ENGLISH 101 | PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

Teacher’s Guide Week 1

Lesson 1 Communication Processes, and Principles

Sustainable Development Goals: Learning Materials
SDG No. 4 – Quality Education https://www.managementstudyguide.com/
SDG No. 14 – Life Below Water communication-theory.htm
SDG No. 15 – Life on Land
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Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, student must be able to:
 Demonstrate several verbal and non-verbal communication skills in various contexts.
 Describe the nature, elements, and functions of verbal and non-verbal communication in various
multicultural contexts.
 Evaluate one’s communication skill relative to age, year level and current undertakings.
 Explain and demonstrate orally the various principles of communication effectively.

Lesson Preview/Review
MCC Vision
Mabalacat City College envisions itself to be the top choice in the community it serves for quality education and
training by 2025.

MCC Mission
The Mission of Mabalacat City College is to meet the needs of its community as a center for learning aiming for
open admission policy.

Concept Notes/Teacher-Led Discussion

LESSON 1.1 THE

COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
COMMUNICATION

Everything that revolves around us is

communication. Spoken or not, every
act conveys meanings and various
interpretations because all of us come
from diverse backgrounds. As such,
we must give and provide accurate
messages to minimize
misinterpretation.

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© hrasiamedia.com
So, what is communication?
Communication is the process of people reacting to other individuals' various attitudes and behaviors;
communication can be viewed as a personal process taking into the feelings, attitudes, and ideas so that their
goals are met. It compels people to be aware that communication events are not isolated but can be transmitted
from simple to very complicated situations.

All living beings existing on the planet communicate, although the way of communication is different. S. F.
Scudder proposed the Communication Theory Framework in the year 1980.

Examine more communication and communication theory through the following viewpoints through this link:

https://www.managementstudyguide.com/communication-theory.htm

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

Verbal Communication
refers to the production of spoken language to send an intentional message to a listener. It includes using
symbols that have universal meanings and can be classified as spoken or written.

Intrapersonal Communication
is communication through self-talk. This involves personal
thoughts and emotions. Feedback goes back to you.

Interpersonal Communication

It is communication between two people (dyadic) or a small group of

individuals (also known as small group discussion). This type of
communication allows speakers to discuss topics that interest them
or may share a common bond.

Public
Communication
Where one person is speaking in front of an audience, the
magnitude or size may be limited or numerous. The speaker
delivers the message in a formal setting, giving a thematic topic.
Feedback from the audience may be available or not.

Mass Communication
Communication occurs through technology such as the social
network/internet, television, radio, and newspaper. Through these communication channels, the message is
replicated many times, resulting in a multiplier effect on the receivers. Speakers must be very careful of the kind
of information being disseminated. The messages conveyed must be screened before public dissemination.

Non-verbal Communication
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is an oversimplification to say that non-verbal communication is communication

without words because written words are perceived as “verbal.” Still, there is a
lack of sound elements attached to them. Hence, words in non-verbal
communication are still involved; speaking is omitted.
Therefore, non-verbal symbols consist of gestures, eye movements, tone of
voice, and the use of space and touch. Because these non-verbal cues are not
shared universally, they may give a different meaning to another culture and
thus, be considered ambiguous.

“Nonverbal communication performs a third valuable social function:

conveying emotion that we may be unwilling or unable to express-or,
ones we may not even be aware of. Nonverbal communication is
much better suited to expressing attitudes and feelings than ideas”
(Adler & Rodman, 2006)

Non-verbal communication must repeat and ascent the verbal message

accompanied by gestures. It also regulates interaction since non-verbal
action may indicate who will speak or not. It serves as a substitute in the
absence of words.

TYPES OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

In the absence of written or spoken words, gestures and symbols are
a substitute to make non-verbal communication easier to understand.

Silence conveys meaning to the spectators that can be seen in a quiet

yet busy person. This person is contemplating, grieving, not being
disturbed, or being in a difficult situation.
A silent reply in a conversation between two individuals may signify
that the receiver does not understand or may refuse to answer.

Body language (gesture) is employed in two ways unconscious

movement to tell the state of emotion the person is undergoing, such
as walking around for being bored, biting the fingernails for being
nervous or other activities done unconsciously.

On the other hand, conscious movement entails

individuals rendering the designated action,
such as saluting the national flag or appropriate
measures to be generated for specific activities.

Facial expression is manifested to evoke certain

emotions such as happiness, joy, sadness,
frustration, and many other facial movements.

Paralanguage or the use of voice is detected in

loud or faint sounds to provide authority or
emphasis to the volume of words. You can see

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Mathematics everywhere in this world though you sometimes ignore its presence. To be able to see
Mathematics, you have to observe to notice hints and clues: in nature, in your daily routine, in your work, in
people and communities, and in events.

In some cultures, touch (hug, kiss, handshake) symbolizes affection but may not be allowed in
specific communities.

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Space & distance indicate the importance of a person. Distance

signifies intimacy and personal acceptance in some cultures and others not.

Clothes and personal

appearance provide quick
private surveillance of the
person’s age, interest, personality, sex, attitude, social
standing, or religious affiliation.

Symbols are general graphical

presentations so that people will be guided accordingly,

such as traffic signs, mathematical problems, medical,
and other fields of specialty (Rasel, 2013).

FIVE THEORIES OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Semiotics (Sign Language)

FIVE THEORIES OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Semiotics (Sign Language)

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© newsweek.com

Sign languages are used without the spoken word and have phonological, lexical, and even syntactic levels.

Kinesics (Body Language)

Kinesics comes from the word kinesis which means movement. Nonverbal communication is the study
of arm, body, and faces actions. Gestures are body movements classified into adaptors, emblems, and
illustrators.

Adaptors pertain to the self, indicating internal states related to stress,

anxiety, or when things are not in control of the surroundings. Adaptors are
manifested through unconscious movements such as clicking of pens, shaking
of legs, and many others.

Emblems signify agreement, such as raising a thumb or a

hitchhiker or an OK sign with the thumb and index finger forming a
circle but vary from culture to culture.

Emblems are different from sign language. In addition, head

movements and posture among many cultures may provide
various meanings, such as head nodding, a bow, or a handshake. Human posture like standing, sitting, squatting,
and lying down also provide different interpretations in various societies. So is the ability to establish eye
contact sets interaction, relays information, and links interpersonal relationships. Eye contact is also cognitive
activity, expressing engagement and expressing intimidation. In addition, facial expression manifests
happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, and many other emotions that will give information to the receivers
from the person conveying it (Communication in the Real World: An Introduction to Communication, 2016)
Haptics (Touch)
The study of communication by touch is known as Haptics. Touch is essential for social development,
which can be welcoming, threatening, or
persuasive. Numerous kinds of contact
include functional-professional, social-
polite, friendship-warmth, love-intimacy,
and sexual-arousal communication.

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A functional-professional level touch is associated

with a professional routine, such as barbers, hairstylists,
doctors, nurses, tattoo artists, and security screeners
whose communication is less threatening. The social-
polite level includes a handshake and a pat on the arm or
shoulder. A handshake is an abbreviated hand-holding
gesture, but we know that prolonged hand-holding would
be considered too intimate and inappropriate at the
functional-professional and social-polite levels; touch
still has interpersonal implications.

The communication, although professional and

not personal, between hairstylist and client or between
nurse and patient, has the potential to be therapeutic and comforting. In addition, a social-polite touch exchange
plays into initial impression formation, which can have important implications for how interaction and a
relationship unfold” (Communication in the Real World: An Introduction to Communication, 2016, p. 176).

Meanwhile, at the friendship-warmth level, touch is significant since it

serves a relational continuance that will foster closeness, adoration,
attention, and concern. Friends at times may negotiate since being too
touchy may signal sexual or romantic, or less touch may signal detachment
or disassociation. However, contact at the love-intimacy level, such as
holding hands and full-frontal hugging, is more personal and done through
“significant other, best friends, close family members, and romantic
partners.” Nonetheless, this level of touch is not sexual since it only spurs
emotional intimacy but may lead to sexual-arousal communication.

Touch is also used in other contexts like wrestling, slapping, bumping into
another person, and many different scenarios.

Chronemics (Time)
Chronemics studies how time influences communication involving biological time, personal time, physical
time, and cultural time. Natural time is the rhythm of living things where the daily body cycle affects our eating
patterns, sleeping, and waking moments. When the biological clock is disturbed (sleepless nights, jet lag, or
other abnormalities in scheduling), our communication proficiency and personal relationships will be
significantly affected.
Meanwhile, personal time is associated with a person’s mood
in a specific activity that defines their experience time.
“People with past-time orientations may want to reminisce,
reunite with old friends, and spend considerable time
preserving memories and keepsakes in scrapbooks and photo
albums. People with future-time orientations may spend the
same amount of time making career and personal plants,
writing out to-do lists or researching future vacations,
potential retirement spots, or what book they’re going to read
next” (Communication in the Real World: An Introduction to
Communication, 2016)

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Physical time is the fixed cycle of days, weeks, months, years, and seasons that affect people’s mood and
psychological levels. Others are affected by seasonal disorders from “warm and bright to dark and cold” and so
forth, resulting in emotional tensions and worry. On the other hand, cultural time is how a large group of
individuals look at time. Polychronic individuals are flexible people who engage in many activities since they
refuse to look at the time as a linear development that requires division into small units and the need to plan. In
contrast, monochronic individuals prefer to schedule their time strictly and do one task at a time
(Communication in the Real World: an Introduction to Communication, 2016).

Proxemics (Use of Space)

Proxemics is a theory of non-verbal communication introduced by Edward T. Hall in the 1960s to
explain how people understand and use space to attain communication purposes. In the silent language, Hall
outlines proxemic theory:

Distances should be the preference of the individuals and not forced closeness. However, the study of
distance varies from culture to culture. For instance, Americans prefer personal space of 18inches. According to
Hall, following the use of space below will indicate the kind of relationship people have.

Intimate (0-18 inches); Personal (18 inches to 4 feet); Social (4 feet – 10 feet); and Public (over 10 feet)
Proxemics will not only show relationships and objectives in communication but detail other cultural
undertakings like how the town is arranged and the living spaces therein. It is believed that how things are set
defines one’s region. Hence, territories are planned to create comfort for homeowners and keep away intruders.
Colors identify the types of parts and the behavioral expectations of the individuals in them.

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For example, a bright violet sofa in a small apartment signifies a fun, carefree atmosphere, while a
white sofa indicates formality. Even restaurants in soothing pastels entice dinners to stay a little longer with
their meals, or those decorated with loud designs may prompt diners to leave immediately after eating.

Types of Territories in Proxemics

1. Body Territory refers to the personal space the individual maintains with other people.
2. Primary Territory refers to the person's home, vehicle, or other living spaces.
3. Secondary Territory refers to a school, office, or church, where entry is reserved for specific individuals
and norms are expected and looked upon.
4. Public Territory refers to the open space everyone visits, such as the part, market, shopping mall, and many
others.
Because people come and go, these territories may overlap with each other.

CYCLICAL FLOW OF THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

The Source/Encoder holds the fulcrum of the communication since this individual determines whether
the purpose of the message is to inform, persuade, or entertain. The speaker begins by creating a message and
then passes the message to the receiver through a channel, whether personal or mass media. The speaker uses
past experiences, thoughts, perceptions, and feelings.
The Message is the second element of the communication process. The sender encodes an idea and then
decides whether or not to inform, persuade or entertain the receiver. After evaluating what message will be
conveyed, the sender will use symbols on how to get the news
across. The receiver then decodes and interprets the message.
The Channel is a pathway or device where messages are passed
from sender to receiver using verbal and nonverbal communication
channels. The five senses are essential in transporting these
messages to the receiver. Other methods of sending these
messages can be face-to-face communication, letter writing,
telephone or cellular phone, or a public address with an audience
featured through television, radio, or newspaper. Another is
through social media such as Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr,
Instagram, and many others.

The Receiver/Decoder is the person(s) involved in the communication process which receives (s) the
message. The decoder receives the message and then interprets the message. If the message is simple or

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complex, the ability of the recipient to comprehend the message is a significant factor. Thus, the response of the
decoder may be silent, spontaneous, reluctant, or may have pauses in between, depending on the communicative
situation.

The Feedback is the result of the interaction between the sender and the decoder. Here the decoder
gives a response to the message conveyed. As the communication process progresses, the speaker becomes the
decoder too. Each party in the communication process continuously sends a message to the other.

Feedback serves as an assessment of how the receiver interprets each message:

1. Negative feedback happens when there is a lack of understanding.

2. Positive feedback takes place when the receiver fully understands the message.
Although it may not fully agree with the source as the message is interpreted precisely.
3. Ambiguous feedback only occurs when the message relayed is not very clear, thereby
giving confusion to the receiver. Likewise, feedback is neither positive nor negative, like saying the
phrases “I see” and “mmm-hmm.”

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LESSON 1.2
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

In addressing a formal or informal speaking engagement, it is necessary to know the following:

 Know your audience is necessary to know whom you are talking to because your speech has to match
the listener’s interest. Your address is tailored perfectly to the discussion by gauging what they need.

 Know your purpose is also essential to know why you are placed in such a speaking
engagement. Knowing your purpose is critical since it will help you outline what you say.

 Know your topic is the key and heart of your discussion. The topic knits all the information
into a cohesive whole so that your speech will have significance to the listeners. Speaking without
preparation is like going to the war field and so having a topic enables you not to go off tangent from the
theme.

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 Anticipate objections are challenging to handle but again, presenting an idea to

everyone does not necessarily give acceptance to the listeners. And so, during the open forum, be
prepared to answer challenging questions. Try to ask possible quarries before presenting your speech to
an audience and frame credible answers to the list of questions.

 Achieve credibility with your audience by sharing first-hand and factual information. Share
inspiring personal stories that will motivate the listeners and provide a lasting impression on themselves.
 Presenting information in several ways is the best technique in storytelling. As a speaker, you must be
creative and not follow the linear path of telling your tale. You may start to form the middle, beginning,
middle, end, and so forth. Be like a camera whose eyes can go 360 degrees, detailing all the angles and
knitting the illuminating parts of the storyline. Other ways can be performing a drama, singing a song, or
dance. Anything that is not predictable catches the attention of the listeners.

Learning Activities
Developmental Activity (International/General Concepts)

SELF-EVALUATION # 1
1. How is your communication skill in English? Rate it from 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest and explain why you rated
your communication skill so.
2. If you rated yourself 3 or lower, what language skills do you think do you need improvements? How will you be able
to address such needs to improve?
3. Which of the principles should we never violate at all cost? Why

Independent Practice (National/Local Knowledge)

VERBAL and NON-VERBAL FORMS OF COMMUNICATION QUIZ on MSTEAMS 33points

REFERENCES

Sy Gaco, S. B. (2018). Principles & Competencies in Purposive Communication. Quezon City: Great Books
Trading.

Management Study Guide. (2020). Communication Theory. Retrieved:

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This guide is only for the exclusive use of a bona fide student of Mabalacat City College and the author/s and/or the
publisher of this teacher’s guide have no monetary gain in using the textual information, imageries, and other references
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In addition, this teacher’s guide or no part of it thereof may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in
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Mabalacat City College.

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Cf:

ARCELYN M. ADRIANO, LPT MARILYN S. ARCILLA, LPT, MAN ROMEO D.
ERESE III, LPT, PhD.
Faculty Dean AVP for Academic Affair

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