Example 9. Solve the equation By(x? — Idx + (2° + 8y — 3x)dy = 0 when 2 =0 and y= 1 Solution: = 3(2?-1) ww =3(2?-1) Oy therefore the equation is exact, Hence, its solution is F = c, where Solving for F using then ar Fe 7 ue =D) OF = 3y(0? ~ 1) oS ae - ) +T(y) Solving for T(x), find the derivative of F with respect of y +T'(y) = a5 + 8y — 3c Ty) =8y Ty) =4y? ‘Therefore,and the set of solutions of the given equation is defined by 3 su a] 4ay=e ay — By + 4y? = When ¢ = 0 and y ay — Bay + 4y? = 4 Finally, the solution to the given equation is 4, ay — 3ay + 4y? =4 x(x? — 3) =4(1 — y’)Linear Equation of Order One ‘The first-order differential equation in the form dq ay(2) E+ ao(a)y = 9(2) is said to be a linear equation in the dependent variable y. Standard Form By dividing both sides of the linear equation by a;(), we obtain a more useful form, the standard form, of a linear equation, de 5+ Pe = a0) Introduction of the Integrating Factor Suppose a linear equation in the standard form, there exist an integrating factor v(2) > 0, a function of z alone. ‘Then the equation dy veo] E+ Peay] =a must be an exact equation. The equation can be written in the form M(x,y) dx + N(x,y) dy —0 with M(a,y) = v(x) Pa)y ~ v(x) Q@) in which (2), P(e) and Q(2) are functions of x alone, If the equation is exact, it follows the criterion that aM _ aN Oy Hence, v(2) satisfy the equation v(z)P() = Sue) Solving for v(), v(x) = ef PomeMultiplying v(x) to the standard form frend 5 pla)ye! Pet = Qfa)e! Pore The left member of the equation is actually the derivative of the function ye Pen and the right member is a function of z alone. Hence, the equation iret ayy tte — alah Mob is exact, ‘The General Solution of a First-order Linear Equation From the previous discussion, after determining the integrating factor v(x), we can now find the solution of a first-order linear equation dy Ss Play = Q(z) D+ P@y= a0) and from sre ayy Pte = alah Pome i From which, we have the general solution ye! Piste — [alnetModr veExample 1. Solve the equation Solution: Here P(2) = > and Q(z) Solving for the integrating factor we have, elle — of toe ef Peds — gale el Plodde © ‘Therefore the solution is defined by yo= / a(a)dr +eExample 2. Solve the equation a +2 Solution: Where P(z) =x and Q(x) = Solving for the integrating factor we have, pl Plays el Plante ‘Therefore the solution is defined byExample 3. Solve the equation y tycotr =r Solution: Where P(z) = cote and Q(x) = « Solving for the integrating factor we have, pl Plots — pfeotede ol Plaid = glalsina| =e ef Paid ‘Therefore the solution is defined by ysing [ seina)ae +e ysinz =—xcose +sinz +e ysing —sinx +-rcosx —e dividing the equation by sin, then -1+rcots = ceser ytccotetecer=1Example 4. Solve the equation y © yootr Solution: In standard form the given equation can be written as ® 4 yoota = csce dg 7 YONT= where P(2) = cot « and Q(z) = sex Solving for the intgerating factor we have, el Plots — pfostade = glalsing! ol Playde ine Therefore the solution is defined by ysine = [coin adr +e vsine = f debe ysing ~2+eExample 5. Solve the equation (x* + 2y)dx — ady =0 Solution: ‘The given equation can be written as i A sp let + 2nd — aay where P(t) = —2 and Qa) Solving for the integrating factor we have, ef Pee — ef Pteyds of Platte ef Plelde ‘Therefore the solution is defined by Qy = at + cx?Example 6. Solve the equation (y — cos? x)de + cos xdy = 0 Solution: ‘The given equation can be written as 1 cos nde (y — cos? x)de + cosa] 0 7 Ws yscor = cose le a@ ex and Q(x) where P(x) = Solving for the integrating factor we have, el Plaids — pfrente ef Plaldz _ gla|seczstan2| =e ef Plo — sec + tana Therefore the solution is defined by x +tanz)de +e (see + tanz) = fo tsinz)de +e y(secx + tanz) = 2 cose +eExample 7. Solve the equation (y—2 + 2ycotz)dx + ady = Solution: Expressing the given equation in its standard form, lw —a+aycotx)de+ zi] ot x ada 1 (Ls ets)yt where P(e) = i +eota) and Q(z) =1 Solving for the integrating factor we have, J (deers) ae el Plaid of Plaid — plalel+in|sinz| =e ef Plays) — gales) of PME = arsine Therefore the solution is defined by u(esinz) = [re sina)de +e rysine = f esinzde +e aysing = —reosn+sing+eExample 8. Solve the equation ude + (22 -+1—v2)dv =0 Solution: Rewriting the given equation in its standard form, we have alee (Qr+1 ~ v2] ot vdv ude de, we Qa where P(v) = ( Solving for the integrating factor we have, of Plaids cf Plede — ef Pele Pee ‘Therefore, the solution is defined byExample 9. Solve the equation (1+ cos.2)y/ in a(sin x + sin cose — y) Solution: Rewriting the given equation, we have (1 + cosy! = sinx(sinx + sine cos — y) , _ sinzlsina(1 + c0s2) ~ yl) 1+ cosa ysine 1+cosr de sine 2 Fy asin? dy" 1+cosx where P(x) = = and Q(z) =sin?x Solving for the intgerating factor we have, ei Plate ef Plelte of #4" — (1 + cos) * Therefore, the solution is defined by y(L + coax)? = sv? x0 + cos) Mr te =a-sing+e 1+ cosaIntegrating Factors Found by Inspection It has been found out that integrating factor is an aid in finding a solution of linear equations. At present we are concerned enough to enable us to find integrating factors by inspection. The ability to do this depends largely upon the recognition of certain common exact differentials and upon experience The following are the exact differentials that frequently occur: d(xy) = xdy + ydr Q) ) yde—rdy ) (2) _ ady—yde @) = yde ~xdy Zaye In this lecture, some equations when terms are reduced to exact differentials becomes a more recognizable differential equation. Hence, solving them becomes easicr.Example 1. Solve the equation y(2zy + 1)dx — dy =0 Solution: y(Qry + Idx — xdy =0 Qay'dx + ydx — dy =0 1 (ena + yde — xy) =0 ¥ wae 2 | ody = 0 (2) +2ndx =0 YY, [@) + [2xee =e Y, Zyatae y r+2°y =cy a(1+ary) = Example 2. Solve the equation yy’ — x)dx + aly? +2)dy =0 Solution: uly — ade + 2(y' + 2)d y'(ydx + rdy) — x(ydx — xdy) = 0 pie + 2dy— “(4o") aay) ~ £ (we = “9 yn [oven [32 (5 Jo Qay? — 2? = ey?Example 3. Solve the equation (28y' + Ide + 2ty*dy =0 Solution: (x3y8 + Ide + xty?dy ay? (xdy + ydx) + dx Sy? (dy + yd) + di 2 ay? (edy + yd) + & 0 ai [oevraiy vee) + fF Example 4. Solve the equation a'(yde + xdy) + y*(edy — ydr) Solution: a'(yde + xdy) + y?(xdy — yd) =0 0 1 a*(yda + ady) + y?(xdy — wt] andy — ute) (ady + yd) + z( 2 & + gs AS 1S ae $Example 5. Solve the equation yly? + ljda + 2(y? — 1dy =0 Solution: yy? + Ide + x(y? — 1)dy =0 W(yde + 2dy) + (yde — dy) 1 z [vous +ady) + (yde — ay) = yde —ndy — (zy) + «(=) fam GQ) © ay += y (ady + ydx) + ay toscy aly? +1) = eyExample 6. Solve the equation la? — de — a(2* + y)dy = 0 Solution: ula’ — y®)dx — 2(08 + y®)dy = 0 2 (yde — xdy) — y®(ady + yd) a)\ (ydx — vdy (5 (3) — (dy + yd) =0 a\* (x £) a(2) — aay =0 (F) «G) {(2) 2) ~ | aten) =e Y. Y. ¥ - L(ey*_, ay at — der Example 7. Solve the equation (a5 + ay’ + y)dx + (y* + 2?y + 2)dy =0 Solution: (23 + cy? + yd + (y* + 2?y + c)dy =0 vida + ySdy + cy(ady + ydx) + (xdy + yd) = 0 [ous [rare [evecen + [ atex) at at at ty! +2074? + dry = de (2? +2)? =e ~ deyExample 8. Solve the equation y(2? + y? — Idx + 2(2? + y? + 1)dy =0 Solution: u(x? +y? — 1x + a(x? + y? + 1)dy =0 (2? + y>)(edy + yd) + (edy ~ yd) =0 1 2 yy — yaa) 1 ew [c +P )lady + ydx) + (wdy wes) aa andy ~ yd _ (dy + ya) + = 0 (ey) + a[ ta (| =o a (y [xu + [e{r ( | =0 ay +Tan™ (4) = Example 9. Solve the equation ylate™)da + x(y + 2%e)dy = 0 Solution: ylwre™)de + 2(y + oe¥)dy = 3 [eres + ydexr) + y(ady — vs) = 2 (xdy + yd) + (2) (A evacon + (2) (2) feraon [(D4@) a3) Qaterl y?Integrating Factors Found by Formula Recall from Linear Equation, the form y’ + P(x)y = Q(z) can be transformed into an exact equation when we multiply the equation by an integrating factor. The same basic idea sometimes apply for a non-exact differential equation M(x, y)dr + N(x, y)dy = 0. That is, it is sometimes possible to find an integrating factor j1(z,y) so that after multiplying, the lefi-hand side of n(x, y)M(x,y) de + p(x, y)N (x,y) @) is an exact differential. In an attempt to find (2, y), we return to the criterion for exactness. ‘The equation (1) is exact if and only if Ze.nmey] = 2 By the product rule of differentiation (subscript notation means partial derivatives) wMy + Mity = Ne + Nite or Ha = jiyM = (My = No) @ Although M, NV, M, and N, are known functions of x and y, the difficulty here in determining the unknown j.(2,y) from (2) is that we must solve a partial differential equation, Since we are not yet prepared for that, we make simplifying assumptions. Suppose jis a function of only one variable, e.g., 4 depends only on x. In this case _ ay b= Te and Hy = 0 so (2) can be written as dy My-Ne du My— Ne, dr 8 N, += depends on both x and y. However, My - We still at an impasse of the quotient if all obvious algebraic simplifications are made, the quotient —— turns out to depend solely on the variable x, then (3) is a first-order ordinary differential equation. We ean finally dotermine jr because (3) is separable and linear. It follows that pln) = of MitaIn the like manner, it follows from (2) if . depends only on the variable y, then du My~ dy In this case, if — is a function of y alone, then we can solve (4) for to be [Mig ay Hy) We summarize the results for the differential equation M(e,y) dx + .N(x,y) dy =0 = is a function of x alone, the integrating factor is ef “x-*#, is a function of y alone, the integrating factor is ef —“ar 4,Example 1. Solve the equation (x? + y? + Ide + x(a — 2y)dy =0 @ Solution: Let, Using the formula, Solving for the integrating factor, Multiply the integrating factor to (1) 2[(a? + y? + 1)dx + a(x — 2y)dy) = 0-2 then, simplifying we have, (l4n?y? +2 *)dx +2 "(a — 2y)dy = 0 (2) ‘Test for exactness of Equation (2), M(a,y)=1+2%y? +a? OM ys By OEYtherefore (2) is exact. Find the solution F = ¢, us for- fo +a 7y bam) de P=—y Myrt 2 404+TW) Qa 'y + T'(y) Since = = N(a,y), then ‘Therefore, =a +2+Tly) -al+nty Po-yr And the set of solutions of (1) is defined by aye” -y -ol+ntyse moltet or <2 $y -ay+1l=erExample 2. Solve the equation Solution: Let Using the formula, Qy(a — y + 2)dx + (2? — 2y)dy = M(z,y) = 2y(a? —y +2) 2r' — dy + 22 (x,y) = 2? = 2y M,N, _ 20'~4y +20 ~22 Dy My—Nz _ 2(z?~2y) 2 — Dy (x) Solving for the integrating factor, elte = (2s Multiply the integrating factor to (1) Simplifying, 2 (2y(2? — y + 2)de + (2? — 2y)dy) = 0-0 Qye™* (a? — y +. 2)dx + e**(x? — 2y)dy = 0 Test for exactness of Equation (2), M(x, y) = 2ye** (x? —y +2) OM dy 2e™ (a? + 2 — Dy) N(a,y) = (a? ~ 2y) on Ox 2c (2? + — 2y) a (2), therefore (2) is exact. Find the solution F fore fe a? — 2y)dy Pye — ye + T(a) ar = 2x? ye™ + Qrye™ — 2y%e** + T'(x) hr since 2 = aM(2,y), then Ox 2x? ye* + Qaye™* — 2y*e* + T'(x) = Dye? - 2 +2) 2x?ye™ + Qaye™® — 2ye™* + T"(x) = 2a*ye™ — 2ye™* + 2rye™* T(a)= T(x) = ‘Therefore. F = 2°ye™ — aves +T(2) F = aye* —ye* +e ‘And the set of solutions of (1) is defined by 22ye% = ve +e= rye — yre or Aas yz? —y) =eExample 3. Solve the equation y(2r— y+ Idx + 2(30 — 4y + 3)dy = 0 Solution: Let M(x,y) = y(2x—y+1) = 20 -2y +1 N(e,y) = (80 — dy +3) aN Fe =e +8 Using the formula, (6a: — 4y + 3) yQz—-y+1) =2(20 —y +1) Multiply the integrating factor to (1) vy y(2x — y + Ide + 2(3x — dy + 3)dy) = 0-y? Simplifying (2x — y + Udo + ay? (Bx — dy + 3)dy = Oly? Test for exactness of Equation (2), M(s,y) =¥Qe—y +1) OM 4 2 OM boy? — ay? 4 3y? oy= wy"(3x — 4y + 3) dy? + 3y" aM since — — 2 therefore (2) is exact. Find the solution F = Oy > Oe using M, Or [vee -y+lar Py’ — xy! + ay +T(y) Avy’ + Bey? + T'(y) +3ry?+T'(y) T(x) T(x) =¢ ‘Therefore Fao — ay! +298 +T(y) Fa ays —2y' toy +e And the set of solutions of (1) is defined by ays — ay! + ary? + ay? — cy" + ay’ or ay*(e—y+1)Example 4. Solve the equation y(4e + y)dx — 2(2? — y)dy =0 (a) Solution: Let M(x,y) = y(4a + y) Using the formula, Solving for the integrating factor, Multiply the integrating factor to (1) y?ly(4a + y)dx — 2(2? — y)dy = Oly Simplifying y (4a + y)dx — 2y-*(2 — y)dy = 0 2) Test for exactness of (2), M(z,y) =y (4a + 9) OM __ Ae oy, therefore (2) is exact. Find the solution F = far = [vie + y)de 2 P = +247) 2: a +T'y) Since = = N(z,y), then To== T(y) = 21n|y| T(y) = lay?) ‘Therefore, ay? FP Set ry) 2 22 petin(y?) y ‘And the sot of solutions of (1) is defined by F 2 Sarin? on? Ey etin(?) or 2a? + cy + yln (y") = cyExample 5. Solve the equation (xy + Ide + 2(e + dy — 2)dy = 0 Solution: Let Using the formula, Solving for the integrating factor, ol Ede = e-tnlal ef-eo Multiply the integrating factor to (1) x"(2y + Idx + x(a + dy — 2)dy = Oje-* Simplifying a (xy + Lx + (x + dy — 2)dy =0 ‘Test for exactness of (2), M(z,y) =2 "(ey +1)aM a. Since 5 = 5, therefore (2) is exact. Find the solution F = ¢, us y Oe for [ (v+3)ee z F =2y+In|e|+T(y) ar , my tt (y) N(z,y), then 2tT(y) =2+dy—2 Ty) = Ay 2 Ty) = 29° ~ 2y ‘Therefore, F=ay+In|z|+T(y) F = xy +In|x| +2y? — 2y And the set of solutions of (1) is defined by xy + In |x| +2y? — 2y =Example 6. Solve the equation (2y? + 8ny — 2y + 6x)dx + x(x +2y — 1dy =0 (1) Solution: Let M(a,y) = 2y? + 82y — 2y + 6x aM By tyes 2 N(z,y) = a(x + 2y — 1) a. e+ 2y = 1 Using the formula, dy + 30 —2— (2x + 2y— 1) ae +2y—1) z+2y—1 a(e + 2y— 1) Solving for the integrating factor, of Bde — gntl fies Multiply the integrating factor to (1), a((2y? + 3ay — 2y + 6x)de + 2(u + 2y — I)dy = Oe 2 (2y* + 3ny — 2y + Gx)dar + 2°(x + 2y — Idy =0 (2) Test for exactness of (2), M(2,y) = 2(2y? + 32y — 2y + 62) aM oy = doy + 30? — 22N(x,y) = 2°(x +2y-1) aN aa Fe wae + Aey 20 aM aN Since = = —, therefore (2) is exact. Find the solution F = ¢, using oy Oe for = [ee + 2y— 1ay Pa asy+a'y? —2%y+T(x) OF _ 30%y + 2ny? — 2ny + T(2) oe Since 2 M(c,y), then Baty + Qay? — Qcy + T'(c) ) = 2(2y? + By — 2y + 6x) 3x7y + Qey? — Qry + T'(x) ) ) ry? + 3x*y — 2ry + 6x? Ta) TO) Therefore, Pay taty —2%y+T(2) F 'y + 27y? — 27y + 228 And the sot of solutions of (1) is defined by ay +a2y? — 2?y +223 = Bay + —y +20) =eExample 7. Solve the equation yy + 2x — 2)dx — Ax+y)dy =0 @) Solution: Let, u(y + 20 — 2) Using the formula, Solving for the integrating factor, Multiply the integrating factor to (1) [ly + 20 — 2)de — 20 + y)dy = Ole* Simplifying €*y(y + 2x — 2)de — 2e-*(x + y)dy = 0 2) Test for exactness of (2), M(a,y) = ye*(y + 2x ~ 2) 4 Qne* — 2e*e* (x + y) Qne™* — De® + 2ye* aM’ _ aN’ Since , therefore (2) is exact. Find the solution F = c, using oe =M for- [verre = 2)00 F e 2Qaye* + T(y) 2re* + T"(y) ‘Therefore, And the set of solutions of (1) is defined by -ye *—2xye *+e=0 ~yte™* — 2rye™ —ye"(y + 22) uly + 2x)Example 8. Solve the equation ydz + (3cy + y? — 1)dy =0 () Solutio Let May = aM Dy 7 Y =32yt+y?—-1 N(xy) Using the formula, Solving for the integrating factor, Multiply the integrating factor to (1) lydx + (Bry +y? — 1)dy) = 0-y Simplifying de + y(3ry + y? — I)dy =0 (2) Test for exactness of (2),or c, using , therefore (2) is exact. Find the solution F = - Since = = N(z,y), then Bay? + T"(y) = Bay? + T'(y) Ty) = Ty) = ‘Therefore, vay + y? — 2) = de (dry ty? -2)=6Example 9. Solve the equation Qy(z + y + 2)dx + (y? — 2? — 4x ~ 1)dy =0 () Solution: Let M(2,y) = (x+y +2) Using the formula, Multiply the integrating factor to (1) y ula + y + 2)dx + (y? — 4x — 1)dy| = 0-y? Simplifying Qy Mat y t+ 2hde+ yy? — de — 1)dy = (2) Test for exactness of (2), M(e,y) = 2y Ma +y +2) OM ogy? — gy? By ty ayN(a,y) = y*(y? 2? — 4-1) an 2 Fe tev ay aM aN Si zs RAH is exa id the sa o1 =, us M ince = Fp» therefore (2) is exact, Pind the solution F = ¢, using >= M, Jor pr (ety 420e ay) + 20+ dey +T(y) —a°y? — dey +T'(y) since 2 — w(x,y), then 0 Fy 7 New). the wa? y? — dry? + T'(y) = —a?y? — day? + T'(y) = 1-2 Ty)=1-y? 1 TW) aut Therefore Foar’y)+20+4cy 1+T(y) F wy }42r +4 4ry toys y And the set of solutions of (1) is defined by 1 ay! 422+ day! +y+—=c y x? 4Qry+drt+y?+1l=cSubstitutions Suggested by the Equation An equation in the form M(x,y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 may not yield at once (or at all) to the methods discussed in the previous discussions. Even then the usefulness of these methods will not be exhausted. It may be possible by some change of variables to transform the equation into a type which we know how to solve. A natural source of suggestions for useful transformations is the differential equation itself, If a particular term or terms stand out in the equation it is worthwhile to take time to study the equation after that term has been introduced as a new variable, For example, in the equation (e+ 2y Ide + 3(n + 2y)dy =0 ‘The term (x + 2y) appears twice in the equation and thus it attracts attention, hence we may put z+ 2y=u and, because no other terms of x and ystands out, we retain any one of the two. Another equation, (1+ 3rsiny)dx — x? cos ydy = 0 the presence of both sin y and its differential cos y dy, and the fact that the variable y appears in the equation in no other manner, leads us to put u=siny du = cosy dy to obtain a differential equation in uw and « Also, a differential equation in the form 2 = s(Ar + By+C) can always be reduced to a variable separable equation by means of a substitution us Art By+C wherein B #0.Example 1. Solve (3tan x — 2cos y) sec? rdx + tanrsin ydy = 0 (1) Solution: Let tan sec? nda. dy ‘Then (1) becomes, (3u — 2cosy)du + usin ydy = 2) Let M(a,y) = 3u — 2cosy M, =2siny and N(a,y) =usiny Using the formula, Solving for the integrating factor, we have ef ate u Multiply the integrating factor to (2) u[(3u— 2cosy)dw + usin ydy) = 0-u 3u? — 2ucos ydu + usin ydy 3u?du — d{cosu*) = 0 [eeu [ deosse ‘Then, uw —weosy=c (3) Since w= tan-x, then (3) becomes tan? x — tan? cosy tanta +e ¢ tan? x cos yExample 2. Solve (8¢ ~ 2y + Ide + (82 — 2y + 3)dy =0 a Solution: Let de (du + 2dy) Substituting these values to (1) we have (ut) [Flaws 2a) + (w43)dy =0 (w+ 1)(du + 2dy) + 3(u + 3)dy =0 (ut 1du+ [2(u+1) +3(u+3)]dy = 0 Thus, (ut du + (Gu + 1)dy=0 (2) By separation of variables, (2) becomes EST fiw Adu + (5u+ una] = ut buy il ut du dy = Sup i wt f yee 1 du sf $f tat fa 1 6, gun pnliu+ ll] tye Su — Gln [Su + 11| + 25y = du+ dy =0 Since u = 3x —2y, then (3) gives us the result 5(3r — 2y) — 6 In [5(3x — 2y) +11] + 25y = c 152 + 15y +.¢= 61m |15x — 10y + 11 Su + Sy +¢=2In 152 — 10y + 11] bar + By + 5e = 2In|15x — 10y + 11] Sn +y +6) = 2In|15x — 10y + 11Example 3. siny(« + sin y)de + 22? cos ydy Oy Solution: Let u=siny du = cos ydy ‘Then (1) becomes, u(x +ujdx + 227du =0 (2) Let user du = vide + adv Substituting to (2), we have vals + unde + 2x*(vde + adv) = 0 (8070 + v2x")de + 204dv = 0 Simplifying 2v(3 + u)dr + 228dv = 0 (3) Using separation of variables, divide (3) by 2°v(3-+ v) dx | _2dv at wwers) [* + 2dv © vv +3) tn 5 dn | ~ Fino 3) =In|e| ¢ 3in|2| + 2In|v| — 2In|v +3] = 3ln || In (w) + In|2| — In (ut 32)? = In|el was (ut 32} Since w= siny, then in? y ir + sin y) Asin! y = (3 2 asin! y = c(32 + siny) aExample 4. Solve 4 dy | 2 GE = (We + Ay +1) a Solution: We can write (1) as dy = (9x + dy + 1)'dr (2) Let w= 90 tay +1 du =9dz + Ady = glee ~ Ady) Substituting these to (2), we have Separating the variables, gives 1 4? +9 1 04 du? )dy| = [cos “I vd ay wdu Taso wdu dy = Is 4 fe are ‘We have, Since u = 9x +4y +1, then (3) becomes 1 3 ren y= Oe + ay +1) ~ 5 Tan ‘Tan! [ae +4y + 2] 18s 2, spoeewen) Fort dy +1) = an (62 + 0) 2(9n + 4y +1) = tan (6x +6)Example 5. B= 1+ 606 a) Solution: Let uaa-y du = de dy Substitute to (1), gives dy sce ne 1+ 6ze' dy ~ du . Get = 1+ 620 dr — du = (1+ 62e")dx [1 — (1+ 62e")]dr = du We have, —Gre"dr = du (2) Diving (2) by e* to separate the variables becomes Since u =~ y, then this gives the result as eee heExample 6. Solve (e+ 2y — Ide — («+ 2y — 5)dy =0 (y) Solution: Let uae42y du = de + 2dy dx = du ~ 2dy ‘Then (1) becomes, (u—1)(du— 2dy) — (u~5)dy =0 (u—1)du — 2(u— 1)dy — (u — 5)dy = 0 (w—1)du— (u— 3)dy =0 Separating the variables will gives us, a [ow = 1)du— (u— aay} =0 1 us3 unl Sait dy =0 u url [Se- [ane 4 J [p-so]e- fare u-4lnju+3|-y=C (2) Since u =r +2y, then substituting to (2) we have We now have, (w+ 2y) —Aln|(e + 2y) +3|-—y=c rty-In(z+2y+3)'=cExample 7. Solve, (e+ 2y— 1dr + 2@-+ 29) ~ Bey = a) Solution: Let usactQy du = dx +2dy dx = du — 2dy Substitute these to (1) (u—1)(du— 2dy) + (2u — 3)dy = 0 (u—1)du ~ 2(u — 1)dy + (2u—3)dy = 0 (w= 1)du = dy =0 t= du fy Fw?-u-yae @) We now have, Since u = + 2y, then (2) becomes (z+ 2y)? (+ 2y)-y (x + 2y)? — 2(n + 2y) — 2y=e (x + 2y)? — 2x — 6y (w+ 2y-1F y teExample 8. Solve, Solution: We can rewrite (1) as Let. ‘Then (2) becomes, Let and Using the formula, y(etan2+In|yl)dr + tanedy =0 (etanz +In|y))da + tanz“h u=Inly| a du= 2 y (vtan x + ude + tan zdu = 0 dy M(2,u) =2tanz +u Solving for the integrating factor, we have ef vtanede eileons| cos. () (2) (3)Multiply cos:r to (3), cos:r|(x tana +u)dr + tanrdul = 0- cose asinadr +ucosrdr +sinedu =0 asinadr + d(usinx) =0 f esinede + f d(usin 2) —xeosr+sinz +using =e oo) Integrating, Since In|y), then (4) gives us the result as xox +sinz + sinzln|yl = ¢ sine ln |y| = cosa —sing +e or In|y| = reots + cesex —Example 9. Solve 4(30-+ y — 2)de — (32+ y)dy = () Solution: Let us Brty ysu-3r dy = du — 3de Substitute these to (1) gives us A(u— 2)dx — (u)(du ~ 3de) = 0 A(u—2)dx — Bude — udu =0 (Tu 8)dx — udu = 0 [cr ~8)dr— wut =0 We have, 49x — Tu ~ 8In|7u~8| =¢ (2) Since u =r +y, then (2) gives us the result 490 — 7(8¢ + y) - 8In|7(3x + y) — 8| =e 280 — Ty — 8In|21x + Ty — 8| =eBernoulli’s Equation ‘The differential equation in form 2 Pey= ee is called Bernoulli's Equation, Note that when n = 0, the equation reduces to a linear differential equation and ifn = 1 the equation then becomes separable. Now, if we focus on the case on which n #1 ‘The equation di B+ Play = ey" a may be put in the form andy jon yb + Play" = Qa) Now considering y'“" and its derivative @ pn) —g—my nl gv )=A-nye Now, let in dz andy z= \ —-=(1-n) — v and de Oa Substituting this in (2), we will have dz F + =n) P@z= (1-0) Qe) which is a linear equation. The solution is ef OomPladde — | (1—n) Qla)el "Hae 4 6 In terms of x and y, presente fa Qin MOM + For an easier notation we can let wey Pl) =(1=n)P(e) Qa) = (=n) QQ). Now, the solution can be in the form pel Petede / Qla)el POM de + 6 () (2)Example 1. Solve the equation 2e8y! = yly? + 32" Solution: 2n*y’ = y(y? + 327) u(y? +32?) 2a a 32 28 + 2s! a ‘The integrating factor is ‘The general solution is,Alternate Solution () Let Substitute to (1), we have (2) Solving for integrating factor, ef de = gins _ Multiply the integrating factor to (2), which gives de 3t2 392, 8 PE tats 1 wd + 307 2dx d(x3z) = dx / d(a*z) = f dr ®z=rte (3) Since z=Example 2. Solve the equation Qydx + x(x? In |y| — 1)dy = 0 Solution: 2Qydx + x(x" In [yl — 1)dy yd + (2? In |y| — 1)dy 2ydy da This is a Bernoulli D.E, in the form + P(y)x = Q(y)e” Ply) Ww =-F We have the redneed polynomials, nul _ Inlyl Ql) = -2-- FT 7 ‘The integrating factor is ef av — abi =u - n|yl 4. y= f (2b) nr y= [ doi)dr+e o*y=yln|y|—y te y= 2?yln|y| —2°y + cx? ‘The general solution is,Example 3. Solve the equation Solution: ae y=y aye” yf mys vey? ‘This is a Bernoulli D.E. with n=3 P(z)=-1 Q(2) = -2e* ‘The reduced polynomials are P(x) = 2 Q,(a) = 2xe™* ‘The integrating factor is itis = oe Now, the general solution is ye = / (2ne*) eda +c yren forte e ye =a te P (0? +0)Example 4. Solve the equation Gy'dx — x(22° + y)dy =0 Solution: oyPdx — 2(209 + vo) 6ydy ded dy by ds This is a Bernoulli D.E. of the form a + Ply)x = Qly)z” with 1 1 n=4 PO) =~ QW) = aR ‘The reduced polynomials are L =r 2(yy = r= Py) = om ‘The integrating factor is, ef m4v = etlal — yt ‘The general solution isExample 5. Solve the equation aydx + (x? — 3y)dy =0 Solution: xydz + (x? — 3y)dy = | leyde + (2? = 3y)dy] = aydy ‘This is a Bernoulli D.E. with n=-1 The reduced polynomials are 2, ‘The integrating factor is of Bay = eal =? ‘The general solution is y= / 6ydy +e ay? = Wy +eExample 6. Solve the equation (y* — 2xy)dx + 327dy =0 Solution: (y' — 2ry)dz + 327dy = 0 (y! — 2ry)de + seas) = ‘This is a Bernoulli D.E. with n=4 ‘The reduced polynomials are ‘The integrating factor is ‘The general solution isExample 7. Solve the equation 2ayy! = when ¢ = Land y= 2 Solution: Qryy! = y? — 22° 1 ’ 2 s\ 1 aj 22) = (#20) po¥ le Y= 957” dy der This is a Bernoulli D.E. with Pla) =—— ‘The reduced polynomials are way ‘The integrating factor is 1 1 ef-s = gtd = 2 z = f (22) (2) dz+c = [tease =-r +e =(c-2)r ‘The general solution is S815. 81S. BIS:Alternate Solution We have, () Let Substituting to (1) becomes Lids a Bde * Be Then, we have 4 ze @ 27 @ Solving for integrating factor we have Substituting to (2) becomes ade — a *2dx = Qedr dex") = 2nde [ dex") = / 2ede at=z'te —Laatse x (o— 2%)Example 8. Solve the equation (2y? — 28 )de + 30ry2dy = 0 Solution: (2y8 — 24)dx + 3ry*dy = 0 Sayed (2y* — 2*)dr + 32y*dly =0 dy dx Qy 2 dy de ‘This ia a Bernoulli D.E. with n= ‘The reduced polynomials are Ue Now, the integrating factor is ‘The general solution isAlternate Slution (2y8 — a*)dax + 3ry7dy 1 3 3 2, sae |v ~ Pde + 82y*d]y = 0- Se dy. 2y de 3c 3P 1 (dy, 2 1 yr (t +32) = Now, dy 2y 2 prey 2 YE 3 ® Let. Substitute to (1) becomes Solving the integrating factor we have, SE gine Substituting the integrating factor to (2) becomes dz Pe + 2Qxz de wide + Qwade = ade d(z?z) = ade / (a2) = / aide 2 oExample 9. Solve the equation (x? + 6y")da — dorydy = 0 Solution: (a? + 6y?)dr — drydy = 0 —Fayde This is a Bernoulli D-E. with n=-1 ‘The reduced polynomials are ‘The integrating factor is ‘The general solution is,Alternate Solution (a? + 6y?)dxr — drydy = 0 1 1? + 6y*)dar — derydy) = | + oe yay —Rayde wy oe wy a ty me We have, dy a Yar a o Let z=-y¥ dz = —2ydy Substituting to (1) becomes _ide £ 2dr 4 Now, dz 3 1 G-2.--he 2) Solving for integrating factor we have ef-Be = ane yt Substituting the integrating factor to (2), gives us