SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

Use of the
Subject + V1/V-s +O Subject + do/does not + V1 +O Do/ Does +S+ V1 +O? Simple
I/you/we/they + V1 I/you/we/they + do not / don’t +V1 Do + I/you/we/they + V1 Present;
He/she/ It + V-s He/she/ It + does not / doesn’t + V1 ?
Does + He/she/ It + V1 ? examples;
Diamond is a precious stone.
The world revolves round the sun.
Water boils at 100 degree Celcius

I usually get up at seven o’clock.

I sometimes feel depressed.
He doesn’t read a lot.

The train to Ankara leaves at 9 a.m. (future)

Our classes usually begin at 9 and finish at 12.
The movie starts at 4 p.m. (future)

do/does auxilary verb

He does his homework.
He doesn’t do his homework.
Does he do his homework?
They don’t do their homework.
Do they do their homework?
He She It
“-es”;
a) “-o”
examples;

go – goes He goes to hospital.

do – does Salih does his homework.

b) “-s,-sh,-ch,-x,-z”
 examples;
wish -wishes He wishes the best.
teach – teaches Mr. Ozturk teaches English.
kiss – kisses Her daughter kisses her mom.
fix -fixes My father fixes his car.
buzz – buzzes The bee buzzes in the sky.

c) “-y”
try – tries He tries to fly on hot air balloon.
cry – cries She cries all the time.
fly – flies Eagle flies high.
marry – marries She marries to handsome boy.
fry – fries My mother fries potatoes.
carry – carries My father carries the bags.
study – studies She studies Medicine.

play – plays He plays football in the football team.

pay – pays She pays the bills.
buy – buys My father buys grocery.
say – says She says something to me.

“have” he she it -s haves “has”

I have a breakfast.
He/she haves has a breakfast.
It has a lovely tail.
He doesn’t have a breakfast.

Ceren climbs the mountain in the forest.

Does Ceren climb the mountain in the forest?
They study a lot.
Do they study a lot?
He opens the window.
Does he open the window?
Students listen to their teacher.
Do students listen to their teacher?
I go to school on weekdays.
Do you go to school on weekdays?
have -s haves has
she he it haves X

she he it has got a brother

She doesn’t have a brother.

Does she have a brother?
Do you have a brother?

Time Expressions ZAMAN ZARFLARI

once (birkez) a day / a week / a month / a year
twice (ikikez) a day / a week / a month / a year
three times (üç kez) a day / a week / a month / a year
four times a day / a week / a month / a year

Frequency Adverbs;
how often ..... ?
How often do you go to cinema?
How often does he cook dinner?

always: all the time

almost always / nearly always: almost all the time / nearly all the time
very often
usually : generally
often : frequently
sometimes : occasionally ,from time to time
rarely :seldom
hardly ever : almost never
never

THE VERB “BE”

Singular subject pronouns Plural Subject Pronouns
I am we /you /they are
you are
he/she/ıt is
1- be + noun phrase
I am a teacher.
They are students.
She is Turkish.
Today is Thursday.
2- be + adjective
He is tall.
The world is round.
They are intelligent.
Today is very cold.
3- be + prepositional
They are from Turkey.
I am at home.
We are in the classroom.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE ( ŞİMDİKİ ZAMAN)

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

Subject + am/is/are + V-ing +O Subject + am/is/are not + V-ing +O Am/Is / Are +Subject+ V-ing+O?
I+ am +verb-ing I + am not + verb-ing Am + I + verb-ing
you/we/they + are + verb-ing you/we/they + are not+ verb-ing Are +you/we/they + verb-ing ?
 He/she/ It + is + verb-ing He/she/ It + is not + verb-ing Is + He/she/ It + verb-ing ?

Use of The Present Continuous Tense

now, right now, at the moment, at present still

We are in the classroom now. We are writing.
nowadays
these days
this term
this month
for the time being
How many courses are you taking this term?
I’m taking five courses.

Everything is getting more and more expensive.

It is getting colder.
tonight,today, tomorrow, next week, next year, next summer

I’m meeting Rümeysa next week.

They are going to Ankara tomorrow.

always
constantly
continually
You are constantly talking in the class.
We are always eating bean at the school.

-ing
“-e”
admire – admiring
write – writing
shave -shaving
love – loving

bir sesli harf + bir sessiz harf

stop – stopping
run – running
sit – sitting
“-y”
study – studying
cry – crying
buy – buying

“-ie” “-y”
die – dying
lie – lying
tie – tying

stand – standing
hold – holding
start – starting
watch – watching
“-ee”
see – seeing
agree – agreeing
free – freeing

solids: meat cheese butter bread ice glass iron silver g gold etc
fluids: water milk beer wine soup blood oil etc
gases: pollution, air, steam, oxygen etc.
particles: salt, sugar,pepper,rice,wheat,corn,flour,dirt,dust,sand,etc.

advice (tavsiye),anger (sinir), assistance (yardım), behaviour (davranış) ,courage

(cesaret),education (eğitim),fun (eğlence),evidence (kanıt), happiness (mutluluk), health
(sağlık), help (yardım), honesty (dürüstlük), hospitality (konukseverlik),importance
(önem), intelligence (zeka-akıl),information (bilgi), knowledge (bilgi), justice( adalet), luck
(şans), music (müzik), patience (sabır), peace (barış), truth (doğruluk), violence (şiddet),
wealth (zenginlik), work (çaba gayret), homework (ev ödevi),time ( zaman), energy, news
(haber) ,vocabulary (kelime) etc.

COUNTABLE NOUNS
SAYILABİLEN İSİMLER
singular plural “-s”
“-s” (-lar -ler)
example;
a book – books
a door – doors
a baby – babies
a course – courses
a) Düzenli Çoğul İsimler ( Regular Plural Nouns)
“-s”
chair chairs ruler rulers girl girls car cars

-sh -ch -s -z ve -x “-es” “-s”

example;
bush – bushes
watch – watches
quiz – quizzes
box – boxes

“-y” “-s”
 example;
boy- boys toy - toys play - plays

“-y” consonant + y -i “-es”

example;
enemy – enemies
discovery – discoveries
cry – cries
baby - babies

“-o”
1. “-s”
example;

kilo – kilos piano – pianos radio – radios

2. “-es”
examples;

potato – potatoes tomato – tomatoes hero – heroes

3. “-s” “-es”
examples;

zero – zeros / zeroes

tornado – tornados / tornadoes
volcano – volcanos / volcanoes
mosquito – mosqiutos / mosqiutoes

“-f” “-fe” “-v” “-es”

examples;
knife – knives
wife – wives
half – halves
loaf – loaves
life – lives
shelf – shelves
thief – thieves
wolf – wolves
leaf – leaves
elf – elves

“-f” “-s”
examples;
roof – roofs cliff - cliffs sniff – sniffs belief beliefs chief - chiefs

examples;
deer fish sheep series means species police

b) Düzensiz Çoğul İsimler ( Irregular Plural Nouns)

Singular (Tekil) Plural (Çoğul)
man erkek men
Woman kadın women
Child çocuk children
Person kişi people
Foot ayak feet
Tooth diş teeth
Mouse fare mice
Die zar dice
Ox öküz oxen

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
a/an one
a)
examples;
furniture – uncountable
chairs, desks, armchairs, sofas ,tables
fruit – uncountable
apple, orange, pear, peach
jewellery – uncountable
ring, bracelet, necklace, earrings
ammunition – uncountable
gun- pistol – rifle – granade etc

Simple Present VS Present Continuous

Father is in his room now.He is resting.
Father always rests in his room in the afternoon.

I know English.
I love you.
I am loving you.

concentrate on

everything is getting more and more expensive.

it is getting colder.

tonight,today,tomorrow, next week, next year, next summer etc.

I’m meeting Ann next Saturday.
They are going to Ankara tomorrow.

“always, constantly, continually”

Ali is always talking in my class.

Mother is constantly cooking green bean.
Teacher is always giving homework.

-ing

-“-e”
example;
admire – admiring
skate – skating
ride – riding
- sesli harf+bir sessiz harf
stop stopping
run – running
sit – sitting
swim – swimming
“-y”
fly – flying
cry – crying
buy – buying
lay – laying
dry – drying
-
-
-
-
-
“-ie”
die – dying
lie – lying
tie – tying

stand - standing
watch – watching
catch – catching
start – starting

“-ee”
see – seeing
agree – agreeing
disagree – disagreeing
free - freeing
 I do homework every day.
I am doing homework now.

Making Suggestions (Öneride Bulunma)

1-Why don’t we + verb ...?
(Neden yapmıyoruz?)

Why don’t we study exam?

Why don’t we eat hamburger?

2-We could + verb...

(Yapabiliriz)

We could watch World Cup match.

We could go out.

3-How about/What about + verb-ing ...?

(Yapmaya ne dersin?)

How about hamburger?

How about eating hamburger?
4-Why not + verb ?
(Neden olmasın?)

Why not play games?

Why not read this book?

5-Would you like (to) + noun/verb-ing?

 to + verb ?
(İster misin?)
Would you like coffee?
Would you like drinking coffee?
Would you like to drink coffee?

6-Let’s + verb.
(Hadi yapalım)

Let’s play Kahoot.

Let’s go out.
Let’s eat out.

7-Shall we + verb?
(Yapalım mı?)

Shall we go to cinema?
Shall we eat pizza?
Shall we drink ayran?
8-Do you fancy + verb-ing/noun?
(İster misin?)
Do you fancy ice-cream?
Do you fancy eating ice-cream?
Do you fancy Kebab?
COLLACATIONS
a Verb + Noun/Noun Phrase
do homework: ev ödevi yapmak
play computer games: bilgisayar oyunu oynamak
watch TV: televizyon izlemek
Verb+ Prepositional phrase
About
worry about: endişelenmek
ask about: hakkında soru sormak
be concerned about: ilgilenmek
argue about: hakkında tartışmak
care about: önem göstermek, önemsemek
know about: hakkında bilmek
dream about: hayal etmek
think about: hakkında düşünmek

On
work on: üzerinde çalışmak
agree on : üzerine anlaşmaya varmak
blame on: suçlamak
rely on/ count on: güvenmek
comment on: üzerine yorum yapmak

To
repond to: -e cevap vermek
travel to: -e seyahat etmek
pray to: -e dua etmek
invite to: -e davet etmek
introduce to: -e tanıtmak/ tanıştırmak
belong to : -e ait olmak

For
thank for: için teşekkür etmek
work for: için çalışmak
apologize for: için özür dilemek
ask for: istemek
blame for: için suçlamak
care for: için önem göstermek
keep for: göz kulak olmak
prepare for: için hazırlamak

With
compare with: ile karşılaştırmak
agree with: ile anlaşmak-aynı fikirde olmak
talk with: ile konuşmak
discuss with: ile tartışmak
From
escape from: -den kaçmak
differ from: den ayırt etmek
come from: den gelmek

In
believe in: inanmak
participate in: katılmak
succeed in: başarmak
trust in: güvenmek
Present Continuous For Future
Şimdiki Zamanla Gelecek Zaman Kullanımı

We are going to Ankara now. (şimdiki zaman - şuan

gerçekleşiyor)
We are going to Ankara tomorrow. ( Gelecek zaman -
planlanmış olay)

Time expressions for Future

Zaman Zarfları
tomorrow: yarın
next day: ertesi gün
next week: gelecek hafta
next month: gelecek ay
next year: gelecek yıl
in 2 days: iki içinde/ sonra
in ...... week/year/month:
in 2024
this month: bu ay
this week: bu hafta
this year: bu yıl
tonight: bu gece
afternoon: öğleden sonra

COMPARATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

tek heceli -er

çok heceli more “daha”

big-bigger long-longer tidy-tidier pretty-prettier

thin-thinner short-shorter early -earlier

modest- more modest careful – more careful

comfortable – more comfortable beautiful-more beautiful

-ing,-ed ve -s more
tired – more tired tiring- more tiring bored- more bored
boring – more boring serious- more serious
simple- simpler/more simple
narrow-narrower/ more narrow
polite- politer/ more polite
common-commoner/more common
friendly – friendlier / more friendly
handsome- handsomer/ more handsome

-ly more
slowly – more slowly
carefully – more carefully
cleverly – more cleverly
quickly – more quickly
comfortably – more comfortably
easily – more easily

early – earlier

“than” “-dan/-den”
İstanbul is bigger than Ankara.
Ayşe is more beautiful than her sister.

it is warmer today than it was yesterday.

it was cooler yesterday than it is today.

irregulars
Adjectives/Adverbs Comparatives
good (adj.)/ well (adv.) better
bad (adj.)/ badly (adv.) worse
little *less
far Farther/further
 Many/ much/ a lot of more
examples:
She is a better driver than I thought.
She drove the car better than I thought.
she is better at mathematics than her sister, but she is
worse at physics.

much ve many “more” little “less” few-fewer

you have little money, but I have less.

I have few books, but you have fewer than me.

 *“less” “ daha az”

this bed is less comfortable than the one I slept in last
night.

This bed is more uncomfortable than the one I slept in

last night.

Both a Mercedes and a BMW are expensive cars, but a

BMW is less expensive than a Mercedes.

far: farther ve further.

Your house is farther/further from the city centre.

further “more”.
I will get further information. ( more information)

older and elder

“older” “elder” “than”;
My elder sister lives in Germany.
Her elder brother doesn’t allow her to stay out late.
Are you older or younger than your brother?

“older” “daha eski”

Our apartment building is older than all the others in
our street.

Derecelendirme

far, much, a little, even, hardly, scarcely, almost, nearly

any, rather

Ankara is big city, but İstanbul is much/a lot / far bigger

than Ankara.
This exam is a bit / a little more difficult than the other
one.
You said her handwriting was better than yours, but it
isn’t any better.
Last night, I went to bed rather earlier than usual.

Comparative and Comparative

Everything is getting more and more expensive.

It’s becoming more and more important to know a
foreign language.
It’s becoming harder and harder to find a job.
The comparative ..............., the comparative ................

The harder you work, the more successful you will be.
The less you eat, the more quickly you will lose weight.
The harder the job became, the less interested I was.

as .... as / the same .... as / different from

as + adjective/adverb + as
Ali is 16 years old. Ayşe is 16 years old too.
Ali is as old as Ayşe.
Ali is 1.65 m tall. Ayşe is 1.65 m tall too.
Ali is as tall as Ayşe.

Our apartment building isn’t as/so high as yours.

I’m not as/so clever as you are.

the same ..... as

Ali is as old as Ayşe.

Ali is the same age as Ayşe.
Your hair is as dark as mine.
Your hair is the same colour as mine.

similar to / different from

Your pronuncation is quite different from mine.
Layout of your house is similar to ours, but yours is a bit
larger.