Significance of Human Communication

Communication - process of exchanging information

- People communicate to convey their thoughts, ideas, and feelings to others

PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION

- inherent to all human life and includes verbal, nonverbal (body language), print, and electronic
processes.

2 MAIN BARRIERS TO HUMAN COMMUNICATION

 Language - arise between persons of different cultures or nationalities.

 Distance - Communicating over long distances is another problem. Communication between early

human beings were limited to face-to-face encounters.

Communication Systems

- All electronic communication systems have a transmitter, a communication channel or medium, and a receiver.

I. MESSAGE
a.k.a. information or intelligence signal
- This message, in the form of an electronic signal, is fed to the transmitter, which then transmits the
message over the communication channel. The message is picked up by the receiver and relayed to
another human.

NOISE – along the way, it is added in the communication channel and in the receiver.

II. TRANSMITTER
- collection of electronic components and circuits designed to convert the electrical signal to a signal
suitable for transmission over a given communication medium.

- made up of oscillators, amplifiers, tuned circuits and filters, modulators, frequency mixers, frequency
synthesizers, and other circuits.

III. COMMUNICATION CHANNEL

- medium by which the electronic signal is sent from one place to another. Many different types of media
are used in communication systems, including wire conductors, fiber-optic cable, and free space.

FREE SPACE - When it is the medium, the resulting system is known as radio.

RADIO - Also known as wireless, it is the broad general term applied to any form of wireless communication
from one point to another. Radio makes use of the electromagnetic spectrum.

IV. RECEIVER
- collection of electronic components and circuits that accepts the transmitted message from the channel
and converts it back to a form understandable by humans.

- contain amplifiers, oscillators, mixers, tuned circuits and filters, and a demodulator or detector that
recovers the original intelligence signal from the modulated carrier.

V. TRANSCEIVERS
 - Most electronic communication is two-way, and so both parties must have both a transmitter and a
receiver. As a result, most communication equipment incorporates circuits that both send and receive.
These units are commonly referred to as transceivers.
- All the transmitter and receiver circuits are packaged within a single housing and usually share some
common circuits such as the power supply.

Type of Electronic Communication

Electronic communications are classified according to:

1. Mode of Transmission
2. Type of Signal

Different MODES OF TRANSMISSION in an electronic communication:

 SIMPLEX COMMUNICATION
- simplest way in which electronic communication is conducted is one-way communications.

- The most common forms of simplex communication are radio and TV broadcasting. Another example of
one-way communication is transmission to a remotely controlled vehicle like a toy car or an unmanned
aerial vehicle (UAV or drone).

 FULL DUPLEX
- The bulk of electronic communication is two-way, or duplex communication.

- For example, people communicating with one another over the telephone can talk and listen
simultaneously

 HALF DUPLEX
- form of two-way communication in which only one party transmits at a time.

- The communication is two-way, but the direction alternates: the communicating parties take turns
transmitting and receiving. Most radio transmissions, such as those used in the military, i re,
police, aircraft, marine, and other services, are half duplex communication.

Different TYPE OF SIGNAL in an electronic communication:

 ANALOG SIGNAL
- smoothly and continuously varying voltage or current.

- Voice and video voltages are analog signals that vary in accordance with the sound or light variations
that are analogous to the information being transmitted
  DIGITAL SIGNAL
- do not vary continuously, but change in steps or in discrete increments. Most digital signals use binary or
two-state codes.

Modulation and Multiplexing

- electronic techniques for transmitting information efficiently from one place to another.

MODULATION makes the information signal more compatible with the medium.

MULTIPLEXING allows more than one signal to be transmitted concurrently over a single medium.

BASEBAND INFORMATION SIGNALS - can be sent directly and unmodified over the medium or can be used to modulate
a carrier for transmission over the medium.

 BASEBAND TRANSMISSION - putting the original voice, video, or digital signals directly into the medium.
Although it is theoretically possible to transmit voice signals directly by radio, realistically it is
impractical.

- baseband signals are incompatible with the medium. As a result, the baseband information signal, be it
audio, video, or data, is normally used to modulate a high-frequency signal called a carrier.

- By modulation, baseband signal is translated from Low Frequency (LF) to High Frequency (HF).

- The higher-frequency carriers radiate into space more efficiently than the baseband signals themselves.

Modulation

- process of having a baseband voice, video, or

digital signal modify another, higher-
frequency signal, the carrier.

- The intelligence signal changes the carrier in

a unique way. The modulated carrier is
amplified and sent to the antenna for transmission. This process is called broadband transmission.

Demodulation

- process by which the amplified modulated signal demodulated to extract the original baseband signal.
 - Also known as detection

WHAT IS MODULATION?????

- Modulation is the process by which some characteristics of the carrier is changed according to amplitude of the
baseband signal. By this process, baseband signal is translated from Low Frequency to High Frequency. The
modulated carriers radiate into free space. At the receiver, the carrier with intelligence signal (modulated
carrier) is amplified and then demodulated to
extract the original baseband signal.

Multiplexing

- process of allowing two or more signals to

share the same medium or channel.

- converts the individual baseband signals to a

composite signal that is used to modulate a
carrier in the transmitter.

- method used by networks to consolidate

multiple signals -- digital or analog -- into a single composite signal that is transported over a common medium,
such as a fiber optic cable or radio wave.

Demultiplexer

- At the receiver, the composite signal is recovered at the demodulator, then sent to a demultiplexer where the individual

Types of Multiplexing

 FREQUENCY-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
- the intelligence signals modulate subcarriers on different frequencies that are then added together, and
the composite signal is used to modulate the carrier.

 TIME-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
- the multiple intelligence signals are sequentially sampled, and a small piece of each is used to modulate
the carrier.

 CODE-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
- the signals to be transmitted are converted to digital data that is then uniquely coded with a faster
binary code. The signals modulate a carrier on the same frequency. All use the same communications
channel simultaneously. The unique coding is used at the receiver to select the desired signal.

 WAVELENGTH-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
- Multiple communications channels are consolidated and then transmitted on light waves with different

wavelengths.
  SPACE-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
- signal paths are spatially separated through the use of multiple conductors, such as optical fibers or
electrical wires. The conductors are bundled into a single transport medium but are physically separated,
with each conductor handling a transmitted channel. SDM is often used in submarine cable systems to
help increase capacity, but it can also be used for wireless communications.

 POLARIZATION-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
- Incoming electromagnetic signals are polarized into
orthogonal channels that are transmitted through a
common medium. PDM is frequently used in fiber optics
communications, as well as radio and microwave
transmissions.

WHAT IS MULTIPLEXING?????

- Multiplexing is the process of combining multiple signals into

one signal over a medium or channel. It converts the individual
baseband signals to a composite signal that is used to modulate
a carrier in the transmitter.

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

- signals that oscillate; i.e., the amplitudes of the electric and magnetic fields vary at a specific rate. The field
intensities fluctuate up and down, and the polarity reverses a given number of times per second. The
electromagnetic waves vary sinusoidally.

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

- The oscillations may occur at a very low frequency or at an extremely high frequency.

- range of electromagnetic signals encompassing all frequencies

All

electrical and electronic signals that radiate into free space fall into the electromagnetic spectrum. Not included are
signals carried by cables. Signals carried by cable may share the same frequencies of similar signals in the spectrum, but
they are not radio signals.

The electromagnetic frequency spectrum is divided into segments:

Sa optical spectrum
nagffunction ang fiber
1.) EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCIES

- in the 30 to 300-Hz range.

- These include ac power line frequencies (50 and 60 Hz are common), as well as those frequencies in the low
end of the human audio range.

2.) VOICE FREQUENCIES

- in the range of 300 to 3000 Hz.

- This is the normal range of human speech.
- Human hearing extends from approximately 20 to 20,000 Hz, most intelligible sound occurs in the VF range.

3.) VERY LOW FREQUENCIES

- extend from 9 kHz to 30 kHz

- include the higher end of the human hearing range up to about 15 or 20 kHz.
- VLF range is used in some government and military communication.

4.) LOW FREQUENCIES

- in the 30- to 300-kHz range.

- The primary communication services using this range are in aeronautical and marine navigation.
- Frequencies in this range are also used as subcarriers, signals that are modulated by the baseband information.

5.) MEDIUM FREQUENCIES

- in the 300- to 3000-kHz range.

- major application of frequencies in this range is AM radio broadcasting (535 to 1605 kHz).
- Other applications in this range are various marine and amateur radio communication.

6.) HIGH FREQUENCIES

- in the 3- to 30-MHz range.

- frequencies generally known as short waves.
- All kinds of simplex broadcasting and half duplex two-way radio communication take place in this range.
- Amateur radio and CB communication also occur in this part of the spectrum.

7.) VERY HIGH FREQUENCIES

- encompass the 30 to 300 MHz range.

- popular frequency range is used by many services, including mobile radio, marine and aeronautical
communication, FM radio broadcasting (88 to 108 MHz), and television channels 2 through 13.
- Radio amateurs also have numerous bands in this frequency range.

8.) ULTRAHIGH FREQUENCIES

- encompass the 300 to 3000 MHz range.

- widely used portion of the frequency spectrum.
- includes the UHF TV channels 14 through 51, and it is used for land mobile communication and services such as
cellular telephones as well as for military communication.
- Some radar and navigation services occupy this portion of the frequency spectrum.

9.) MICROWAVES AND SUPERHIGH FREQUENCIES

 MICROWAVES - Frequencies between the 1000MHz (1-GHz) and 30-GHz range

 MICROWAV OVENS - usually operate at 2.45 GHz.
 SUPERHIGH FREQUENCIES - in the 3- to 30-GHz range.
 MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES
- widely used for satellite communication and radar.
- Wireless local-area networks (LANs) and many cellular telephone systems also occupy this region.

10.) EXTREMELYHIGH FREQUENCIES

- extend from 30 to 300 GHz.

 MILLIMETER WAVES - Electromagnetic signals with frequencies higher than 30 GHz

- Equipment used to generate and receive signals in this range is extremely complex and expensive, but there is
growing use of this range for satellite communication telephony, computer data, short-haul cellular networks,
and some specialized radar.

11.) THE OPTICAL SPECTRUM

 - Right above the millimeter wave region is what is called the optical spectrum, the region occupied by light
waves.

Three different type of light waves:

a. INFRARED
- occupies the range between approximately 0.1 millimeter (mm) and 700 nanometers (nm), or 100 to 0.7
micrometer (μm). One micrometer is one-millionth of a meter.
- Infrared wavelengths are often given in micrometers or nanometers. Infrared is the basis for all fiber
optic communication.

b. VISIBLE SPECTRUM
- above the infrared region
- refer to as light

 LIGHT - special type of electromagnetic radiation that has a wavelength in the 0.4- to 0.8-μm range (400 to 800
nm).
- Light wavelengths are usually expressed in terms of angstroms (Å).
- The visible range is approximately 8000 Å (red) to 4000 Å (violet).

c. ULTRAVIOLET
- covers the range from about 4 to 400 nm.
- generated by the sun is what causes sunburn.
- also generated by mercury vapor lights and some other types of lights such as fluorescent lamps and sun
lamps.
- not used for communication; its primary use is medical.

The Bandwidth

BANDWIDTH

- portion of the electromagnetic spectrum occupied by a signal.

- Frequency range over which a receiver or other electronic circuit operates.
- Difference between the upper and lower frequency limits of the signal or the equipment operation range.

CHANNEL BANDWIDTH

 When information is modulated onto a carrier somewhere in the electromagnetic spectrum, the resulting signal
occupies a small portion of the spectrum surrounding the carrier frequency.

 The modulation process causes other signals, called sidebands, to be generated at frequencies above and below
the carrier frequency by an amount equal to the modulating frequency.

 In other words, the modulation process generates other signals that take up spectrum space. It is not just the
carrier that is transmitted.

Thus, the term

BANDWIDTH refers to the range of frequencies that contain the information

CHANNEL BANDWIDTH refers to the range of frequencies required to transmit the desired information.