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Quality Assessment of Sub-base Highway Pavement Materials in Lagelu Local

Government Area, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

Article in Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology · November 2022

DOI: 10.9734/cjast/2022/v41i413990

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 Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology

Volume 41, Issue 41, Page 1-10, 2022; Article no.CJAST.93353

ISSN: 2457-1024
(Past name: British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, Past ISSN: 2231-0843,
NLM ID: 101664541)

Quality Assessment of Sub-base

Highway Pavement Materials in
Lagelu Local Government Area,
Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
A. G. Okeniyi a, S. B. Raheem a*, A. J. Durojaye a,
G. F. Oladiran a and S. O. Adesogan b
a
Department of Civil Engineering, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria.
b
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.

Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/CJAST/2022/v41i413990

Open Peer Review History:

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Received: 10/09/2022
Accepted: 11/11/2022
Original Research Article
Published: 19/11/2022

ABSTRACT

Road development quality delivery in West Africa mostly depends on the quality of available sub-
base pavement materials within economic distance. This paper thus aimed at assessing the quality
of sub-base road pavement material in Lagelu Local Government Area of Ibadan, South-Western,
Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from four different locations at depths ranging from 0.5m to
1.0m. Samples were subjected to Natural moisture content, Specific gravity, Grain size analysis,
Atterberg limits, Compaction and California bearing ratio laboratory tests. The sieve analysis results
indicate that the fine grain content varying from 16.80 % and 30.70 %. The soil samples are well
graded ranging from coarse to clay particle sizes. The compaction test results revealed the
3 3
maximum dry density range from 2.25 Mg/m to 2.28 Mg/m and optimum moisture content of
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected];

Curr. J. Appl. Sci. Technol., vol. 41, no. 41, pp. 1-10, 2022
 Okeniyi et al.; Curr. J. Appl. Sci. Technol., vol. 41, no. 41, pp. 1-10, 2022; Article no.CJAST.93353

between 7.1 % and 7.3 %. The materials were classified after AASHTO soil classification system as
A-1-b with California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test results ranging from 74% to 76%. The variation in the
values depends on the moisture content and the density of the materials. It was observed that the
values were well within the permissible specification by the Federal Ministry of Works General
Specifications of the country, rated as excellent to good sub-base materials.

Keywords: Pavement; sub-base; classification; compaction; Califonia Bearing Ratio (CBR).

1. INTRODUCTION evidence of this continual research can be seen

by comparing the 1970 third edition of R.R.L.
Early involvement in transportation was traced to Road Note 29 with the original 1960 edition.
movement from one place to another by foot on a Probably, the most comprehensive road
path or track on which a foot-passenger could research programme was the road tests
travel. In those days, men travelled by watching conducted by the American Association of State
starts or own shadows, or noting the direction of Highway Officials (AASHO) in lllinois (Smith,
wind. At those times, felled trees were used to 1972 & 1982).
cross narrow streams and rivers were crossed by
swimming or by rafts. Animals were made to In the case of soils formed by the tropical
transport men and material. weathering of igneous and metamorphic rocks
(e.g. the pre-cambrian basement complex of
Later on, man felt the necessity of easy Nigeria) or where the climatic conditions
transport. Wheel was invented and simple animal favoured the formation of concretionary gravel
drawn wheeled vehicles were a common and (laterite) in fine grained materials, soils
popular mode of transportation for a long time. containing varying proportions of all the main
This gave birth to the necessity of a hard surface size fractions are common and without more
for the easy movement of these wheeled quantitave definition, Ackroyd [4]. Hence, it is
vehicles. The first hard surface roads were important that soil material tests are carried out
constructed in Mesopotamia about 4000 BC, [1]. in the laboratory to determine geotechnical
Actually road construction work was taken in properties for appropriate engineering
hand only during the period of Roman Empire. In specification, see detail of the significance of
that period roads were constructed on large each test as put together by Ackroyd [4] in
scale and the earliest road construction Table 1.
techniques known are those of Roman roads [2].
A roadway or runway consists of two parts
In Nigeria, the first road to be constructed for (Smith, 1982): (a) Pavement and (b) The
modern transport is traced to Ibadan- Oyo road, subgrade.
southwest of the country and was made in the
year 1906, [3]. 1.1 Pavement

The first professional road builder to emerge Described as a hard crust constructed over the
during the Industrial Revolution was John natural soil for the purpose of providing a stable
Metcalf, who constructed about 180 miles and even surface for vehicles. Thus, pavement
(290km) of turnpike road, in the north of England supports and distributes the wheel loads [5] as
and later won a contract to build a three-mile vehicle maneuver over it, so that the bearing
(5km) section of road between Miiskip and capacity of the subgrade is not exceeded. It
Ferrensby. Metcalf acquired the mastery of his usually consists of two or more layers of material,
trade with his own method of calculation costs a top layer or wearing surface which is durable
and materials, which he could never successfully and waterproof, and a base material. For
explain to others (Whelan, 2015 and Kaplan, economic reasons, the base material is
2016). sometimes split into two layers, a base and a
sub-base. Three types of pavements generally
Highway design in the United Kingdom based identified [5], namely;
upon the recommendations of Road Research
Laboratory (RRL) Road Note 29, A guide to the (i) Flexible pavement,
structural design of pavements. Methods of (ii) Rigid pavement
design are constantly being revised and (iii) Composite or Semi-flexible pavements.

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 Okeniyi et al.; Curr. J. Appl. Sci. Technol., vol. 41, no. 41, pp. 1-10, 2022; Article no.CJAST.93353

Table 1. Common road work laboratory tests and their importance

Tests Signicance
Mechanical Grading Analysis Classification, grading uniformity, effective sizes, clay
fraction (≤ 75mic in size), chemical stabilization
prospects.
Specific Gravity Weight- volume relationship e.g for settlement and
stability analysis or sample remoulding.
Atterburg/Consistency and Indices: Differentiation of different states of soil material
a) Liquid limit (LL) based on the moisture content.
b) Plastic limit (PL) a) Moisture when soil changes from liquid to plastic
c) Shrinkage limit (SL) state.
d) Plastic index, PI = LL - PL b) Moisture when soil changes from plastic state to
semi-solid.
c) Moisture when soil changes from semi-solid to solid.
d) Range of moisture when soil is in plastic state
Compaction:
a) Proctor Standard Laboratory a) Moisture – density variation
b) Modified/WAS b) Control of field Compaction
California Bearing Ratio (CBR): Selection of road soils.
Comparative shearing resistance test Sizing of structural component of a pavement e.t.c.
Shear Strength Parameters: Bearing capacity, cutting and slope analysis
Cohesion and Frictional angles
Consolidation Settlement and consolidation analysis
Source: Ackroyd [1]

However, in Nigeria, two general types of Road pavement materials are identified in
pavement are considered for use on highways pavement structures, Fig. 1.
according to the Federal Ministry of Works
[6]; The Surfacing may asphaltic (consisting of
binding and wearing courses), macadam of
(i) Flexible pavement surface dressing by specification and
(ii) Rigid pavement construction. The base course could be made of
lateritic or crushed stone materials, acting as the
The main difference between the types of primary load bearing material. The subbase is
pavement is the manner in which they distribute the secondary load spreading layer in the profile
the load over their sub grade [7]. The factors that and the preparatory platform for the placement of
dictate the choice of pavement are; road base, Arshad et al. [8]. Good efforts are
being made in modern day technology to make
(i) The strength of subgrade base and subbase courses sustainable using
(ii) The class of vehicle reclaimed asphalt pavement and ground
(iii) The traffic volume granulated blast furnace slag with a very less
(iv) subgrade water table quantity of cement, Ram and Ramakrishna [9].

1.2 Subgrade 1.3 The Study Area

Is the natural soil upon which the pavement is The subject road project is located in the city of
laid. The subgrade is seldom strong enough to Ibadan, the largest city in West Africa. It is
carry a wheel load directly. There are two situated in Lagelu Local Government Area of
possibilities for making it adequate, Smith (1982): Oyo State in the South-West geopolitical zone of
Nigeria, Fig. 3. It lies between longitude 3 55’30’’
(a) Improving the strength of the subgrade, and 3 57’15’’E and latitude 7 28’30’’ and
thereby reduced the required pavement 7 23’15’’N on coordinates 101500 and 105250
thickness. Easting and 17500 and 25 750 Northing on
(b) Design and construct a sufficiently thick 1:50,000 topographical map for Ibadan &
pavement to suit the subgrade Environs (1990).

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 Okeniyi et al.; Curr. J. Appl. Sci. Technol., vol. 41, no. 41, pp. 1-10, 2022; Article no.CJAST.93353

Fig. 1. Highway pavement structures at fill section

Fig. 2. Highway pavement structures at cut section

Fig. 3. Lagelu L.G.A. in Map of Oyo State, research gate (2022)

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 Okeniyi et al.; Curr. J. Appl. Sci. Technol., vol. 41, no. 41, pp. 1-10, 2022; Article no.CJAST.93353

The soil samples were collected from areas such two areas) at depth ranging from 0.5m to 1.0m of
as olanla (location 1), alagbon (location 2), various locations in the month July, 2018.
alagbon (location 3), and labua (location 4) after These samples were taken to the laboratory
olorunda. and subjected to Moisture Content test,
Atterberg Limit test, Sieve Analysis test,
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specific Gravity test, Compaction test and
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test, Plates
The samples were collected from four (4)
1 to 3.
different trial pits locations (2 from each of the

Plate 1. Bored hole Plate 2. Lab. Process Plate 3. CBR Test set up

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Results
The results of laboratory tests on the four borrowed samples locations are detailed in Table 2 and
scientifically analysed in Figs. 4 to 9, for the following engineering discussion.
Table 2. Summary of the sub-base laboratory test results

Borrow Locations 1 2 3 4
Depth of sample (mm) 500 500 500 500
Liquid limit % NP NP NP NP
Plastic limit % NP NP NP NP
Plasticity Index % NP NP NP NP
Linear shrinkage NP NP NP NP
25.4mm 100 100 100 100
19.1mm 99.5 100 98.6 97.2
Grading: % Passing BS Sieve

12.7mm 98.7 97.5 91.6 93.2

9.5 (10)mm 93.3 93 80.9 78.6
6.3mm 91.8 92.5 - 0.5
Apartures

4.8mm 82.2 80.4 56.3 60.2

2.36 - - 51 47.8
14No/1.18mm 63 64.5 44.3 43.5
25No/600mic 45.2 43 35.1 38
40/36No/425mic 37 39 31.6 32.2
52No/300mic 27.4 25 22.8 22.2
72No/212mic 24.4 21.6 17.0 16.0
100No/150mic 11.0 9.5 10.1 10.5
200No/75mic 0 3 0 2
Classification (AASHTO) A-1-b A-1-b A-1-b A-1-b
Type of Compaction MOD AASHTO
3
M.D.D. g/cm 2.28 2.25 2.25 2.25
O.M.C. % 7.3 7.1 7.1 7.1
CBR. % Unsoaked 76 75 74 74

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 Okeniyi et al.; Curr. J. Appl. Sci. Technol., vol. 41, no. 41, pp. 1-10, 2022; Article no.CJAST.93353

Fig. 4. Compaction of sample at borrowed pit location 1

Fig. 5. Compaction of sample at borrowed pit location 2

Fig. 6. Compaction of sample at borrowed pit location 3

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 Okeniyi et al.; Curr. J. Appl. Sci. Technol., vol. 41, no. 41, pp. 1-10, 2022; Article no.CJAST.93353

Fig. 7. Compaction of sample at borrowed pit location 4

Fig. 8. OMC @ MDD for effective compaction at various location

Fig. 9. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) at various location

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 Okeniyi et al.; Curr. J. Appl. Sci. Technol., vol. 41, no. 41, pp. 1-10, 2022; Article no.CJAST.93353

3.2 Discussion base lateritic materials for durable road

construction at appreciably cheaper cost.
Considering the results of the laboratory tests However, the required engineering procedures
collated in Table 2. Compared with the standards should be followed with sound grade of
for pragmatic decision as follows. Federal construction equipment to ensure adequate
Ministry of Works General Specification compaction. The soil samples should be
requirements for roads and bridges (1994) compacted at optimum moisture content and
recommend liquid limit not greater than 80 % for reach their maximum dry densities when using
subgrade and not greater than 35 % for sub-base them for that purpose.
and base course. Also plasticity index not greater
than 55 % for subgrade and not greater than 12 COMPETING INTERESTS
% for both sub-base and base courses. While the
results reveals non plastic (NP) quality status Authors have declared that no competing
with only presence of clay particles required for interests exist.
effective bonding [10,11]. Comparing the results
REFERENCES
with the standards, it can be seen that all the
sample fall within this specification for good sub-
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samples as A-1-b, less than 37% particles Bulletin No. 10 ‘The engineering
passing sieve No 40 while about 10% are classification of some Western Nigerian
retained on No 200 sieve (0.075mm). This Soils and their Qualities in Road Building;
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confirm that all the soil sample formations are
granular materials and since they have less 5. Arora KR. Soil Mechanics and
than 35 % of silt and clay content, they are Foundation Engineering. Reprinted
Edition, Standard Publishers, Delhi.
silty/clayed gravels and sands. The soil
samples are rated excellent to good subgrade 2009:773-785
materials. 6. Federal Ministry of Works and Housing.
“General Specifications for Roads and
From the compaction test results in Figs. 4 to 8, Bridges”. Federal Highway Department:
3
the maximum dry density range from 2.25 Mg/m Lagos, Nigeria. 1997;II:145-284..
3
to 2.28 Mg/m and optimum moisture content of 7. Das BM. Principles of geotechnical
between 7.1% and 7.3%. engineering. Stamford, CT: Thomson
Learning College; 2006.
The California Bearing ratio (CBR) is normally
8. Arshad AK, Shaffie E, Ismail F, Hashim W,
determined at unsoaked state. Fig. 9, unsoaked
Abd Rahaman Z. (), Evaluation of Subbase
test results indicate that the values vary between
materials for mechanistic pavement
74% and 76% which show that the sampled soil
design. Internatonal journal of Civil
materials in the subject location are very suitable
Engineering and Technology (IJCIET).
sub-base and even base course materials for
2018;9(8):504-512.
highway construction and could attain maximum
required strength at adequate compaction for 9. Ram Kumar BAV, Ramakrishna G.
durable road performance throughout its service Sustainable materials in the production of
life. pavement base and subbase. IOP
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4. CONCLUSION Engineering, Vol. 1025, 15th-16th
November 2019, India; 2021.
The results from this study showed that Lagelu L. 10. AASHTO. Standard Specification for
G. A. of the state is blessed with excellent sub- Transportation Materials and Methods of

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 Okeniyi et al.; Curr. J. Appl. Sci. Technol., vol. 41, no. 41, pp. 1-10, 2022; Article no.CJAST.93353

Sampling and Testing, 14th Edition. 11. British Standard Institution. “Methods of
American Association of State Highway Test for Soils for Civil Engineering
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DC; 1986. Institution: London, UK. 1990;143.

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 Okeniyi et al.; Curr. J. Appl. Sci. Technol., vol. 41, no. 41, pp. 1-10, 2022; Article no.CJAST.93353

APPENDIX I

Table 3. Bearing capacity at varying breadth and depth

2 2 2
B (m) Df (m) Df 3 Df /B 4 D fB 5 255.78Df 6 78.678 3.8651DfB 8 19.18 88.56B Constant qu (kN/m ) Diff. & Ave
2 2 2
1 2 Df /B 7 8Df 9 10 (k) 11 12 ( kN/m ) 13
1.00 0.40 0.16 0.16 0.40 102.31 12.588 1.5460 3.070 88.56 17.424 190.650 -
1.20 0.13 0.48 10.228 1.8552 106.27 206.309 15.66
1.40 0.11 0.56 8.654 2.1644 123.98 222.754 16.45
1.60 0.10 0.64 7.867 2.4737 141.69 239.986 17.23
1.80 0.08 0.72 6.294 2.7828 159.41 256.443 16.46 (16)
1.00 0.60 0.36 0.36 0.60 153.47 28.324 2.3190 6.907 88.56 17.424 262.156 -
1.20 0.30 0.72 23.603 2.7828 106.27 275.609 13.45
1.40 0.26 0.84 20.456 3.2466 123.98 290.636 15.03
1.60 0.23 0.96 18.096 3.7104 141.69 306.449 15.81
1.80 0.20 1.08 15.736 4.1743 159.41 322.273 15.82 (15)
1.00 0.80 0.64 0.64 0.80 204.62 50.353 3.0920 88.56 17.424 341.481 -
1.20 0.53 0.96 41.699 3.7104 12.28 106.27 351.155 9.67
1.40 0.46 1.12 36.192 4.3289 0 123.98 363.976 12.82
1.60 0.40 1.28 31.471 4.9473 141.69 377.584 13.61
1.80 0.36 1.44 28.324 5.5657 159.41 392.776 15.19 (13)
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 255.78 78.678 3.8651 19.18 88.56 17.424 428.647 -
1.20 0.83 1.20 65.303 4.6381 8 106.27 433.754 5.11
1.40 0.71 1.40 55.861 5.4110 123.98 442.796 9.04
1.60 0.63 1.60 49.567 6.1841 141.69 454.985 12.19
1.80 0.56 1.80 44.059 6.9571 159.41 467.970 12.99 (10)

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