1

Analysis & Design of Columns

Reinforced Concrete II
CENG 411

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal CENG 411

TRIAL SIZE OF COLUMN

For finding out trial size of the column, we use the following
approximate formulas,

For Tied column,

Pu + 2 Mx + 2 My
A 
g ( trial ) 0.43 fc ' + 0.008fy

For Spiral column,

Pu + 2 Mx + 2 My
A 
g ( trial ) 0.5 fc ' + 0.01fy
CONCENTRICALLY LOADED SHORT
COLUMN
Column is said to be a short column if it satisfies the
following condition;
K Lu M1
 34 − 12 (A)
r M2
For concentrically loaded column,
M1
k = 0.75 and =0
M2
For Rectangular section, r = 0.3 hmin

Using these values in equation (A) yields,

lu Length
 13.6 or  13.6
hmin Least Column Dimension
For Circular section, r = 0.25 D

where, D is the column diameter.

Using these values in equation (A) yields,

0.75 l u
 34
0.25 D
lu
 11.33
D

or
Length
 11.33
Column Diameter
DESIGN PROBLEM

An axially loaded short column has a length of

4m and carries a factored load (Pu) of 2000 kN.
Other data is as follows;
fc’ = 28 MPa , fy = 420 MPa
Maximum aggregate size = 20 mm
Using US Customary Bars design the column as;
i. Square tied column.
ii. Circular spiral column.
Example
INTERACTION CURVE
0.85 fc
Flexural failure
Pure compression failure point
Pn
 c = 0.003
Transition failure
 c = 0.003 Compression failure
 c = 0.003
 s <  y

 y <  s < 0.005 Balance failure point

 s =  y

Tension-controlled  c = 0.003
Transition
failure
failure point
 c = 0.003

 s = 0.005

 s > 0.005
 c = 0.003 Mn
Pure flexural
failure point
 s >> 0.005
INTERACTION CURVE
It is a graph between load and moment. In order to
draw an interaction curve we require the coordinates
of different points

PLASTIC CENTROID
It is a point through which the resultant of all the
internal forces should pass, in pure axially loaded
column case, when no moment is acting on the column
at ultimate stage of failure.

SYMMETRICAL SECTIONS
Those sections in which plastic centroid coincides with
the geometrical centroid are called symmetrical
sections.
 UNSYMMETRICAL SECTIONS
Sections in which plastic centroid does not coincides
with the geometrical centroid.

0.85 fc
b
A s1 = F1
Pu Cc R
A s2 h F2 L1
L2 h/2 y
A s3 F3 L3

Fig. Section unsymmetrical about x-axis

R = Resultant = F1 + F2 + F3+ Cc

R = As1fy + As2fy + As3fy+ 0.85 fcAc

Lets suppose plastic centroid is at a distance ‘ y ’ from
the bottom face.

y = Location of Plastic Centroid

Taking moment about bottom face,

R y = Cc  h  + F1 L1+ F2 L2+ F3 L3

 

2

h 
C  + F1L1 + F2L2 + F3L3

c
2 

y = 
(B)
Cc + F1 + F2 + F3

Equation (B) is used to find the location of plastic centroid.

UNI-AXIALLY ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMN
As As‛
h Pu
Let’s suppose load acts on a
column at distance ‘e’ from e
plastic centroid as shown in
b
figure. In the figure, e

As′ = Area of compressive steel.

As = Area of tensile steel. d
d
s
fs = Stress in tensile steel. c

fs′ = Stress in compressive steel. c= 0.003

T = Tensile force in steel. d ’’  s
a
Cc = Compressive force in concrete. 2

Cs = Compressive force in steel. 0.85 fc′

T
d“ = distance of steel layer from Cc
Cs
Plastic centroid
 Cc = 0.85 fc′ b a
Cs = As′ fs′
T = As fs
Now,
Pn = Cc + Cs − T
or Pn = 0.85 fc'b a + As'fs' − As fs (A)

Equation (A) is called ‘Load Equation‛.

To find out moment carrying capacity of the column we
take moment about plastic centroid.
P h a  h   h
u
 e = M = Cc  −  + Cs  − d + T d − 
φ n
2 2  2   2
h d − d'
Let, d” = − d' = and e′ = d′′ + e
2 2
Considering moment about center line of tension steel.

Pu  a 
 e'= M n = Cc d − + Cs d − d 
φ  2 

Now, considering moment about plastic centroid in

terms of d′′,

P a
u
 e = M = Cc d − d −  + Cs d − d − d + T  d
φ n  2 

 a
M = 0.85 f b a d − d − + As fs d − d − d + As fs  d
  (B)
n c  2 

Equation (B) is called ‘Moment Equation‛.

CASE 1: PURE COMPRESSION FAILURE
We know that,
Pn = Cc + Cs − T
But in this case there is pure 0.85 fc
compression,
so, tension steel is not present
AS Cc AS
Ast = As + As′ and Cs = C1 + C 2
C1 C2
Pn = 0.85 fcAc + Ast fy
Figure 2
Pn = 0.85 fc (Ag − Ast ) + Ast fy

Pn = 0.85 fc′ Ag + ( fy – 0.85 fc′ ) Ast (Load Equation)

Mn = 0 (Moment Equation)
CASE 2: BALANCE FAILURE
For balanced condition,

a = ab = 1 cb (1)

First we need to find cb, in Fig. 3 comparing  c f g

and  a b c we get,
d
cb d − cb
= a
0.003 y cb

 d − cb  y
d f
cb = 0.003 

 y  b c  s
c= 0.003
Now, d - cb e g
fy
fy = Es y y = Figure 3
Es
 cb in terms of fy is,
600 d
cb = (2)
600 + fy
Using equation (2) in (1) yields,
 600 d 
a b = 1  
y
 600 + fy

=

In Fig. 3 comparing  c f g and  c d e we get,

cb cb − d
=
0.003 s
 cb − d  1
s = 0.003  
 cb  1
 a b − 1d 
s = 0.003  
 a b 
If εs′ < εy , then fs′ = Es. εs′
If εs′ ≥ εy , then fs′ = fy

and for balanced failure, fs= fy

So,

Pnb = 0.85 fc'b ab + As'fs' − As fy

If As = As′ and fs′ = fy , then (Load Equations)

Pnb = 0.85 fc'b ab

and
 a 
M n = 0.85fc .b.a b d − d − b  + As fs  d − d − d + As .fy (d)
 2
(MomentEquation)
CASE 3: PURE FLEXURAL FAILURE
In this case no axial load is acting is acting on the
column and column just behaves like a beam. Therefore,
Pn = 0

In Fig. 4 comparing  c f g d
and  c d e we get, s >> y a
c

c c − d d f
=
0.003 s b c  s
c= 0.003
 c − d  1 g
s = 0.003   d–c e
 c  1
 a − 1d  Figure 4
 s = 0.003 
  (1)
 a 
Pn = 0.85 fc'b a + As'fs' − As fs (Load Equations)

For pure flexural failure, fs = fy and Pn = 0, so

0 = 0.85 fc'b a + As'fs' − As fy (2)

Assuming, fs′ = fy and As′ = As , yields

0 = 0.85 fc'b a a=0

This means that concrete is not taking any load which

is impossible. So, assumption is wrong i.e., compression
steel can not yield at pure flexural failure point.

Now as, εs′ < εy , therefore fs′ = Es. εs′

 a − 1d 
Eq. (1) fs = 600   (3)
 a 
Using equation (3) in (2) yields,
 a −  1d 
0 = 0.85fc .b.a + As  600 
   − As fy
 a 
Above equation results in a quadratic equation. We solve
above equation for the value of a and then using this
value in equation (3) we find fs′. Finally using these
values of a and fs′ in moment equation we find Mn.
a
M n = 0.85fc.b.a d − d −  + As fs d − d − d + As .fy (d)
 2 
(MomentEquation)
and

Pn = 0 (Load Equation)