the magnitude and direction of vector represented by following
pair of components
a) Ay = -2.3.cm, Ay = +4.1cm
Solution
A= {A,? + Ay”
By putting the values;
A= (C237 + 4D?
A= V¥5.34+17
A= V223
A=47cem
Now for direction;
2 tant Se
@=tan =
1 41
=23
@=tan
@ = tan“ (-1.78)
@= -60.7°
Negative sign is for the direction, therefore
6 = 60.7°
As the x-component is negative and y-component is positive so @ lies in 2
quadrant;
0, = 180° — 60.7°
0, = 180° — 60,7°0, = 119.3°
b) Ay ==+3.9m, Ay = -1.8m
Solution
A= {A,? + Ay”
By putting the values;
A= (G9? + (C18?
A= Vi521+3.24
A= V18.45
A=43m
Now for direction;
A
= es
@=tan x
= tan7! 28
6 = tan“ =~
@ = tan“ (-0.4615)
6 = —24.78°
Negative sign is for the direction, therefore
0 = 24.78°
As the x-component is positive and y-component is negative so @ lies in 4""
quadrant;0, = 360° — 0
4 = 360° — 24,78°
4 = 335.2°
—
U
Education System | Spreading the LightNumerical 4.5: Vector F having magnitude 5.5 N making 10° with x-axis and vector
r with magnitude 4.3 m makes 80° with x-axis. What is the magnitude of their dot
and cross products?
Given Data
Vector F = 5.5 N, making 10° with x-axis
Vector r= 4.3 m, makes 80° with x-axis
To Find
a) Dot product = F-r =?
b) Cross product F x r =?
Solution
a) Dot product r
F-r = FrcosO
By putting values;
F-r = (5.5)(4.3)cos70°
F-r = (5.5)(4.3)(0.342)
F-r=81Nm
b) Cross product F x r
Fxr= Frsin@By putting values;
Fx r= (5.5)(4.3)sin70°
Fx r = (5.5)(4.3)(0.939)
Fxr=22.2Nm
Education System | spreading the LightNumerical 2.6: The magnitude of dot and cross product of two vectors is 6V3 and
6 respectively. Find the angle between the vectors.
Given Data
B = 6V3
AxB=6
To Find
Angle=0 =?
Solution
From the definition of dot product,
A+B = ABCos 0
ABCos@ = A-B
By putting the value of A-B
ABcos@ = 6V3-—
From the definition of cross product,
AXB = ABCos 6
ABsind = AxB
By putting the value of Ax B,
ABsin@ =
Dividing eq.2 by eq.1Education System | Spreading the LightNumerical 2.7: A uniform rod 1 m long with weight 6 N can be supported ina
horizontal position on a sharp edge with weights of 10 N and 15 N suspended from
its ends. What is the position of point of balance?
Given Data
Weight of Rod, Fr = 6 N
Weight attached on one side, Fi = 15 N
Weight attached on other side, F2= 10 N
Length of Rod, L=1m
To Find
Position of balance, x =?
Solution
Consider following figure;
——_!_ 0.—_—_——_ . ——_05
Distance of gravity of rod, In = (0.5 - x) m
Distance of weight, Fi =|, =x
Distance of weight, Fz = Iz = 1-xTorques
© Clockwise torque is due to F; and Fr
© Anticlockwise torque is due to F
Anticlockwise torque = Clockwise torque
FixX = Fz x(L-X) + Fax (0.5-X)
15NxX = 10Nx(1-X) + 6Nx (0.5-X)
15X = 10 -10X + 3-6x
15X 13 —16X
15X +16X = 13
oxen ees
X = 13/31
X = 0.419mNumerical 2.8: A 4.0 m long uniform ladder with weight of 120 N leans against a
wall making 700 above a cement floor as shown if figure. Assuming the wall is
frictionless, but the floor is not, determine the forces exerted on the ladder by the
floor and by the wall.
Wall
Given Data
Length of ladder, L= 4.0m
Weight of ladder, W=120N
Angle of ladder with floor, @ = 70°
To Find
Force exerted on the ladder by wall, Fw =?
Force exerted on the ladder by the ground, Fg =?Solution
Torques
Anticlockwise torque is due to force of wall, Fw Fe
Magnitude of Fw =
Moment arm of Fw = L sind ¢
Moment arm of Fw = 4m x sin 70° Ly=Lsino
Moment arm of Fw = 4m x 0.939
Moment arm of Fw = 3.76 m
4 Saas
AntielbeRsetorque= FW 376% = Ty Lx=L-coH0 |
+o:
Clockwise torque is due to weight of ladder, W Yfa '
Magnitude of W = 120 N
Moment arm of W = L cos
Moment arm of W= 4/2m x cos 70°
Moment arm of Fw=2 x 0.342
Moment arm of Fw = 0.68 m
Clockwise torque = W x 0.68m
Clockwise torque = 120 N x 0.68m
Clockwise torque = 81.6.N' m
By applying 2" condition of equilibrium
Anticlockwise torque = Clockwise torque
Fw X3.76m=816NmFw =81.6Nm/3.76m
Fw = 21.702 N
Now, by applying 1* condition of equilibrium;
Upward force = Downward force
Fy = W
Fy-W=0
Fy -120N=0
Right-side force = Left-side force
Fes Fw
Fy-Fw= 0
F,-22N=0
By applying Pythagoras theorem;
I
|
(Fo)? = (Fu)? + (Fe)? F
Fe F,
Taking square root on both sides; N | ‘
'
Fo = [Fy + Fy? '
5
By putting values;Fe = (20)? + (22)*
Fg = Vi4084
Fe=122N Ans
—
Education System | spreading the LightNumerical 2.9: The 450 kg uniform I-beam supports the load of 220 kg as shown.
Determine the reactions at the supports.
Given Data
Mass of I-beam, Mg = 450 kg
Weight of |-beam, Wp = Mpx g = 450 kg x 9.8 ms” = 4410 N
Mass of the load, M. = 220 Kg
Weight of the load = Wi = Mix g = 220 kg x 9.8 ms* = 2156 N
Length of the beam L=5.6m+2.4m=8m
To Find
Reaction force at A= Ra=?
Reaction force at B= Rp =?Solution
Consider point A as axis of rotation,
Ra does not cause any torque because it passes through axis of rotation
Anticlockwise torque is due to Rp
Anticlockwise torque = Rg x 8m
Clockwise torque is due to Wg and W,
Clockwise torque = (Ws x 4m) +(W.x 5.6m)
Clockwise torque = (4410 N x 4m) +(2156 x 5.6m)
Clockwise torque = 17640 N m + 12074Nm
Clockwise torque = 29714 N m
By applying 2" condition of equilibrium;
Anticlockwise torque = Clockwise torque
Rex 8m= 29714Nm
Re= 29714Nm/8mNow applying 1st condition of equilibrium;
Upward forces = Downward forces
Ra + Re = WL+ We
By putting values;
Ra+3714N = 2156N + 4410N
Ra+3714N = 6566N
Ra = 6566N-3714N