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Lecture5 Chapter2 - Positive and Negative Logic

This document discusses positive and negative logic, integrated circuits, and digital logic families. It begins by defining positive and negative logic systems and providing examples of positive and negative logic gates. It then discusses how integrated circuits are constructed and classified by levels of integration from small to very large scale. Finally, it covers characteristics used to compare digital logic families and considerations for integrated circuit design such as advantages of more gates per chip and challenges of large circuits.

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Ayesha Hussain
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101 views

Lecture5 Chapter2 - Positive and Negative Logic

This document discusses positive and negative logic, integrated circuits, and digital logic families. It begins by defining positive and negative logic systems and providing examples of positive and negative logic gates. It then discusses how integrated circuits are constructed and classified by levels of integration from small to very large scale. Finally, it covers characteristics used to compare digital logic families and considerations for integrated circuit design such as advantages of more gates per chip and challenges of large circuits.

Uploaded by

Ayesha Hussain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter2: Boolean Algebra and Logic

Gates
Lecture5- Positive and Negative Logic
Engr. Arshad Nazir, Asst Prof
Dept of Electrical Engineering
Fall 2023 SEECS 1
Fall 2023 2
Objectives
• Study Positive and Negative Logic
• Integrated Circuits
• Digital Logic Families

Fall 2023 3
Positive and Negative Logic
• Binary signals in a circuit can have one of two values.
➢ One signal represents logic-1 and the other logic-0.
• A circuit input or output will hold either a high or low signal.
➢ Choosing the high level, H, to represent logic-1 is called a positive
logic system.
➢ Choosing the low level, L, to represent logic-1 is called a negative
logic system

Fall 2023 4
Positive and Negative Logic gates

Fall 2023 5
Integrated Circuits
• An integrated circuit (IC) is a silicon semiconductor crystal, called a
chip, containing the electronic components for constructing digital
gates.
➢ Gates are interconnected within the chip to form the required
circuit
➢ The IC is housed inside a ceramic or plastic container with
connections welded to external pins
➢ There can be 14 to several thousand pins on a chip
➢ Each IC has a numeric designation printed on the surface for
identification. The number can be looked up in catalogs (paper
and electronic) that contain descriptions and information about
the IC

Fall 2023 6
Levels of Integration
• ICs are categorized by the number of gates that they contain in them:
➢ Small-scale integration (SSI) devices contain several (usually less than 10)
independent gates in a single package. Early 60’s
➢ Medium-scale integration (MSI) devices include 10 to 1000 gates in a single package,
used to perform elementary digital operations. Late 60’s
➢ Large-scale integration (LSI) devices contain thousands of gates in a single package,
used in processors, memory chips, and programmable logic devices. Mid 70’s
➢ Very Large-scale integration (VLSI) devices contain hundreds of thousands of gates in
a single package, used in large memory arrays and complex microcomputer chips.
80’s
➢ Ultra Large-scale integration (ULSI) devices contain millions of gates in a single
package. 90’s and 00’s
➢ Giga-scale integration (GSI) devices contain hundreds of millions of gates in a single
package.
➢ Tera-scale integration (TSI) devices contain millions of millions of gates in a single
package.
Fall 2023 7
Digital Logic Families
• ICs are also classified by the specific circuit technology (digital logic
family) that they belong to:
➢ Transistor-transistor logic (TTL) is a standard.
➢ Emitter-coupled logic (ECL) is used in high-speed operation.
➢ Metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) is used for high component
density.
➢ Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) is used in
low power consumption.
➢ Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL) being obsolete not used these days.
➢ Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL) not used these days.

Fall 2023 8
Logic Family Characteristics
• Digital logic families are usually compared by the following
characteristics:
➢ Fan-out specifies the number of standard loads that the output of
a gate can drive without impairing its normal operation or it
specifies the amount of current that an output needs to drive
many input pins on other gates.
➢ Fan-in is the number of inputs available in a gate.
➢ Power dissipation is the power consumed by the gate.
➢ Propagation delay is the average delay time for the signal to
propagate from input to output.
➢ Noise margin is the maximum external noise voltage added to an
input signal that does not cause an undesirable change in the
circuit output.
➢ Reliability is the long-term success factor of the IC.
Fall 2023 9
Integrated Circuits Design
• Why is it better to have more gates on a single chip?
➢ Easier to build systems
➢ Less power consumption
➢ Higher clock frequencies
• What are the drawbacks of large circuits?
➢ Complex to design
➢ Chips have design constraints
➢ Need tools to help develop integrated circuits
• Need tools to help develop integrated circuits
➢ Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools
➢ Automate tedious steps of design process
➢ Hardware description language (HDL) describe circuits
Fall 2023 10
The End

Fall 2023 11

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