PE 4520/65621 Well Testing

Calculation Lab 12: Saphir Various Well Tests Name: ______________________________

Assigned: Wed, Oct 18, 2023
Due: Thurs, Oct 26, 2023

How to analyze a well test using Kappa Saphir:

1. Open Saphir, Click on File-New, and enter the basic well information: r w,h, , etc. Also enter the fluid type
on the first screen—Oil or Gas. This fluid type will govern what appears on the second screen. Click Next.
2(a) For oil, the second screen asks for Bo, , and ct. Enter these and click Create>>.
2(b) For gas, the second screen asks for TR and pR. Enter these. Click on the red (flask) icon at the top, this will
take you to a page which governs the gas correlations used for the gas properties. There enter the gas gravity ()
and any impurities which may be present. Saphir will use TR, pR, and  for the gas property correlations and for
pseudopressure calculations. There you can also change the default correlations if you wish. Click Next>>. This
will take you to a third screen for gas. There enter the formation compressibility (c f) and the water saturation
(Sw) (from which Saphir will calculate Sg and ct). Click Create>>.
3. Once you’ve entered the basic formation and fluid properties, the icons on the left guide the analysis process
step-by-step. Click on Load Q to enter the rate information. I usually use Keyboard-Spreadsheet. Select that and
two columns appear. The left column is for time [hrs] and the right column is for rate [bpd for oil, MCF/day for
gas]. For a flowing test, usually there will be one flowing period. For a buildup test with a flowing time of t p
with rate q and a shut-in time of tshutin, there are two entries—in the first row enter tp and q, in the second row
enter tshutin and 0 (zero shut in rate). Click Next>>. On the next page ensure the units for time and rate are
correct, and note that rates are usually in Steps, and (t,p) data are usually in Points. Click Load>>. This will
display a rate vs. time picture
4(a) Next press Load P to load the (t,p) data. I usually copy the (t,p) data from where it’s given (usually in an
Excel table) to the clipboard, and then press clipboard on the menu screen. The data will be posted in the
working area, scroll down to inspect it to ensure it’s correct. Press Next>>. On the next page ensure the units for
time and pressure are correct (usually hours for t, bpd for oil or MCF/day for gas), and for (t,p) data the time
format is Points. Click Load>>. Saphir will display a Cartesian plot of p vs. t in the top window over the rate
information in the lower window. Ensure these are correct. Especially for a buildup test, ensure the buildup (t,p)
data align with the shut-in (q=0) period. If not, see 4(b) below….
4(b) Note that if you’re entering buildup data, ensure the (t,p) times are correct. For example, if flowing time t p
is 100 hours for rate q, and the shut-in is for a total of 24 hours, then the shut-in (t,p) data will typical have t
values from 0 to 24. You have to copy and paste this (t,p) data to a dummy Excel page and add 100 hrs to all of
the time values so that the buildup data (t,p) values have t values from 100 to 124 hrs. You do this because
Saphir expects tp plus shut-in to be on the same continuous time scale.
5. Click Extract dP to generate the derivative plot. Saphir will ask which group to analyze. (Some data sets will
have multiple rates/shut-ins and thus multiple drawdowns and/or buildups. The flowing periods will be labeled
“production #1,” “production #2,” etc., and the buildup periods will be labeled “build-up #1,” “build-up #2,” etc.
Select the one you wish to analyze. The next screen presents default smoothing parameters (used to smooth the
computed numerical derivatives); usually the defaults are OK for the first try. If there seems to be noise in the
derivative you can go back and adjust the smoothing parameters as needed. Click OK.
6. Three plots will be displayed: (a) The Cartesian pressure vs. time with the rate vs. time plot; (b) a Semi-Log
plot; (c) the Log-Log plot which has two curves—Log dp (Gringarten) and Log of the derivative.
7. Keep in mind that all of these curves are for your data. Now it’s time to specify a model for Saphir to try to fit
to that data. Click on Model, and a screen appears. For now we will work on the “Analytical” tab; in another
HW we will use the “Numerical” tab. Note that there are multiple choices for Well Model, Reservoir Model and
Boundary Model. Select the ones you wish Saphir to use. Most but not all of these we will discuss in class. You
must be familiar with the general behavior of these various choices (by memorizing the various curve shapes) in
order to select the appropriate models. You don’t have to get the Model right the first try, you can try again if
the first Model you selected isn’t able to fit the curves…. Click on Generate.
 Model Class Model Choices Unique (Additional) Parameters
(a) Vertical Base Case (k, s, C)
Well Model (b) Fracture: Infinite Conductivity Xf
(c) Fracture: Finite Conductivity Xf, Fc
(a) Homogeneous Base Case (k, s, C)
Reservoir Model (b) Two porosity PSS (naturally fractured Omega () (Storativity Ratio)
reservoir) Lamda () (Interporosity Flow Coeff)
(a) Infinite Base Case (k, s, C)

(b) One Fault L (Distance to fault)

Boundary Model
(c) Circle or Rectangle Circle (Re, ft); Rectangle (N, S, E, W)
(d) Parallel Faults N, S (Distances to faults)
8. Once you click on Generate, solid lines appear on all of the plots which are Saphir’s attempt to apply the
Models you selected and fit all of the curves—Log dp, Log Derivative, the semilog plot, and the (t,p) Cartesian
plot.
9. If the curves are “off” a little and there isn’t a good fit, click the Improve button. A screen will appear which
shows the parameters (e.g. C, skin, k, omega, lamda, re, etc.—which are functions of the model(s) you chose)
which it will iterate on to achieve the best fit. The parameters can be turned on or off. You should also inspect
the min-max range for the values to ensure they correctly bracket the values you expect. Click Run. The fit
should improve.
10. If the fit is still not good (for example late time boundary effects or other….), click on Model and select a
different combination of models (it’s important to be guided by principles here and not pure guesswork…).
Generate and Improve as needed to get the best fit.

Upload all kappa results as one MERGED PDF

1. The following data is from a flowing test on an oil well. Please use Kappa Saphir to determine the following:
(a) Permeability, k; (b) Skin, s; (c) Storage Coefficient, C; (d) What case is this?
[Answers: k = 49.72 md, skin = -1.64, C = 0.035 bbl/psi ]

Porosity, (fraction) : 0.15

Production Rate, q (STB/d) : 300 Compressibility, ct (10-6 1/psi) : 8
h (ft) : 100 Oil FVF, Bo (RB/STB) : 1.9
Pi (at t = 0), (psi) : 4100 Viscosity,  (cp) : 0.98
Well radius, rw (ft) : 0.35

Time (hrs) Pressure (psi)

0.000 4100
0.010 4093.60
0.030 4083.16
0.050 4074.83
0.070 4068.04
0.090 4062.41
0.113 4056.97
0.143 4051.45
0.180 4046.03
0.226 4040.89
0.285 4036.18
 0.358 4032.02
0.451 4028.43
0.568 4025.40
0.715 4022.87
0.900 4020.78
1.133 4019.06
1.426 4017.66
1.796 4016.51
2.261 4015.57
2.846 4014.78
3.583 4014.07
4.511 4013.39
5.679 4012.67
7.149 4011.85
9.000 4010.91
11.298 4009.83
13.698 4008.78
16.098 4007.81
18.498 4006.90
20.898 4006.05
23.298 4005.26
25.698 4004.52
28.098 4003.82
30.498 4003.17
32.898 4002.55
35.298 4001.97
37.698 4001.41
40.098 4000.89
42.498 4000.39
44.898 3999.91
47.298 3999.46
49.698 3999.02
52.098 3998.61
56.898 3997.83
61.698 3997.11
66.498 3996.43
71.298 3995.81
76.098 3995.22
80.898 3994.67
85.698 3994.15
90.498 3993.66
95.298 3993.20
100.098 3992.75
104.898 3992.33
112.098 3991.73
119.298 3991.17
126.498 3990.64
133.698 3990.14
140.898 3989.67
148.098 3989.22
155.298 3988.79
163.698 3988.31
173.298 3987.80
182.898 3987.31
 192.498 3986.85
202.098 3986.41
211.698 3986.00
223.698 3985.50
236 3985.03

2. The following data is from a buildup test on an oil well. Please use Kappa Saphir to determine the following:
(a) Permeability, k; (b) Skin, s; (c) Storage Coefficient, C; (d) What case is this?
[Answers: k = 37.86 md, s = -0.176 C = 0.015]

Producing Time, tp (hours): 400 Porosity,  (fraction) : 0.20

-6
Production Rate, q (STB/d) : 250 Compressibility, ct (10 1/psi) : 8
h (ft) : 100 Oil FVF, Bo (RB/STB) : 1.5
pwf (at t = 0), (psi) : 4862.55 Viscosity,  (cp) : 1.1
Well radius, rw (ft) : 0.25

Time (hrs) Pressure (psi)

0.000 4862.55
0.005 4867.37
0.010 4871.74
0.015 4875.75
0.020 4879.45
0.025 4882.88
0.030 4886.07
0.035 4889.03
0.040 4891.79
0.045 4894.37
0.050 4897.02
0.057 4899.77
0.064 4902.61
0.071 4905.52
0.080 4908.47
0.090 4911.45
0.101 4914.43
0.113 4917.37
0.127 4920.26
0.142 4923.06
0.160 4925.75
0.179 4928.32
0.201 4930.76
0.226 4933.04
0.253 4935.18
0.284 4937.17
0.319 4939.02
0.357 4940.74
0.401 4942.33
0.450 4943.83
0.505 4945.22
0.567 4946.54
0.636 4947.80
0.713 4948.99
0.800 4950.14
0.898 4951.26
1.007 4952.34
1.130 4953.39
1.268 4954.42
1.423 4955.44
1.597 4956.44
1.791 4957.42
2.010 4958.40
2.255 4959.36
2.531 4960.32
2.839 4961.26
3.186 4962.20
3.574 4963.13
4.011 4964.06
4.500 4964.98
5.049 4965.89
5.665 4966.80
6.356 4967.70
7.132 4968.60
8.002 4969.50
8.979 4970.39
10.074 4971.27
11.303 4972.15
12.683 4973.03
14.230 4973.90
15.967 4974.77
17.915 4975.63
20.101 4976.49
22.553 4977.34
25.053 4978.11
27.553 4978.81
30.053 4979.44
32.553 4980.01
35.053 4980.54
37.553 4981.03
40.053 4981.49
42.553 4981.91
45.053 4982.31
47.553 4982.69
50.053 4983.04
52.553 4983.37
55.053 4983.69
57.553 4983.99
60.053 4984.28
62.553 4984.55
65.053 4984.81
67.553 4985.07
70.053 4985.30
72.553 4985.54
75.053 4985.76
77.553 4985.97
80.053 4986.17
 82.553 4986.37
85.053 4986.56
87.553 4986.75
90.053 4986.93
92.553 4987.10
95.053 4987.26
97.553 4987.43
100.000 4987.58

3. The following data is from a flowing test on a gas well. Please use Kappa Saphir to determine the following:
(a) Permeability, k; (b) Skin, s; (c) Storage Coefficient, C; (d) What case is this?
[Answers: k = 33.3 md, s = 1.6 C = 0.04, ?]

Production Rate, q (MCF/d) : 450 Porosity, (fraction) : 0.17

-6
h (ft) : 80 Formation comp, cf (10 1/psi) : 5
Pi (at tp = 0), (psi) : 5450 Gas Gravity : 0.75
Well radius, rw (ft) : 0.3 Res Temp (F) : 200
Water Saturation, Sw : 0.25

Elapsed time Pressure

(hr) (psia)
0.000 5450.000
0.030 5447.364
0.060 5446.996
0.090 5446.873
0.127 5446.796
0.180 5446.735
0.254 5446.685
0.358 5446.645
0.506 5446.613
0.715 5446.587
1.010 5446.565
1.426 5446.543
2.015 5446.516
2.846 5446.483
4.020 5446.441
5.679 5446.391
8.021 5446.333
11.298 5446.270
14.898 5446.217
18.498 5446.175
22.098 5446.140
25.698 5446.110
29.298 5446.084
32.898 5446.061
36.498 5446.040
40.098 5446.022
43.698 5446.005
47.298 5445.989
50.898 5445.974
54.498 5445.961
 58.098 5445.948
61.698 5445.936
65.298 5445.925
68.898 5445.915
72.498 5445.905
76.098 5445.895
79.698 5445.886
83.298 5445.877
86.898 5445.869
90.498 5445.861
94.098 5445.853
97.698 5445.846
101.298 5445.838
104.898 5445.831
108.498 5445.825
112.098 5445.818
115.698 5445.812
119.298 5445.806
122.898 5445.800
126.498 5445.794
130.098 5445.789
133.698 5445.784
137.298 5445.778
140.898 5445.773
144.498 5445.768
148.098 5445.763
151.698 5445.759
155.298 5445.754
158.898 5445.749
162.498 5445.745
166.098 5445.741
169.698 5445.736
173.298 5445.732
176.898 5445.728
180.498 5445.724
184.098 5445.720
187.698 5445.716
191.298 5445.713
194.898 5445.709
198.498 5445.705
202.098 5445.702
205.698 5445.698
209.298 5445.695
212.898 5445.692
216.498 5445.688
220.098 5445.685
223.698 5445.682
227.298 5445.679
230.898 5445.676
234.498 5445.672
238.098 5445.669

4. The following data is from a flowing test on an oil well. Please use Kappa Saphir to determine the following:
(a) Permeability, k; (b) Skin, s; (c) Storage Coefficient, C; (d) What case is this?
[Answers: k = 10.497 md, skin = 0.827, C = 0.014 bbl/psi]

Porosity, (fraction) : 0.15

-6
Production Rate, q (STB/d) : 300 Compressibility, ct (10 1/psi) : 7.5
h (ft) : 150 Oil FVF, Bo (RB/STB) : 1.2
Pi (at t = 0), (psi) : 5200 Viscosity,  (cp) : 1.0
Well radius, rw (ft) : 0.35

Elapsed time Pressure

(hr) (psia)
0.000 5200.000
0.030 5173.029
0.060 5150.641
0.090 5131.819
0.127 5112.434
0.180 5090.785
0.254 5068.412
0.358 5047.508
0.506 5029.920
0.715 5016.453
1.010 5006.603
1.426 4999.156
2.015 4992.985
2.846 4987.428
4.020 4982.165
5.679 4977.071
8.021 4972.065
11.330 4966.958
16.005 4961.451
22.607 4955.185
31.660 4948.013
41.260 4941.425
50.860 4935.504
60.460 4930.035
70.060 4924.903
79.660 4920.007
89.260 4915.295
98.860 4910.712
108.460 4906.235
118.060 4901.842
127.660 4897.524
137.260 4893.231
146.860 4888.993
156.460 4884.764
166.060 4880.575
175.660 4876.383
185.260 4872.221
194.860 4868.050
204.460 4863.906
214.060 4859.752
223.660 4855.616
233.260 4851.471
242.860 4847.342
252.460 4843.203
262.060 4839.076
271.660 4834.938
281.260 4830.816
290.860 4826.681
300.460 4822.558
310.060 4818.428
319.660 4814.306
329.260 4810.175
338.860 4806.054
348.460 4801.921
358.060 4797.801
367.660 4793.670
377.260 4789.548
386.860 4785.420
396.460 4781.298
406.060 4777.169
415.660 4773.048
425.260 4768.916
434.860 4764.796
444.460 4760.666
454.060 4756.543
463.660 4752.416
473.260 4748.293
482.860 4744.166
492.460 4740.043
502.060 4735.913
511.660 4731.792
521.260 4727.662
530.860 4723.538
540.460 4719.412
550.060 4715.289
559.660 4711.162
569.260 4707.038
578.860 4702.909
588.460 4698.787
598.060 4694.658
607.660 4690.534
617.260 4686.409
626.860 4682.285
636.460 4678.158
640.000 4676.639